摘要
阔叶红松林是东北东部山区的地带性森林植被,但由于过度利用与破坏,目前已退化为次生林和人工林,如何恢复阔叶红松林是学术界与生产单位普遍关注的问题。本文选择东北林区次生林和人工林为研究对象,采用样带网格调查方法、物种丰富度、多样性指数分析方法和分层株数的分析方法,研究不同恢复途径与不同经营措施(栽针保阔途径、人天混途径、红松人工林途径和落叶松人工林途径)对群落树种组成、径级分布、红松蓄积生产力、植物多样性和演替趋势的影响效果及其影响机制,综合定量评价各途径的恢复效果,探讨不同途径中阔叶红松林恢复的优化模式,以便为我国东北林区阔叶红松林恢复实践提供科学依据。研究结果如下:
(1)栽针保阔途径
上层透光抚育对栽针保阔群落的树种组成、径级分布、红松蓄积生产力、植物多样性和演替趋势具有较大的影响。随着上层林冠保留郁闭度的减小(0.8-对照、0.6、0.4、0.2、0.0-皆伐),红松重要值逐渐增大(0.300～0.708),红松在群落中的优势地位逐渐上升;红松中径级林木比例增加(0.00%～56.17%),小径级林木比例减少(100.00%～35.83%);群落蓄积量呈现递减变化趋势(239.3778 m~3·hm~(-2)～125.7011m~3·hm~(-2)),变化幅度较大(0.90倍),红松蓄积生产力却呈现递增变化趋势(0.1522m~3·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)～2.8594m~3·hm-~2·a~(-1)),且变化幅度更大(17.79倍);群落的物种丰富度依次为52、49、52、44和47,总体上略呈下降趋势,物种多样性依次为2.7329、2.4960、2.6780、2.4382和1.5833,除了皆伐下降幅度较大外(42.07%),其他略有下降(2.01%～10.78%);各群落总体上均呈现出向红松针阔混交林进展型演替的趋势,但以中、低郁闭度(0.4～0.0)群落演替趋势较好。
(2)人天混途径
上层透光抚育对人天混群落的树种组成、径级分布、红松蓄积生产力、植物多样性和演替趋势具有较大的影响。随着上层林冠透光强度的增大(未透光、半透光和全透光),多次(2～3次反复伐除阔叶树)或一次上层透光抚育人天混群落的红松重要值逐渐增大(0.499～1.000、0.461～0.628),红松在群落中的优势地位逐渐上升;红松大径级林木主要出现在全透光群落中(54.05%、1.65%),小径级林木比例均减少(74.99%～2.70%、75.15%～43.80%);多次进行上层透光抚育群落的蓄积量依次为234.3483、276.7883和253.3167 m~3·hm~(-2),红松蓄积生产力依次为1.2692、3.1271和5.3603 m~3·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),半透光和全透光群落分别较未透光群落蓄积量提高了0.18倍和0.08倍,红松蓄积生产力提高了1.46倍和3.22倍;进行一次上层透光抚育群落的蓄积量依次为60.2475、141.4332和230.4051 m~3·hm~(-2),红松蓄积生产力依次为1.7050、2.3136和3.3514 m~3·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),半透光和全透光群落分别较未透光群落蓄积量提高了1.35倍和2.83倍,红松蓄积生产力提高了0.36倍和0.97倍;群落的丰富度均半透最大(43、31),物种多样性全透或半透最大(1.9739或2.0683);多次进行上层透光抚育群落总体上呈现出进展型演替趋势,进行一次上层透光抚育的群落总体上呈现出衰退型演替趋势。
(3)红松人工林途径
抚育间伐对红松人工林群落的树种组成、径级分布、红松蓄积生产力、植物多样性和演替趋势具有较大的影响。随着抚育间伐强度的增大(对照、弱度、中度、强度),红松在群落中的地位较对照群落有所增强,各间伐群落中红松重要值(均为1.000)较对照群落(0.843)提高了15.70%;红松大径级林木比例增加(24.72%～85.00%),中径级林木比例减少(75.28%～15.00%),均没有小径级林木出现;群落的蓄积量依次为447.8580、386.7443、446.5654和458.4742 m~3·hm~(-2),红松蓄积生产力依次为7.8258、7.8827、9.1136和9.3566 m~3·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),群落蓄积量除弱度间伐林分较对照林分有较大幅度下降外(13.65%),中、强度间伐与对照林分较为接近(0.29%～2.37%),而红松蓄积生产力弱度间伐林分同对照林分相近(0.73%),但中、强度间伐林分却较对照林分有所提高(16.46%～19.50%);群落的物种丰富度依次为18、26、27和33,呈现递增趋势(44.44%～83.33%),物种多样性依次为0.5823、1.0479、0.9197和1.2295,总体呈现递增趋势(57.94%～111.15%);间伐群落总体上呈现出向红松针阔混交林进展型演替趋势,而对照群落总体上呈现出衰退型演替趋势,不利于红松针阔混交林的进一步发展。
(4)落叶松人工林途径
不同坡位对落叶松人工林群落的树种组成、径级分布、红松蓄积生产力、植物多样性和演替趋势具有一定的影响。沿由下至上的坡位环境梯度,落叶松在群落中均占有优势地位(0.376～0.461),红松在群落中占有次优势地位,且呈现逐渐增强趋势(0.279～0.402),阔叶树在群落中也占有一定的比重(0.186～0.290),因此,从群落组成上看,落叶松人工林群落呈现出明显的自然化趋势;落叶松大径级林木比例减少(29.79%～11.32%),中径级林木比例增加(68.08%～88.68%),小径级林木只有下坡位有少量分布(2.13%),阔叶树中径级林木比例增加(18.18%～58.34%),小径级林木比例减少(81.82%～41.66%),没有大径级林木,红松中径级林木比例增加(7.68%～15.00%),小径级林木比例减少(92.32%～85.00%),没有大径级林木,因此,落叶松人工林群落虽呈自然化趋势,但落叶松林冠下阔叶树和红松均为中、小径级林木,需要人为诱导,促进红松和阔叶树的生长;群落蓄积量呈现递减变化趋势(306.0200 m~3·hm~(-2)～262.0104 m~3·hm~(-2)),变化幅度不大(0.16倍),落叶松蓄积量呈现波动型递减变化趋势(282.5400 m~3·hm~(-2)～208.8335 m~3·hm~(-2)),变化幅度不大(0.35倍),阔叶树蓄积量呈现波动型变化趋势(7.6653 m~3·hm~(-2)～8.8176 m~3·hm~(-2)),变化幅度不大(0.15倍),红松蓄积量和蓄积生产力呈现波动型递增变化趋势(15.6310 m~3·hm~(-2)～35.0700 m~3·hm~(-2)和0.4466m~3·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)～1.0020m~3·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)),变化幅度较大(1.24倍),因此,落叶松人工林群落虽呈自然化趋势,但还需要不断增加林下阔叶树和红松的蓄积量才有助于形成红松针阔混交林;群落的物种丰富度依次为48、48和44,呈现先恒定后下降变化趋势,但变化幅度不大(9.09%),物种多样性依次为1.3867、2.2183和1.6970,呈现出单峰型分布规律,变化幅度较大(22.38%～59.97%),因此,中坡位更有利于群落物种多样性的维持;群落总体上均呈现出向针阔混交林进展型演替的趋势。
(5)优化模式选择
在综合评价栽针保阔途径、人天混途径、红松人工林途径和落叶松人工林途径恢复阔叶红松林效果的基础上,选择在不同恢复途径中因采取不同经营措施或利用不同的立地条件使恢复效果最优的模式:栽针保阔途径中采取加大林分采伐强度的低郁闭度模式更有利于阔叶红松林的恢复;人天混途径中采取多次采伐上层阔叶树的全透光模式更有利于阔叶红松林的恢复;红松人工林途径中采取中强度间伐模式更有利于阔叶红松林的恢复;落叶松人工林途径以中坡位模式更有利于阔叶红松林的恢复。
Broad-leaved Korean pine forests is zonal forest vegetation of upland in northeastern China,but it have degenerated to second forests and plantations at present because over exploitation and destruction,how to restore broad-leaved Korean pine forests is one problem that academia and production units pay general attention to.Effects of difference restoration approaches and management approaches(planting conifer and protecting broadleaf approach, Korean Pine plantation communities with broadleaf auxiliary species approach,Korean pine plantation approach and larch plantation approach) and their mechanism to community tree species composition,diameter classes distribution,Korean pine volume production,plant diversity and succession trend of second forests and plantations in forest region northeast China were studied by using sample plot with net check survey method,species richness and diversity index analysis method and layered numbers analysis method.Comprehensive and quantitative evaluate restoration effect,discuss the restoration optimization models of broad-leaved Korean pine forests in difference approaches in order to provide scientific basis for broad-leaved Korean pine forests restoration practice.Results showed that:
(1)Planting conifer and protecting broadleaf approach
Upper layer canopy thinning had great effects on tree species composition,diameter classes distribution,Korean pine volume productivity,plant diversity and succession trend of planting conifer and protecting broadleaf communities.Importance value of Korean pine increased gradually(0.300～0.708) along with the decreasing of upper layer canopy density preserving(0.8-contrast,0.6,0.4,0.2,0.0-clear cutting) and the predominant position of Korean pine increased gradually;proportion of median diameter classes Korean pine increased(0.00%～56.17%),proportion of smaller diameter classes Korean pine decreased(100.00%～35.83%);community volume showed decreasing trend changes(239.3778 m3·hm-2～125.7011 m3·hm-2) and change range was great(0.90 times),Korean pine volume productivity showed increasing trend changes(0.1522m3·hm-2·a-1～2.8594m3·hm-2·a-1) and change range was greater(17.79 times);community species richness were 52,49,52,44 and 47 respectively,showed a decreasing trend as a whole,species diversities were 2.7329,2.4960, 2.6780,2.4382and 1.5833 in turn,all showed a little decreasing(2.01%～10.78%) except clear cutting had a greater decrease(42.07%);all the communities showed a succession trend to broad-leaved and conifer Korean pine forests,but median and low canopy density communities had better succession trend.
(2) Plantation communities with broadleaf auxiliary species approach
Upper layer canopy thinning had great effects on tree species composition,diameter classes distribution,Korean pine volume productivity,plant diversity and succession trend of plantation communities with broadleaf auxiliary species.Importance value of Korean pine of plantation communities with broadleaf auxiliary increased gradually(0.499～1.000,0.461～0.628) of more times(2～3 times clear cutting broadleaves) or one time upper layer canopy thinning along with upper layer canopy thinning intensity increased(contrast,median thinning,strong thinning) and the predominant position of Korean pine in communities increased gradually;all the larger diameter classes Korean pine present in strong thinning communities(54.05%, 1.65%),proportion of smaller diameter classes Korean pine all decreased(74.99%～2.70%, 75.15%～43.80%);community volumes of more times upper layer canopy thinning were 234.3483,276.7883 and 253.3167 m3·hm-2 respectively,Korean pine volume productivity were 1.2692,3.1271 and 5.3603 m3·hm-2·a-1 in turn,median thinning and strong thinning communities volume increases 0.18 and 0.08 times respectively than contrast,Korean pine volume productivity increased 1.46 and 3.22 times;community volumes of one time upper layer canopy thinning were 1.7050,2.3136 and 3.3514 m3·hm-2·a-1 respectively,Korean pine volume productivity were 1.2692,3.1271 and 5.3603 m3·hm-2·a-1 in turn,median thinning and strong thinning communities volume increases 1.35 and 2.83 times respectively than contrast,Korean pine volume productivity increased 0.36 and 0.97 times;all median thinning showed greatest community richness(43,31),strong thinning and median thinning showed greatest species diversities(1.9739 or 2.0683);more times upper layer canopy thinning showed a development succession trend as a whole,one time upper layer canopy thinning showed a degradation succession trend as a whole.
(3) Korean pine plantation approach
Tending thinning had great effects on tree species composition,diameter classes distribution,Korean pine volume productivity,plant diversity and succession trend of Korean pine plantation communities.The predominant position of Korean pine in communities increased along with upper layer canopy thinning intensity increased(contrast,weak thinning, median thinning,strong thinning),Importance value of Korean pine in all thinning communities(all were 1.000) increased 15.70%than contrast community(0.843);proportion of larger diameter classes Korean pine increased(24.72%～85.00%),proportion of median diameter classes Korean pine decreased(75.28%～15.00%),no smaller diameter classes Korean pine appeared in all thinning communities;community volumes were 447.8580,386.7443, 446.5654 and 458.4742 m3·hm-2 in turn,Korean pine volume productivity were 7.8258, 7.8827,9.1136 and 9.3566 m3·hm-2·a-1 in turn,weak thinning communities volume decreased greatly than contrast(13.65%),median thinning and strong thinning communities volume were similar to contrast(0.29%～2.37%),Korean pine volume productivity of weak thinning communities similar to contrast(0.73%),but median thinning and strong thinning communities increased than contrast(16.46%～19.50%);community species richness were 18, 26,27 and 33 respectively,showed a decreasing trend(44.44%～83.33%),species diversities were 0.5823、1.0479、0.9197 and 1.2295 in turn,showed a decreasing trend(57.94%～111.15%) as a whole;thinning communities showed a succession trend to broad-leaved and conifer Korean pine forests as a whole,but the contrast communities showed a degradation succession trend as a whole,not favorable to the development of broad-leaved and conifer Korean pine forests.
(4) larch plantation approach
Different slope position had great effects on tree species composition,diameter classes distribution,Korean pine volume productivity,plant diversity and succession trend of larch plantation communities.From low to up slope environmental gradients,larch occupied the predominant position in all communities(0.376～0.461),Korean pine occupied the second predominant position and showed a gradual increasing trend(0.279～0.402),broadleaf trees occupied a certain proportion in communities(0.186～0.290),so the community composition of larch plantation showed a obvious naturalization trend,proportion of larger diameter classes larch decreased(29.79%～11.32%),proportion of median diameter classes larch increased(68.08%～88.68%),a little smaller diameter classes larch distribute only in low slope positions(2.13%),proportion of median diameter classes broadleaf trees increased(18.18%～58.34%),proportion of median diameter classes broadleaf trees decreased(81.82%～41.66%),no larger diameter classes broadleaf trees,proportion of median diameter classes Korean pine increased(7.68%～15.00%),proportion of median diameter classes Korean pine decreased(92.32%～85.00%),no larger diameter classes Korean pine, although larch plantation showed the naturalization trend,but broadleaf trees and Korean pine below larch canopy all were median and smaller diameter classes trees,it needs artificial inducement in order to promote Korean pine and broadleaf trees growth;community volumes showed a decreased trend(306.0200 m3·hm-2～262.0104 m3·hm-2),had little change range(0.16 times),larch volume decreased by fluctuating model(282.5400 m3·hm-2～208.8335 m3·hm-2),had little change range(0.35 times),broadleaf trees volume changed by fluctuating model(7.6653 m3·hm-2～8.8176 m3·hm-2),had little change range(0.15 times),Korean pine volume and volume productivity increased by fluctuating model(15.6310 m3·hm-2～35.0700 m3·hm-2 and 0.4466m3·hm-2·a-1～1.0020m3·hm-2·a-1),had greater change range(1.24 times), although larch plantation community showed the naturalization characteristics,but it need to increase broadleaf trees and Korean pine volume below canopy ceaselessly in order to form broad-leaved and conifer Korean pine forests;community species richness were 48,48 and 44 in turn,showed a invariable earlier then decreasing trend,had little change range(9.09%), species diversities were 1.3867,2.2183 and 1.6970 in turn,showed a single peak distribution type,had greater change range(22.38%～59.97%),so median slope position were more favor of maintain community species diversity;all communities showed a development succession trend to broad-leaved and conifer forests as a whole.
(5) Selection of optimization models
On the basis of comprehensive evaluating effects of planting conifer and protecting broadleaf approach,plantation communities with broadleaf auxiliary species approach,Korean pine plantation approach and larch plantation approach on the restoration of broad-leaved and conifer Korean pine forests,selected the optimization models which had best restoration effects by different management and using different stand condition in different restoration approaches: they were more favor of restoration of broad-leaved and conifer Korean pine forests which low canopy density model by increasing cut intensity in planting conifer and protecting broadleaf approach,strong thinning model by more times clear cutting upper layer canopy broadleaves in plantation communities with broadleaf auxiliary species approach,median tending thinning models in Korean pine plantation approach and median slope position model in larch plantation approach respectively.
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