摘要
为揭示典型草原恢复演替过程中健康诸因子的变化规律,丰富草地生态系统健康评价内容,促进草地生态系统健康评价指标体系的发展,本研究以内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原为研究对象,选取2002年围封(围封6～7年,F02)、1999年围封(围封9～10年,F99)、1996年围封(围封12～13年,F96)、1989年围封(围封19～20年,F89)的生长季围封恢复草地为研究对象,同时选取自由放牧草地(未围封,F0)为对照,开展典型草原恢复演替过程中植被与土壤特征的比较研究,分析典型草原恢复演替过程中健康诸因子的变化规律。在此基础上,筛选典型草原生态系统健康评价的敏感指标,构建草地生态系统健康评价指标体系,并对不同围封年限典型草原的健康状况和服务价值做出评价。主要研究结果如下:
(1)放牧草地采用生长季围封的管理措施后,草地恢复演替,草地产草量、群落盖度、密度、地下生物量、地表凋落物增加,且随围封年限的延长,草地产草量、群落盖度、密度、地下生物量、地表凋落物显著增加,但若围封后连续多年割草利用,容易导致草地发生二次逆行演替,因此围封19～20年草地的产草量、盖度、密度、地下生物量、地表凋落物再次下降。
(2)放牧草地采用生长季围封恢复措施后,土壤0～10cm、10～20cm土层中粗沙(2.00～0.25 mm)含量显著降低,细沙(0.25～0.05mm)和粉粘粒(<0.05mm)含量显著增加,土壤容重和紧实度降低,土壤孔隙度、养分含量、微生物数量、微生物生物量碳、氮含量增加,土壤酶活性增强。且随围封年限的延长,土壤孔隙度、土壤养分、微生物数量、微生物生物量及酶活性呈增加的变化趋势,围封12年土壤质量最好。但由于围封后连续多年割草利用,导致围封19年土壤质量下降。
(3)从生态系统结构与功能入手,构建出典型草原健康评价的指标体系,并进一步筛选出典型草原健康评价的敏感指标包括草地产草量、群落盖度、地表凋落物、优良牧草比例、牧草粗蛋白、土壤紧实度、土壤有机质、土壤微生物量氮8项定量指标以及优势物种组成和生活型层片构成2项定性指标作为典型草原健康评价指标。
(4)采用灰色关联分析、模糊综合评价、VOR和CVOR指数模型四种评价方法对不同围封年限典型草原的健康进行了评价,评价结果一致,说明四种方法均可作为典型草原健康评价方法。另外,健康评价结果表明:自由放牧草地由于连续多年重度放牧利用,草地退化演替,草地健康状况下降至“警戒”;采用生长季围封措施后,草地恢复演替,围封6～7年,草地恢复演替至“亚健康”,围封9～10年,草地健康状况逐渐由“亚健康”向“健康”过渡;围封12～13年,草地恢复演替至“健康”状况;但若围封后连续多年割草利用,草地容易发生二次逆行演替,因此围封19～20年草地健康状况再次向“亚健康”过渡。
(5)放牧草地采用生长季围封恢复措施后,草地的服务价值明显提高。与自由放牧草地相比,围封6～7年、9～10年、12～13年、19～20年典型草原单位面积草地提供的服务价值分别提高17.64%、29.11%、53.62%、39.87%。说明季节性围封是维护草地生态系统服务价值,实现草地畜牧业可持续发展的有效途径。
To disclose the variation law of health factors of typical steppe in restoring process, expand the content of grassland ecosystem health evaluation, promote the development of grassland ecosystem health evaluation, we chose typical steppe in Xinlingol League as research area, and selected the natural grassland which were exclosured in different years, including the sites exclosed in 2002 (exclosued for 6 to 7 years, F02) , exclosed in 1999 (exclosued for 9 to 10 years, F99) , exclosed in 1996 (exclosued for 12 to 13 years, F96) , exclosed in 1989 (exclosued for 19 to 20 years, F89) as research objects, at the same time, selected free grazing grassland as control (all treats set two times repeated), carried out the comparative research on vegetation and soil characteristics and analyzed the variation law of health factors of typical steppe in restoring process. Based on this, we constructed the index systems of grassland ecosystem health evaluation, elected the sensitive indices of typical steppe health evaluation, and evaluated the health status and the service value of typical steppe in different exclosure period. The main results are as follows:
(1) The degraded typical steppe developed positively, the production, coverage, density, under-ground biomass and litter biomass of the grassland increased and the structure of community optimized after the utilization of seasonal exclosure. Along with the prolonging of exclosure period, the production, coverage, density, under-ground biomass and litter biomass increased significantly, but if hay production was developed continuously for many years, and then the grassland might appear the second retrogressive succession, so the production, coverage, density, under-ground biomass and litter biomass of the grassland decreased again after exclosed for 19 to 20 years.
(2)After the utilization of seasonal exclosure, the proportion of coarse sand (2.00～0.25 mm) dropped significantly, and the proportion of fine sand (0.25～0.05mm) and silt and clay (<0.05mm) increased significantly, soil bulk density and compaction dropped, soil porosity, nutrient and microbe quantity increased, soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity enhanced in the layer of 0～10cm and 10～20cm.And soil porosity, nutrient, microbe quantity, microbial biomass and enzyme activity showed the trend of rise along with the increase of exclosure period, and after exclosed for 12 year, the quality of the soil reached to the best. But the soil quality descended again after enclosed for 19 year because of the mowing utilization for many years.
(3)Started with the ecosystem structure and function, constructed the index system of grassland ecosystem health evaluation. And selected eight quantitative and two qualitative indices, including the production, community coverage, litter biomass, excellent forage proportion, forage crude protein, soil compaction, soil organic matter, soil microbial biomass nitrogen and dominance species and life form synusia composition, as the sensitive indices of typical steppe health evaluation.
(4)The health condition of typical steppe in different exclosure period was evaluated by grey correlation analysis, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, VOR index and CVOR index, the result showed that all of the methods used above could be used to evaluate the health condition of typical steppe. In addition, the result showed that the health condition rose after the utilization of seasonal exclosure. In free grazing land, the health condition decreased to“threshold”because of continuous heavy grazing, after the utilization of seasonal exclosure, the health condition was significantly increased. So the health condition of typical steppe increased to“sub-health”after exclosued for 6～10 year, and then increased to“health”condition after exclosued for 12～13 year. But the health condition of typical steppe descended to“sub-health”again after exclosued for 19～20 years, analyzing the reason was continuous mowing for many years.
(5)After the utilization of seasonal exclosure, the service value of typical steppe was significantly increased. Compared with free grazing land, the total value of service function of typical steppe was increased by 17.64%, 29.11%, 53.62% and 39.87% respectively after exclosing for 6～7, 9～10, 12～13 and 19～20 years. Showed that seasonal exclosure was the effective method for maintaining the service value of grassland ecosystem and realizing the sustainable development of grassland animal husbandry.
引文
1.安渊,徐柱,闫志坚,等.不同退化梯度草地植物和土壤差异[J].中国草地,1999,(4):31~36.
2.白永飞,陈佐忠.内蒙古锡林河流域羊草草原植物种群和功能群的长期变异性及其对群落稳定性的影响[J].植物生态学报,2000,24(6):669~676.
3.白永飞,许志信,李德新.内蒙古高原针茅草原群落土壤水分和碳、氮分布的小尺度空间异质性[J].生态学报,2002,22(8):1209~l2l7.
4.包青海,宝音陶格涛,阎巧玲,等.羊草草原割草处理群落特征比较研究[J].内蒙古大学学报,2003,34(1):74~78.
5.鲍士旦.土壤农化分析(第3版)[M].北京:中国农业出版社.2002.
6.鲍雅静.羊草草原割草演替与能量固定及分配规律的关系研究[博士学位论文D].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学,2001.
7.鲍雅静,李政海,仲延凯.内蒙古羊草草原17年刈割演替过程中功能群组成动态及其对群落净初级生产力稳定性的影响[J].植物学报, 2004,46(10):1155~1162.
8.鲍雅静,李政海,包青海,等.多年割草对羊草草原群落生物量及羊草和洽草种群重要值的影响[J].内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版),2001,32(3):309~313.
9.曹成有,蒋德明,朱丽辉,等.科尔沁沙地草甸草场退化的原因与植物多样性变化[J].草业学报,2006,15(3):18~26.
10.陈佐忠.沙尘暴的发生与草地生态治理[J].中国草地,2001,(3):73~741.
11.陈广庭.土地荒漠化[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2002.
12.陈全功.江河源区草地退化与生态环境综合治理.草业学报,2007,16(1):10~15.
13.陈敏,宝音陶格涛.半干旱草原区退化草地改良的试验研究[J].草业科学,1997,14(6):27~29.
14.陈仲新,张新时.中国生态系统效益的价值[J].科学通报,2000,(1):17~22.
15.程杰,高亚军.云雾山封育草地土壤养分变化特征[J].草地学报,2007,15(3):273~277.
16.程积民,邹后远.封育刈割放牧对草地植被的影响[J].水土保持研究,1998,5(1):36~54.
17.慈龙骏,刘玉平.人口增长对荒漠化的驱动作用[J].干旱区资源与环境,2000,14(1):28~33.
18.邓聚龙.灰色系统综述[J].世界科学,1983,(7):1~5.
19.丁一汇,戴晓苏.中国近百年来的温度变化[J].气象,1994,20(12):19~26.
20.董全民,李青云,马玉寿.放牧强度对夏季高寒草甸生物量和植被结构的影响[J].青海草业,2002,11(2): 8~12.
21.杜青林.中国草业发展战略[M].北京,中国农业出版社,2006.
22.杜晓军,高贤明,马克平.生态系统退化程度诊断:生态恢复的基础与前提[J].植物生态学报,2003,27(5):700~708.
23.傅华,陈亚明,王彦荣,等.阿拉善主要草地类型土壤有机碳特征及其影响因素[J].生态学报,2004,24(3):470~476.
24.高贤明,王晨,候淑琴等,中国保护生态学研究进展[A].见:中国科学院生物多样性委员会主编,中国生物多样性保护与研究进展——第五届全国生物多样性保护与持续利用研讨会论文集[C].气象出版社,2004.
25.高安社.羊草草原放牧地生态系统健康评价[博士学位论文].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2005.
26.国家统计局.中国统计年鉴2000[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2001.
27.顾峰雪,潘晓玲,潘伯荣,等.塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地人工植被下土壤肥力变化[J].生态学报,2002,22(8):1179~1188.
28.关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法[M].北京:农业出版社,1986.
29.韩国栋,章祖同,赵萌莉.草地资源健康评价概述[A].草地资源研究[C].呼和浩特:内蒙古人民出版社,2004.
30.韩路,贾志宽.韩清芳,等.苜蓿种质资源特性的灰色关联度分析与评价[J].西北农林科技大学学报,2003,6(3):58~64.
31.郝敦元,高霞,刘钟龄,等.内蒙古草原生态系统健康评价的植物群落组织力测定[J].生态学报,2004,24(8):1672~1678.
32.侯扶江,南志标,肖金玉.重牧退化草地的植被、土壤及其耦合特征[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(8): 915~922.
33.侯扶江.放牧草地健康管理的生理指标[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(8):1049~1053.
34.侯扶江,于应文,傅华,等.阿拉善草地健康评价的COVR指数[J].草业学报,2004,13(4):117~126.
35.侯扶江,杨中艺.放牧对草地作用[J].生态学报,2006,26(1):244~264.
36.侯继华,周道玮,姜世成.蚂蚁筑丘活动对松嫩草地植物群落多样性的影响[J].植物生态学报,2002,26(3):323~329.
37.胡自治.草原的生态系统服务II.草原生态系统服务的项目[J].草原与草坪,2005,(1):3~10.
38.胡自治.草原的生态系统服务Ⅲ.价值和意义[J].草原与草坪,2005,(2):3~7.
39.胡自治.草原的生态系统服务IV.降低服务功能的主要因素和关爱草原的重要意义[J].草原与草坪,2005,(3):3~8.
40.胡中民,樊江文,钟华平,等.中国草地地下生物量研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2005, 24(9):1095~1101.
41.胡曰利,吴晓芙.土壤微生物生物量作为土壤质量生物指标的研究[J].中南林学院学报,2002,22(3):51~53.
42.黄昌勇.土壤学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
43.蒋高明.中国西部退化生态系统恢复的机遇和挑战[A].生物多样性保护与利用高新科学技术国际研讨会论文集[C].北京:北京科学技术出版社,2002,16~19.
44.江小蕾,张卫国,杨振宇,等.不同干扰类型对高寒草甸群落结构和植物多样性的影响[J].西北植物学报,2003,23(9):1479~1485.
45.贾树海,崔学明,李绍良,等.牧压梯度上土壤理化性质的变化[A].见:草原生态系统研究(第5集)[C].北京:科学出版社,1997,12~16.
46.贾树海,李绍良,陈有君.草场退化与恢复改良过程中土壤物理性质和水分状况初探[A].草原生态系统研究(第5集)[C].北京,科学出版社,1997:109~117.
47.贾树海,王春枝,孙振涛,等.放牧强度和放牧时期对内蒙古草原上土壤压实效应的研究[J].草地学报,1999,7(3):217~221.
48.康博文,刘建军,侯琳,等.蒙古克氏针茅草原生物量围栏封育效应研究[J].西北植物学报,2006,25(12):2540~2546.
49.李博,雍世鹏,李瑶,等.中国的草原[M].北京:科学出版社,1990.
50.李博.内蒙古鄂尔多斯高原自然资源与环境研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1990,199~202.
51.李博.草地生态学的发展[M].北京:中国经济出版社,1991,379~404.
52.李博.中国北方草地退化及其防治对策[J].中国农业科学,1997,30(6):1~9.
53.李博,杨持,林鹏.生态学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2004.
54.李金昌,姜文来,靳乐山,等.生态价值论[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,1999.
55.李永宏.内蒙古锡林河流域羊草草原和大针茅草原在放牧影响下的分异和趋同[J].植物生态学和地植物学学报,1988,12(3):189~196.
56.李永宏.放牧空间梯度下和恢复演替时间上羊草草原的群落特征及其适应性[A].草原生态系统研究(第3集)[C],1992,4:1~8.
57.李永宏.放牧影响下羊草草原和大针茅草原植物多样性[J].植物学报,1993,35:877~884.
58.李永宏.内蒙古草原草场放牧退化模式研究及退化监测专家系统雏议[J].植物生态学报,1994,18:69~79.
59.李永宏.内蒙古典型草原地带退化草原的恢复动态[J].生物多样性,1995, 3(3): 125~130.
60.李凌浩.土地利用变化对草原生态系统土壤碳贮量的影响[J].植物生态学报,1998,22(4):300~302.
61.李凌浩,刘先华,陈佐忠.内蒙古锡林河流域羊草草原生态系统碳素循环研究[J].植物学报,1998,40(10):955~961.
62.李政海,王炜,刘钟龄.火烧对典型草原改良的效果[J].干旱区资源与环境,1994,8(4):51~59.
63.李杨,黄国宏,史奕.大气CO2浓度升高对农田土壤微生物及其相关因素的影响[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(12):2321~2325.
64.李世英,肖运峰.内蒙古呼盟莫大木吉地区羊草草原放牧演替阶段的初步划分[J].植物生态学和地植物学学报,1964,3(2):200~217.
65.李瑾,安树青,程小莉,等.生态系统健康评价的研究进展[J].植物生态学报,2001,25(6):641~647.
66.黎云祥,刘钊.南充市近郊退化灌丛草坡群落物种多样性与环境因子灰色关联度分析[J].四川师范学院学报(自然科学版),1998,19(2):189~192.
67.梁存柱,祝延成,王德利,等.21世纪初我国草地生态学研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(6):744~746.
68.梁燕,韩国栋.草地生态系统健康评价的内容与实施方法[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2004(6):107~109.
69.梁瑛,王宁,赵莉莉,等.草地生态系统健康评价的研究现状[J].农业科学研究,2006,27(2):79~81.
70.刘钟龄,王炜,李政海.火生态因子对草原的效应及有计划用火的研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,1993,8(2):48~51.
71.刘钟龄,王炜,梁存柱,等.内蒙古草原植被在持续牧压下退化演替的模式与诊断[J].草地学报,1998,6(4):244-251.
72.刘钟龄,王炜,郝郭元,等.内蒙古草原退化与恢复演替机理的探讨[J].干旱区资源与环境,2002,16(1):84~91.
73.刘德福.关于天然草场等级评价方案的商讨[J].中国草地,1983,2(6):34~40.
74.刘敏超,李迪强,温琰茂.三江源区植被固定CO2释放O2功能评价[J],生态环境,2006,15(3):594~597.
75.柳丽萍,廖仰南.羊草草原和大针茅草原不同牧压下的土壤微生物生物特性及其多样性[A].草原生态系统研究(第5集)[C].北京:科学出版社,1997:70~79.
76.刘艳萍,荣浩,邢恩德.不同措施对退化草地土壤和植被的影响[J].水土保持研究,2007,14(6):364~346.
77.刘世贵,葛绍荣,龙章富.川西北退化草地土壤微生物数量与区系研究[J].草业学报,1994,4(3):70~76.
78.刘刚,张克斌,李瑞,等.人工封育草场管理研究——以宁夏盐池县为例[J].水土保持研究,2007,14(2):252~254.
79.刘兆顺,许文良.吉林省西部退化草地土壤性状分析及评价因子选择[J].吉林地质,2001,3:103~105.
80.刘兴波.不同退化梯度草甸草原和典型草原牧草营养时空异质性的研究[硕士学位论文].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2007.
81.刘忠宽,智建飞,李英杰,等.休牧后土壤养分空间异质性和植物群落多样性[J].河北农业科学,2004,8(4):1~8.
82.刘忠宽,汪诗平,陈佐忠,等.不同放牧强度草原休牧后土壤养分和植物群落变化特征[J].生态学报,2006,26(6):2048~2056.
83.龙章富,刘世贵.川西北退化草地土壤微生物生化活性的初步研究[J].土壤学报,1995,32(2):100~102.
84.马爽,杨成德,薛莉,等.陇东典型草原不同载畜量土壤的微生物季节变化[J].草原与草坪,2004,105(2):27~30.
85.毛赞猷.再生资源遥感研究[M].呼和浩特:万国学术出版社,1991.
86.孟林.草地资源综合评价研究进展[J].国外畜牧学——草原与牧草,1998,(4):1~6.
87.闵庆文,刘寿东,杨霞.内蒙古羊草草原生态系统服务功能价值评估研究[J].草地学报,2004,12(3):165~175.
88.慕平.用灰色关联系数法对苜蓿品种生产性能综合评价[J].草业科学,2004,21(3):59~64.
89.南京农学院主编.土壤农化分析[M].北京:农业出版社,1980.
90.欧阳志云,王效科,苗鸿.中国陆地生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值的初步研究[J].生态学报,1999,19(5):607~613.
91.庞亚娟,刘兴波,贾玉山,等.遥感技术应用于天然草地牧草饲用价值评价系统中的探讨[J].内蒙古草业,2006,18(3):8~10.
92.庞亚娟.退化草地牧草营养与土壤特性的相关关系研究[硕士学位论文].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2007.
93.彭玉梅.水热条件与天然草地地上初级净生物量及营养动态关系研究[J].内蒙古气象,1997,(1):25~29.
94.钱迎倩.生物多样性研究的原理与方法[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1994.
95.乔光华,王海春.草原生态系统服务功能价值评估方法的探讨[J].内蒙古财经学院学报,2004,2:44~47.
96.邱新法,曾燕,缪启龙.我国沙尘暴的时空分布规律及其源地和移动路径[J].地理学报,2001,56(3): 316~322.
97.全浩.关于中国西北地区沙尘暴及其黄沙气溶胶高空传输路线的探讨[J].环境科学,1993,5(14):60~64.
98.瞿王龙,裴世芳,周志刚,等.放牧与围封对阿拉善荒漠草地土壤有机碳和植被特征的影响.甘肃林业科技,2004,29(2):4~6,40.
99.任继周.草原学[M].北京:中国高等教育出版社,1961.
100.任继周.草地农业生态学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1995.
101.任继周.草地资源的属性、结构与健康评价[A].中国草原学会,中国草地科学进展[C].北京:中国农业大学出版社,1998,3~7.
102.任继周.草业科学研究方法[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1998.
103.任继周,南志标,郝敦元.草业系统中的界面论[J].草业学报,2000,9(1):1~8.
104.任海,彭少麟.恢复生态学导论[M].北京:科学出版社,2001,30~31.
105.戎郁萍,韩建国,王培,等.放牧强度对草地土壤理化性质的影响[J].中国草地,2001,23(4):41~47.
106.宋轩,杜丽平,李树人,等.生态系统健康的概念、影响因素及其评价的研究进展[J].河南农业大学学报,2003,37(4):375~378.
107.苏大学.中国草地资源的区域分布与生产力结构[J].草地学报,1994,2(1):71~76.
108.苏大学.西藏草地资源的结构与质量评价[J].草地学报,1995,3(2):144~151.
109.苏大学.天然草原在防治黄河上中游流域水土流失与土地荒漠化中的作用与地位[J].草地学报,2000,8(2):77~81.
110.苏永中,赵哈林,张铜会,等.不同强度放牧后自然恢复的沙质草地土壤性状特征[J].中国沙漠,2002,22(4):333~337.
111.孙瑞莲,赵秉强,朱鲁生,等.长期定位施肥对土壤酶活性的影响及其调控土壤肥力的作用[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2003,9(4):406~410.
112.孙儒泳,李庆芬,牛翠娟,等.基础生态学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002.
113.孙刚,盛连喜,冯江.生态系统服务的功能与价值分类[J].环境科学动态,2000,(1):19~22.
114.单贵莲,徐柱,宁发,等.围封年限对典型草原群落结构及物种多样性的影响[J].草业学报,2008,17(6):1~8.
115.单贵莲,徐柱,宁发,等.围封年限对典型草原植被与土壤特征的影响[J].草业科学,2009,18(2):3~10.
116.单贵莲,薛世明,初晓辉.六种干草调制方法的灰色关联度综合评价[J].草业科学,2008,25(7):36~40.
117.史惠兰,王启基,景增春,等.江河源区人工草地群落特征、多样性及其稳定性分析[J].草业学报,2005,14(3):23~30.
118.田洪艳,郭平,周道玮.草原开垦对草原土壤及植被的扰动生态学作用[J].干旱区研究,2001,18(3):67~70.
119.王炜,刘钟龄,郝敦元,等.内蒙古草原退化群落恢复演替的研究I.退化草原的基本特征与恢复演替动力[J].植物生态学报,1996,20(5):449~459.
120.王炜,刘钟龄,郝敦元,等.内蒙古草原退化群落恢复演替的研究II.恢复演替时间进程的分析[J].植物生态学报,1996,20(5):460~471.
121.王炜,梁存柱,刘钟龄,等.内蒙古草原退化群落恢复演替的研究Ⅳ.恢复演替过程中植物种群动态的分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,1999,13(4):44~55.
122.王炜,梁存柱,刘钟龄,等.羊草+大针茅草原群落退化演替机理的研究[J].植物生态学报,2000,24 (4):468~472.
123.王仁忠,李建东.松嫩平原碱化羊草草地放牧空间演替规律的研究[J].应用生态学报,1995,6(3):277~281.
124.王仁忠.放牧干扰对松嫩平原羊草草地的影响[J].东北师大学报,1996,4:77~82.
125.王仁忠.干扰对草地生态系统生物多样性的影响[J].东北师大学报自然科学版,1996,3:112~116.
126.王玉辉,何兴元,周广胜.放牧强度对羊草草原的影响[J].草地学报,2002,10(1):45~4.
127.王立新,刘钟龄,刘华民,等.内蒙古典型草原生态系统健康评价[J].生态学报,2008,28(2):544~550.
128.王明君,韩国栋,赵萌莉,等.草甸草原不同放牧强度对土壤有机碳含量的影响[J].草业科学,2007,24(10):6~10.
129.王明君.不同放牧强度对羊草草甸草原生态系统健康的影响研究[博士学位论文].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2008.
130.王鑫,徐秋明,曹兵,张占军,马生发.包膜控释尿素对保护地菜地土壤肥力及酶活性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(5):77~84.
131.王俊华,尹睿,张华勇,等.长期定位施肥对农田土壤酶活性及其相关因素的影响[J].生态环境,2007,16(1):191~196.
132.王昱生,潘介正.草场资源综合评价的数学模型[J].植物生态学与地植物学丛刊,1985,9(3):165~172.
133.王正文,刑福,祝廷成,等.松嫩平原羊草草地植物功能群组成及多样性特征对水淹干扰的响应[J].植物生态学报,2002(26):708~716.
134.王彦龙,马玉寿,孙小弟,等.格姆滩黑土滩人工草地植物量及营养季节动态研究[J].青海大学学报(自然科学版),2008,26(1):22~25.
135.汪诗平,李永宏,王艳芬,等.不同放牧率对内蒙古冷蒿草原植物多样性的影响[J].植物学报,2001,43:89~96.
136.汪松.中国濒危动物红皮书[M].北京:科学出版社,1998.
137.文海燕,赵哈林.退化沙质草地植被与土壤分布特征及相关分析[J].干旱区研究,2004,21(1):76~80.
138.文海燕,赵哈林,傅华.开垦和封育年限对退化沙质草地土壤性状的影响[J].草业学报,2005,14(1):31~37.
139.吴金水,林启美.土壤微生物生物量测定方法及其应用[M].北京:气象出版社,2006.
140.肖寒,欧阳志云,赵景柱,等.森林生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值评估初探——以海南岛尖峰岭热带森林为例[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(4):481~484.
141.肖风劲,欧阳华,牛海山.生态系统健康与相关概念的逻辑关系[J].生态学杂志,2003,22(2):56~59.
142.谢高地,鲁春霞,成升魁.全球生态系统服务价值评估研究进展[J].资源科学,2001,23(6):5~9.
143.谢高地,张钇锂,鲁春霞,等.中国自然草地生态系统服务价值[J].自然资源学报,2001,16(1):47~53.
144.谢晋阳,陈灵芝.中国暖温带若干灌从群落多样性问题的研究[J].植物生态学报,1997,21(30):197~207.
145.许中旗,赵盼茹,王英舜,等.人为干扰对典型草原土壤侵蚀影响的价值评价[J].中国草地学报,2007,29(2):1~6.
146.许志信,赵萌莉.过度放牧对草原土壤侵蚀的影响[J].中国草地,2001,23(6):59~63.
147.薛达元,包浩生,李文华.长白山自然保护区森林生态系统间接经济价值评估[J].中国环境科学,1999,19(3):247~252.
148.许光辉,郑洪元.土壤微生物分析方法手册[M].北京:农业出版社,1986.
149.徐广平,张德罡,徐长林,等.放牧干扰对东祁连山高寒草地植物群落物种多样性的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2005,40(6):789~796.
150.闫玉春,唐海萍.草地退化相关概念辨析[J].草业学报,2008,17(1):93~99.
151.杨胜.饲料分析及饲料品质检测技术[M].北京:北京农业大学出版社,1992.
152.杨利民,李建东,杨允菲.草地群落放牧干扰梯度β多样性研究[J].应用生态学报,1998,10(4):442~446.
153.杨利民,韩梅.草地群落多样性维持机制的研究Ⅲ物种分布格局[J].吉林农业大学学报,2002,24(1):58~61.
154.杨晓晖,张克斌,侯瑞萍,等.半干旱沙地封育草场的植被变化及其与土壤因子间的关系[J].生态学报,2005,25(12):3212~3219.
155.袁兴中,刘红,陆健健.生态系统健康评价—概念构架与指标选择[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(4):627~629.
156.叶笃正,丑纪范,刘纪远.关于我国华北沙尘暴天气的成因与治理对策[J].地理学报,2000,55:513~520.
157.殷士华.土壤微生物量及其与养分循环的关系研究进展[J].土壤学进展,1993,4:1~8.
158.曾德慧,姜凤歧.生态系统健康与人类可持续发展[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(6):751~756.
159.张苏琼,阎万贵.中国西部草地生态环境问题及其控制措施.草业学报,2006,15(5):11~18.
160.张成娥,刘国彬,陈小利.坡地不同利用方式下土壤微生物和酶活性以及生物量特征[J].土壤通报,1999,30(3):101~103.
161.张继义,赵哈林,张铜会,等.科尔沁沙地植被恢复系列上群落演替与物种多样性的恢复动态[J].植物生态学报,2004,28(1),86~92.
162.张伟华,关世英,李跃进,等.不同恢复措施对退化草地土壤水分和养分的影响[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2000,21(4):31~35.
163.张为政.作物茬口对土壤酶活性和微生物的影响[J].土壤肥料,1993,(5):12~14.
164.张大勇,姜新华.群落内物种多样性发生与维持的一个假说[J].生物多样性,1997,5(3):161~167.
165.张全国,张大勇.生产力、可靠度与物种多样性:微宇宙实验研究[J].生物多样性,2002,10(2):132~135.
166.张吉鵾,卢德勋,刘建新,等.粗饲料质量评定指数的研究现状及其进展[J] .草业科学,2004,21(2):12~16.
167.章祖同.草场资源评价方法的探讨[J].自然资源,1981,3:13~18.
168.章祖同,刘起.中国重点牧区草地资源及其开发利用[M].北京:中国科技出版社,1992.
169.章祖同.草原管理学(第二版)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999,139~154.
170.郑翠玲,曹子龙,王贤,等.围栏封育在呼伦贝尔沙化草地植被恢复中的作用[J].中国水土保持科学,2005, 3 (3) :78~81.
171.郑淑华.不同放牧强度下羊草草原生态系统服务功能价值评估[D].内蒙古:内蒙古农业大学硕士学位论文,2006.
172.赵哈林,张铜会,赵学勇.我国北方农牧交错带沙漠化的成因、过程和防治对策[J].中国沙漠,2000,22:20~28.
173.赵吉,刘萍,邵玉琴,等.人为因素对草原土壤微生物和生物活性的影响[J].内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版),1996,27(4):568~57.
174.赵吉,廖仰南,张桂枝,等.草原生态系统的土壤微生物生态[J].中国草地,1999,(3):57~67.
175.赵吉.典型草原土壤健康的生物学优化监测与量化评价[博士学位论文].内蒙古:内蒙古大学,2005.
176.赵同谦,欧阳志云,郑华,等.草地生态系统服务功能分析及其评价指标体系[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(6):155~160.
177.赵同谦,欧阳志云,贾良清.中国草地生态系统服务功能间接价值评价[J].生态学报,2004,24(6):1101~1110.
178.周华坤,周立,刘伟,等.封育措施对退化与未退化矮嵩草草甸的影响.中国草地,2003,25(5):15~22.
179.周华坤,周立,赵新全,等.围栏封育对轻牧和重牧金露梅灌丛的影响[J].草地学报,2004,12(2):140~144.
180.周国英,陈桂琛,赵以莲,等.施肥和围栏封育对青海湖地区高寒草原影响的比较研究Ⅰ群落结构及其物种多样性[J].草业学报,2003,13(1):26~31.
181.周丽艳,王明玖,韩国栋.不同强度放牧对贝加尔针茅草原群落和土壤理化性质的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2005,19(7):182~187.
182.周瑞莲,张普金,徐长林.高寒山区火烧土壤对其养分含量和酶活性的影响及灰色关联分析[J].土壤学报,1997,34(1):89~96.
183.仲延凯,朴顺姬,包青海.退化草场恢复与利用的探讨[A].草原生态系统研究(第2集)[C].北京:科学出版社,1988,184~192.
184.仲延凯,包青海.去除死地被物对天然割草地植物群落的影响[J].内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版),1989,20(2):260~266.
185.仲延凯,包青海.内蒙古白音锡勒牧场地区天然割草场合理割草制度的研究[J].生态学报,1991,11(3):242~249.
186.仲延凯,包青海,孙维.不同时期割草和割草间隔期间对羊草草原禾草生物量的影响[C].草原生态系统研究(4)[M].科学出版社,1992,213~230.
187.仲延凯,孙维,孙卫国,等.割草对典型草原植物营养元素贮量及分配的影响.Ⅳ土壤——植物营养元素含量的比较[J].干旱区资源与环境,2000,14(1):55~63.
188.钟华平,樊江文,于贵瑞.草地生态系统碳循环研究进展[J].草地学报(增刊),2005,1(3):67~73.
189.中国科学院南京土壤研究所编.土壤理化分析[M].1978,上海科技出版社.
190.中国生物多样性国情研究报告编写组.中国生物多样性国情研究报告.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1997.
191.朱丽,郭继勋,鲁萍.松嫩羊草草甸碱茅群落土壤酶活性比较研究[J].草业学报,2002,11(4):28~34.
192.朱志红,王刚.群落结构特性的分析方法探讨——以高寒草甸和高寒灌丛为例[J].植物生态学报,1996,20:184~192.
193. Abraham N A, Stanley R.J.Assessment of range condition and trend in the rangelands of western N S W, Rangelands: a resource under siege[A].Proceeding of the 2nd International Rangeland Congress[C].Adelaide, Australia, 1984, 526:13~18.
194. Abril A, Bucher E H.Overgrazing and soil carbon dynamics in the western Chaco of Argentina[J].Annl. Soil Ecol., 2001, 6:243~249.
195. Agustin R, Adrian E.Small-scale spatial soil-plant relationship in semi-arid gypsum environments.J. Plant and Soil, 2000, 220: 139~150.
196. Allen E B W, Wallace C, Donald A F.Developing the conceptual basis for restoration ecology[J].Restoration Ecology, 1997, 4:275~726.
197. Aplet G H, Vitousek P M . An age-altitude matrix analysis of Hawaiian rain-forestsuccession.Journal of Ecology[J], 1994, 82 (1):137~147.
198. Ari-Pekka, Huhta.Restorative mowing on semi-natural grassland: community-level changes and species-level responses[D].University of Oulu, 2000.
199. Bauer A, Cole C V, Black A L.Soil property comparison in virgin grasslands between grazed and nongrazed management systems[J].Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 1987, 51, 176~182.
200. Bradshaw A D.What do we mean by restoration[A].In:Urbanska K M,Webb N R,Edwards P J.Restoration Ecology and Sustainable Development[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1997.
201. Bradshaw A D.Restoration ecology and sustainable development[A].In: Urbanska K, Webb N R eds[C].Restoration Ecology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, 139~152.
202. Breshears D D, Myers O B, Johnson S R, et al.Differential use of spatially heterogeneous soil moisture by two semiarid woody species: Pinusedulis and Juniperus monosperma.[J].Eco., 1997, 85: 289~299.
203. Bullock J M, Hill B, Dale M P, et al.An experimental study of vegetation change due to grazing in a species-poor grassland and the role of the seed bank[J].Journal of Applied Ecology, 1994, 31: 493~507.
204. Chaneton E J, Lavado R S.Soil nutrients and salinity after long-term grazing exclusion in a flooding Pampa grassland[J].J. Range Manag., 1996, 49, 182~187.
205. Christiansen S O, Srejcor T.Grazing effects on shoot and root dynamics and above and below-ground non-structure carbohydrate in Caucasian bluestem[J].Grass and Forage Science, 1988, 43: 111~119.
206. Christensen N L, Bartuska A M, Brown J H, et al.The report of the ecological society of America Committee on the scientific basis for ecosystem management[J].Ecol. Appl., 1996, 63: 665~691.
207. Costanza R.The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital[J].Nature, 1997, 387: 253~260.
208. Cox G.Reading in conservation ecology[M].Aplleton-Gemtury-roffts.New York,1969, 596.
209. Crawley M J.Herbivores and plant population dynamics[A].Plant Population Ecology[M], Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford, 1988, 367~392.
210. Daily G C.Nature’s Service: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems[M].Island Press, Washington, 1997.
211. Deleo G A, Levin S.The multifaceted aspects of ecosystem integrity[J].Conservation Ecology, 1997, 1~3.
212. Donald C, John E, Brian L, et a1.Indicators of human health in ecosystems: What do we measure[J].The Science of the Total Environment, 1998, 224: 201~213.
213. Dobson A P, Bradshaw A D, et al.Hopes for the future: Restoration Ecology and conservation biology[J].Science, 1997, 277 (25):515~522.
214. Dormaar J R, Adams B W, Willms, W D.Effects of grazing and abandoned cultivation on a Stipa-Bouteloua community[J].J.Range Manag, l994, 47, 28~32.
215. Dyksterhuis E J.Condition and management of range based on quantitative ecology[J].Journal of Range Management, 1949, 2: 104~115.
216. Eckhardt H C, Rooyen N , Bredenkamp G J, et al.Use of Braun-Blanquet data for the assessment of veld condition and grazing capacity in grassland[J].African Journal of Range and Forage Science, 1993, 10(1): 41~46.
217. Elgersma A M . Primary forest succession on poor sandy soils as related to site factors[J].Biodiversity and Conservation, 1998, 7: 193~206.
218. Ellis G M, Fisher A C.Valuing the environment as input[J].Journal of Environmental Management, 1987, 25: 149~156.
219. Franzluebbers A J, Wright S F, Stuedemann J A.Soil aggregation and glomalin under pastures in the Southern Piedmont USA[J].Soil Sci., 2000, 64:1018~1026.
220. Fridley J D.Resource availability dominates and alters the relationship between species diversity and ecosystem productivity in experimental plant communities[J].Oecologia, 2002, 132, 271~277.
221. Frost W E, Smith E L.Biomass productivity and range condition on range sites in southern Arizona[J].Journal of Range Management, 1991, 44(1) : 64~67.
222. Gibson D J.The relationship of sheep grazing and soil heterogeneity to plant spatial pattern in dune grassland[J].Joumal of Ecology, 1998, 76(1):233~252.
223. Giller P S.Community structure and the niche [M].Chapman and Hall, London, 1984.
224. Greenwood K L, MacLeod D A, Hutchinson K J.Long-term stocking rate effects on soil physical properties.Aus. J. Exp. Agric., 1997, 37: 413~419.
225. Greene R S, Tongway D J.The significance of (surface) physical and chemical properties in determining soil surface condition of red earths in rangelands.Australian,Journal of Soil Research, 1989, 27: 213~225.
226. Grime J P.Benefits of plant diversity to ecosystems: immediate, filter and founder effects [J].Journalof Ecology, 1998, 86: 902~910.
227. Guo Q . Slow recovery in desert perennial vegetation following prolonged human disturbance[J].Vege. Sci., 2004, 15: 757~762.
228. Harold A M, Angels C, Walter R.The millennium ecosystem assessment: what is it all about?Trends in Ecology and Evolution[J].2004, 19(5): 221~224.
229. Heitschmidt R K.The ecology of grazing management[A].In Baker MJ(ed): Grasslands for our world[M].New Zealand, Sir Publishing, 1993, 477~480.
230. Hill M O, Evans D F, Bell S A.Long-term effects of excluding sheep from hill pastures in North Wales[J].Journal of Ecology, 1992, 72: 59~68.
231. Hobbs R J,Norton D A.Towards a conceptual framework for restoration ecology[J].Restoration Ecology, 1996, 4:93~110.
232. Jacobs M.Environmental valuation deliberative democracy and public decision making[A].In: Foster.ed.Valuing Nature: Economics, Ethics and Environment[C], London: Rutledge, 1997.
233. Joyce L A.The life cycle of the range condition concept[J].Journal of Range Management, 1993,46 (2): 132~138.
234. Kazuhiro K, Kazuhiko T, Jiang D M, et al.Vegetation restoration by seasonal exclosure in the Kerqin Sandy Land, Inner Mongolia[J].Plant Ecology, 1998, 139: 133~144.
235. Kong F W, He N H.China forest resource accounting[A].In: Proceeding of Scandinavian Forest Economics Biannual Meeting[C], 1991.
236. Lavado R S, Sierra J O, Hashimoto P N.Impact of grazing on soil nutrients in a Pampean grassland[J].J. Range Manag, 1996, 49, 452~457.
237. Li Y.Impact of grazing on Aneurolepidium chinense steppe and Stipa grandis steppe[J].Acta Oecologia Oecol. Appl., 1989, 10: 31~46.
238. Li L H.Effects of land use change on soil carbon storage in grassland ecosystems[J].Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, l 998, 22(4):300~302.
239. Le R X, Wilkins R J.The comparative effects of defoliation, treading and exceta on a Lulium perenen-Trifolium tepens pasture grazed by sheep[J].Journal of Agricultural Science, 2003, 100:451~460.
240. Mapfumo E, Naeth M A, Baron V S, et al.Grazing impacts on litter and roots: perennial versus annual grasses[J].Journal of Range Management, 2002, 55: 16~22.
241. Marc P, Asit M.Reversal of grazing impact on plant species richness in nutrient-poor VS nutrient~rich ecosystems[J].Ecology, 1998, 79: 2581~2592.
242. Marcelo S, Mario G, Avi P, et al.Vegetation response to grazing management in a Mediterranean herbaceous community: a functional group approach[J].Journal of Applied Ecology, 2000, 37: 224~237.
243. Margalef R A.On certain unifying principles in ecology[J].Am. Nat., 1963, 97, 357~374.
244. María B V, Nilda M A, Norman P.Soil degradation related to overgrazing in the semi-arid southern Caldenal area of Argentina[J].Soil Science, 2001,166(7): 441~450.
245. Meissner R A, Facelli J M.Effect of sheep exclusion on the soil seed bank and annual vegetation in chenopod shrub lands of South Australia[J].Journal of Arid Environment, 1999, 42:117~128.
246. Milchunas D G, Lauenroth W K.Quantitative effects of grazing on vegetation and soils over a global range of environments[J].Ecol. Monogr., 1993, 63, 327~366.
247. Naeem S, Thampson L J, Lawler S P, et al.Declining biodiversity can alter the performance of ecosystems[J].Nature, 1994, 368:734~737.
248. National Research Council (NRC).Rangeland health: new methods to classify, inventory and monitor rangelands[M].Washington: National Academy Press, 1994.
249. Neath M A, Bailey A W, Pluth D J, et al.Grazing impacts on litter and soil organic matter in mixed prairie and fescue grassland ecosystems of Alberta[J].Journal of Range Management, 1991, 44(1) :7~12.
250. Noble J C.The Delicate and Noxious Scrub.Canberra: CSIRO Wildlife and Ecology[M].1997.
251. Oba G, Vetaas O R, Stenseth N C.Relationship between biomass and plant species richness in arid-zone grazing lands[J].Journal of Applied Eco1ogy.2001, 38: 836~845.
252. Odum E P.The strategy of ecosystem development[J].Science, 1969, 764: 262~270.
253. Oliva G, Cibils A, Borrelli P, et al.Stable states in relation to grazing in Patagonia: A 10-year experiment trial[J].Journal of Arid Environment, 1998,40(1):113~131.
254. Pellant M, Shaver P, Pyke D, et al.Interpreting indicators of rangeland health [M].Division of Science Integration Branch of Publishing Services, Colorado, USA, 2005.
255. Pichett S T A.Population patterns through twenty years of oldfield succession[J].Vegetatio, 1982, 49:45~59.
256. Putnam R J, Fowler A D, Tout S.Pattern of use of ancient grassland by cattle and horse and effects on vegetational structure and composition[J].Biological Conservation, 1991, 56: 329~347.
257. Pyke D A, Herrick J K, Shaver P.What is the standard for rangeland health assessments? [A].Proceedings of theⅦInternational Rangelands Congress[C].Ireland, 2003.
258. Raich J W, Schlesinger W H.The global dioxide flux in soil respiration and its relationship to vegetation and climate[J].Tellus, 1992,(44): 81~99.
259. Rapport D J, Regier H A, Hutchinson T C.Ecosystem behavior under stress[J].The American Naturalist, 1985, 125: 6l7~640.
260. Rapport D J.What constitutes ecosystem health? [J].Perspectives in Biology and Medcine, 1989, 33: 120~132.
261. Rapport D J.Evaluating and monitoring the health of large-scale ecosystem [M].Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1995, 5~31.
262. Rapport D J.Ecosystem health[M].Oxford: Blackwell Science, Inc,1998:1~356.
263. Rapport D J, Costanz.a R, McMichael A J.Assessing ecosystem health[J].Trends in Ecology and Ecolution, 1999, 13:397~402.
264. Reeder J D, Schuman G E.Influence of livestock grazing on C sequestration in semi-arid mixed-grass and short-grass rangelands[J].Environmental Pollution, 2002, 116(3): 457~463.
265. Ren Z Y, Zhang Y F, Li J.The value of vegetation ecosystem service: a case of Qingling-Daba Mountain[J].Journal of GeographicalSciences, 2003, 13(2): 195~200.
266. Roberta P, Roy T.The influence of mowing, fertilization, and plant removal on the botanical composition of an artificial sward[J].Can. J. Bot., 1989, 68:1080~1085.
267. Rutherford M C.Annual plant production-precipitation relations in arid and semi-arid regions[J].South African Journal of Science, 1980, 76, 53~56.
268. Sala O E, Paruelo J M.Ecosystem services in grasslands[A].In: Daily G C. Nature’s Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems[C].Washington D C, Island Press, 1997, 237~254.
269. Sampson A W.Plant succession in relation to range management[C].USDA Dept., 1919.
270. Schuman G E, Janzen H H, Herrick J E.Soil carbon dynamics and potential carbon sequestration by rangelands[J].Environmental pollution, 2002, 116: 391~396.
271. Shariff A R, Biondini M E, Grygiel C E.Grazing intensity effects on litter decomposition and soil nitrogen mineralization[J].Journal of Range Management, 1994, 47: 444~447.
272. Singh K P, Mandal T N, Tripathi S K.Patterns of restoration of soil physicochemical properties andmicrobial biomass in different landslide sites in the sal forest ecosystem of Nepal Himalaya[J].Ecological Engineering,2001,17:385~401.
273. Skarpe C.Dynamics of savanna ecosystems[J].Veg. Sci., 1992, 3(3), 293~400.
274. Smith E L.Evaluation of the Range Condition Concept[J].Rangelands, 1979,1(2):52~54.
275. Smith R S, Rushton S P.The effects of grazing management on the vegetation of mesotrophic (meadow) grassland in Northern England[J].Appl. Ecol., 1994, 31: 13~24.
276. Smoliak S, Dormaar J F, Johnston A.Long-term grazing effects on Stipa-Bouteloua prairie soils[J].J. Range Manag, 1972, 25: 246~250.
277. Society for Rangeland Management task group (SRM).New concepts for assessment of rangeland condition[J].Journal of Range Management, 1995, 48:271~282.
278. Steedman R J.Ecosystem health as a management goa1[J].Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 1994, 13(4): 605~610.
279. Stoddart L A, Smith A D.Range management [M].New York: McGraw-Hill, USA, 1975.
280. Symstad A J, Tilman D, Willson J, et al.Species loss and ecosystem functioning: effects of species identity and community composition[J].Oikos, 1998, 81, 389~397.
281. Takeuchi K, Katoh K, Nan Y, et al.Vegetation cover change in desertified Kerqin sandy lands, Inner Mongolia[J].Geog. Rep., 1995, 30: 1~24.
282. The conceptual Framework Working Group.The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment[M].
283. Thomas D A, Squire V R.Available soil moisture as a basis for land capability assessment in semi arid regions[J].Vegetation, 1991, 91: 183~189.
284. Tilman D, Downing J A.Biodiversity and stability in grasslands[J].Nature, 1994, 367, 363~365.
285. Tilman D, KnopsJ, Wedin D, et al.The influence of functional diversity and composition on ecosystem processes[J].Science, 1997, 277, 1300~1302.
286. Tilman D, Reich P B, Knops J, et al.Diversity and productivity in a long-term grassland experiment[J].Science, 2001, 294, 843~845.
287. Tongway D.Rangeland soil condition assessment manual [M].CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology, Kanpeila, Australia, 1994.
288. Troumbis A Y, Memtsas D.Observational evidence that diversity may increase productivity in Mediterranean shrublands[J].Oecologia, 2000, 125,101~108.
289. Tsuyoshi K, Yoshimichi H, Nobuo N.Effects of mowing on the species diversity in relation to the dominance of dwarf-bamboo Pleioblastus china Makino in a Semi-natural Grassland[J].1998, 44(2):173~176.
290. Vallentine J F.Grazing management[M].New York: Academic Press, 1990.
291. Van V D, Coblentz B E.Some ecological effects of feral sheep on Santa Cruz Island[J].Biol. Cons., 1987, 41: 253~268.
292. Vestergaard P.Response to mowing of coastal brackish meadow plant communities along an elevational gradient[J].Nordic Journal of Botany, 1994, 14(5): 569~587.
293. Walker P J.Cobar regeneration area: the first sixteen years[J].Soil Conservation Journal of NewSouth Wales.1976, 32(7): 119~130.
294. Warentin B P.The concept of soil quality [J].Journal of Soil, Land and Water Conservation, 1995, 50: 226~228.
295. West N E, Mcdaniel K, Smith E L.Monitoring and interpreting ecological integrity on arid and semi-arid lands of the western United States[R].New Mexico State University, New Mexico Range Improvement Task Force, Las Cruces, 1994.
296. Westman W E.How much are nature, services worth [J].Science, 1977, 960~964.
297. Wilson A D, Tupper G J.Concepts and Factors Applicable to the Measurement of Range Condition[J].Journal of Range Management, 1982, 35(6): 684~689.
298. Wilsnn M A, Howarth R.Discourse-based valuation of ecosystem services: establishing fair outcomes through group deliberation[J].Ecological Economics, 2002, 41: 431~443.
299. Woodward F I, Gramer W.Plant functional types and climatic changes: introduction[J].Journal of Vegetation Science, 1996, 7: 306~308.
300. XU F S, E Jorgensen, S Tao .Ecological madicators for assessing freshwater ecosystem health[J].Ecological Modelling, 1999, 116:77~106.