摘要
金融是现代经济的核心，农村金融的发展对我国农村经济社会的发展具有重要的促进作用。建国以来，特别是改革开放以来，我国农村金融得到了长足的发展，已经建立起了比较完备的农村金融体系，农村金融在农村经济社会发展中所发挥的作用也得到了进一步的增强。但总体来看，农村金融在促进我国农村经济社会发展中所发挥的作用的还是有限的，还存在比较严重的问题，具体表现为农村地区的金融机构逐渐向城市撤并、获得贷款的农户和农村企业的比例偏低、农村地区的资金大量流向城市、农村金融机构提供的产品和服务的质量和数量都偏低等。理论界将金融产品和服务的可得度较低的现象称为“金融排斥”（Financial Exclusion）。欧盟将金融排斥定义为人们在从主流金融体系中获取和使用能够满足他们需要的，并确保他们能过上所在阶层正常生活的金融产品和服务时遇到困难的一个过程。针对农村金融排斥问题专家学者们已经做了许多有益研究，普遍认为农村地区金融排斥程度相对城市地区较为严重，且农村地区金融排斥问题的存在，在一定程度上会对农村经济增长、农民收入增长、农户福利增加等产生不利影响。
近年来，金融排斥问题，特别是农村金融排斥问题，逐步得到了专家学者和政策制定者们的关注和重视，他们从不同的角度对农村金融排斥问题进行了一系列的研究和探讨，得出了许多有益结论。但总体来看，关于金融排斥的研究，特别是关于农村金融排斥的研究还处于初步阶段，系统性地研究与探讨农村金融排斥问题的文献较为少见。在我国农村地区金融排斥问题较为严重的背景下，系统研究我国农村地区的金融排斥问题，分析农村地区金融排斥的程度、形成机理、影响效应和破解对策，对于破解农村金融排斥难题，促进普惠型农村金融体系的建立，发挥农村金融在农村发展中的作用，促进我国社会主义新农村的建设和农村地区全面建成小康社会具有重要的现实意义。
本文在已有文献和理论的基础上，结合经济学、管理学、社会学等相关学科的理论，运用实证分析法、规范分析法、问卷调查法、实地访谈法、比较分析法等研究方法，以陕西省为例对农村地区金融排斥问题进行了系统研究，主要分析了农村地区金融排斥的程度、形成机理、影响效应和破解对策等问题。本文的结论可以分为以下几点：
（1）农村地区金融排斥的程度较为严重。在已有文献和理论的基础上，本文从一个全新的角度对金融排斥的维度进行了重新界定，确定了金融服务的深度、金融服务的可得度、金融服务的使用度和金融服务的可负担度等金融排斥的四个维度，并建立了基于距离的“金融排斥指数”（IFE）的测算方法。根据构建的金融排斥指数的测算方法和指标体系，本文对农村金融排斥的省域程度和县域程度进行了测度。测度结果显示，我国各省区农村金融排斥程度在2006—2010年间有加重的趋势，各县农村金融排斥程也较为严重。为分析农户受金融排斥的具体程度，本文依据陕西省的472个农户的调研数据，对农户受贷款排斥和储蓄排斥的程度进行了分析。研究发现，被调查的农户中有62.49%受到了贷款排斥，有30.51%的农户受到了储蓄排斥。
（2）分析并揭示了农村地区金融排斥的形成机理。为了分析农村地区金融排斥的形成机理，本文首先基于需求和供给两个维度对其进行了相应的理论分析，并分析了农村金融排斥的传导路径。研究发现，农村地区金融排斥是需求和供给共同作用的结果，且受宏观环境、个人特征、商业和监管环境等因素的影响。通过对省际农村金融排斥程度的影响因素、县域农村金融排斥程度的影响因素以及农户受金融排斥的影响因素的分析，从宏观、中观和微观的角度对农村金融排斥的影响因素做了分析和探讨。研究发现，地区经济发展、农业化水平、居民的收入水平、居民的受教育水平、地理因素等因素对农村地区金融排斥具有显著的影响；农户家庭是否受到金融排斥主要受农户的收入水平、劳动力数量、户主的文化水平、社会互助度、对金融机构是否信任、距离金融机构的距离等因素的影响。
（3）对农村地区金融排斥的影响效应进行量化研究，发现农村地区金融排斥对农村经济增长、农民收入提高、粮食生产、农户福利、农村金融机构都具有一定的负向影响效应。为探讨农村地区金融排斥的影响效应，本文首先对其进行了理论分析，并选择农村经济增长、农民收入提高、粮食生产、农户福利和农村金融机构发展等关系国家发展、稳定和安全的重要方面，分析农村金融排斥对它们的影响效应。研究发现，农村金融排斥对农村经济增长、农民收入提高、农户福利具有负向的影响；农村金融排斥对不同收入地区农户的粮食生产具有不同的影响效应，总体来看影响是负向的。研究还发现，虽然农村地区金融排斥对正规农村金融机构具有一定的积极影响，但对其长期发展也会带来一定程度的不利影响；但农村金融排斥对非正规农村金融具有一定的促进作用。
（4）分析并探讨了农村地区金融排斥的破解对策，提出了破解农村地区金融排斥的目标、原则、思路和保障措施。本文在参考和借鉴美国、英国、澳大利亚、孟加拉国等国家破解金融排斥的经验的基础上，对农村地区金融排斥的破解对策进行了分析和探讨。研究发现，破解农村地区金融排斥必须遵循构建普惠型农村金融体系的目标，提高农村金融产品和服务的可获得性和使用度，促进农村金融在农村经济社会发展中作用的发挥。破解农村地区金融排斥需要进一步发挥正规农村金融机构、非正规农村金融、新型农村金融机构的作用，创新金融产品和服务，发展小额信贷，同时需要进一步增加农民收入、促进农村金融体系的调整与重构、加强对破解农村排斥的支持力度等措施为农村地区金融排斥的破解提供保障。
Finance is the core of modern economy. The development of rural finance plays animportant role in promoting China's rural economic and social development. Since thefounding of the country, especially since the reform and opening, rural finance in China hasgot rapid development and established a relatively perfect rural financial system, so the roleof rural finance in promoting rural economic and social development has been furtherenhanced. But in general, the effect of rural finance in promoting China's rural economic andsocial development is still limited, and there are still some serious problems in the ruralfinance system, such as the financial institutions in rural areas gradually moving to cities, lowproportion of farmers and rural enterprises acquiring loans, rural capital flowing to the city,low quality and quantity of rural financial products and services. The theorists define thefinancial exclusion as the low available of financial products and services. According to theEuropean Commission, financial exclusion is a process whereby people encounter difficultiesaccessing and using financial services and products in the mainstream market which meettheir needs and enable them to lead a normal social life in the society in which they belong to.Experts and scholars have done many beneficial researches for rural financial exclusionproblems. They generally believed that rural financial exclusion degree in rural areas is moreserious than urban areas, and the existence of rural financial exclusion problems is harmfulfor the rural economic growth, farmers' income growth and farmer household welfare.
In recent years, the financial exclusion, especially the rural financial exclusion, graduallydrew the experts, scholars and policy makers’ attention. They explored the rural financialexclusion problems from different perspectives, and got many useful conclusions. In general,the study of financial exclusion, especially the research on rural financial exclusion is still inthe initial stage and the literature which studies the issue of rural financial exclusionsystematically is relatively rare. Under the background of serious financial exclusionproblems in China’s rural areas, the paper researches the rural financial exclusion problems byanalyzing the degree, formation mechanism, effect and mechanism of China's rural financialexclusion. As a result, the research has practical significance in cracking the problems offinancial exclusion in China’s rural areas, promoting the construction of inclusive financialsystem, new socialist countryside and the affluent society.
On the basis of existing literature and theory, this paper combined with economics,management science, sociology and other related disciplines theory, using the empiricalanalysis, standard analysis method, questionnaire survey and field interviews, comparativeanalysis, taking Shaanxi province as an example research on problems of the rural financialexclusion. The following conclusions were reached:
(1) The degree of rural financial exclusion is serious. In view of the existing literatureand theory, the paper redefines the dimension of financial exclusion from a new perspective,such as the depth of the financial services, the availability of financial services, the usage offinancial services and the affordability of financial service, and establishes the “FinancialExclusion Index”(IFE) based on distance measure. According to the built measuring methodand the index system of financial exclusion index, the paper measures the degree of the ruralfinancial exclusion at the provincial level and county level. According to the results, ruralfinancial exclusion degree at the provincial level from2006to2010has a tendency toincrease, and the degree at county level is also serious. According to the survey data of472households in Shaanxi province, the paper analyzes the degree of farmer households’ loansand savings exclusion. We can get the conclusion that62.49%of farmers suffer the loanexclusion and30.51%of farmers suffer the saving exclusion.
(2) The paper analyzes and reveals the formation mechanism of rural financial exclusion.In order to analyze the formation mechanism of the rural financial exclusion, based on thedemand and supply of two dimensions, this paper analyzes the conduction path of the ruralfinancial exclusion. It indicates that rural financial exclusion is the interaction result of thesupply and demand, and is affected by the macro environment, personal characteristics,business and regulatory environment. By the analysis of the influence factors of financialexclusion from the provincial, county and farmer household level, the paper finds theinfluence factors of the rural financial exclusion. According to the research, regionaleconomic development level, agricultural, income, education level, geographical factors, havesignificant effects on the rural financial exclusion; the farm households’ financial exclusion ismainly affected by income, labor quantity, education level of the head of the household, socialtrust and mutual assistance, the degree of the trust of the financial institutions, the distancefrom the farmer household to the financial institutions.
(3) The paper researches the impact of the rural financial exclusion effect quantitatively,and we can find that rural financial exclusion has a certain negative effect on rural economicgrowth, farmers’ income increasing, food security, farmers’ welfare and rural financialinstitutions. To explore the effect of rural financial exclusion, this paper makes the theoreticalanalysis at first, and selects the rural economic growth, farmers’ income increasing, food security, farmers’ welfare and rural financial institutions development which are the importantaspects of the development, stability and security for a country. We can find that ruralfinancial exclusion has a negative impact to rural economic growth, farmers' incomeincreasing, and farmers’ welfare; to the food production of the farmers in different incomedistricts, the rural financial exclusion has different effect, and the overall impact is negative.We can also find that although rural financial exclusion of formal rural financial institutionshas a certain positive effect, it will bring a lot of adverse effects in its long-term development;and rural financial exclusion has a certain promoting effect on the informal rural finance.
(4) The paper researches the cracking mechanism of the rural financial exclusion byanalyzing the cracking goal, principles, thinking and safeguards measures. Based on thereference lessons of cracking financial exclusion from America, Britain, Australia andBangladesh, the rural financial exclusion’s cracking mechanism is analyzed and discussed.We can learn that in order to crack the rural financial exclusion, we must build an inclusiverural financial system, improve the availability and usage of the rural financial products andservices and promote the rural finance’s effect in rural economic and social development.Cracking rural financial exclusion needs the formal rural financial institutions, rural informalfinance and the new type of rural financial institutions to play a further important effect,innovate financial products and services and develop microfinance. At the same time, we needto increase the farmers’ income, promote the adjustment and reconstruction of rural financialsystem and strengthen the support of cracking rural financial exclusion.
引文
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