摘要
体育场的框架结构阻断了场内外空气的直接对流,造成了场内相对封闭的小气候环境,草坪是体育场内有生命的植物,场内小环境因子的变化将会影响草坪的生长与草坪的质量。目前,有关体育场环境效应及其对草坪生长影响的系统研究较少。本课题通过构建鸟巢式国家体育场框架模型,以高羊茅草坪为试验材料,分别于2006、2007年夏、冬季进行了以下四方面的研究:一、模拟鸟巢式体育场框架结构对场内草坪生长环境的影响;二、模拟鸟巢式体育场对高羊茅草坪越夏的影响;三、坪床控温技术对模拟鸟巢式体育场内高羊茅草坪越夏的改善效应;四、模拟鸟巢式体育场对高羊茅草坪冬季生长的影响。主要研究结果如下:
模拟鸟巢式体育场框架结构造成了场内遮荫的环境,场内的光照强度与直射光照时间均显著低于场外对照,夏季场内草坪的平均光照强度只有场外对照的23.98%～68.07%,平均直射光照时间只有场外对照的12.08%;冬季场内草坪的平均光照强度只有场外对照的8.00%～60.47%,平均直射光照时间只有场外对照的3.34%。模拟鸟巢式体育场内的温度则显著高于场外对照,表现出明显的热集聚效应,2006和2007年夏季场内气温最大比场外对照分别高出7.8℃和7.5℃,场内分别出现了45.3℃和45.8℃的极端气温,给高质量运动草坪的养护带来非常大的难度;冬季场内的热集聚效应较夏季小,2006年冬季场内气温最大比场外对照高出2.4℃。模拟鸟巢式体育场框架结构也导致了场内相对湿度的增加,2006和2007年夏季场内相对湿度平均比场外对照分别高出2.9%和3.0%;2006年冬季场内相对湿度平均比场外对照高出6.7%。
模拟鸟巢式体育场内夏季温度的增高严重影响了高羊茅草坪的生长,加速了草坪质量的下降。场内草坪的质量和生长量分别自7月23/24日和7月20/21日开始显著低于场外对照,草坪质量在8月8/9日下降到可接受草坪质量标准(6.0)以下;场内草坪叶片的叶绿素含量自7月28/29日开始显著低于场外对照,但叶片的相对电导率则从8月6日起显著高于场外对照,叶片内的丙二醛含量则有一半左右的时间显著高于场外对照。
坪床控温技术显著降低了模拟鸟巢式体育场内草坪根际的生长温度,控温区坪床10cm处地温显著低于非控温区,其平均降温幅度分别达到5.11℃和7.31℃,分别降至30.97℃和27.78℃。控温区坪床地温的下降显著地改善了场内高羊茅草坪的生长,控温区草坪的质量和生长量分别自7月23/24日和7月20/21日开始显著高于非控温区;草坪叶片的叶绿素含量自7月28/29日开始也显著高于非控温区;2006年控温区草坪的群落净光合速率从7月23日起显著高于非控温区,最大比非控温区提高了105.4%;2007年控温区草坪的根系活力从7月25日起也显著高于非控温区,最大比非控温区提高了35.1%;而叶片的相对电导率则从8月6日起显著低于非控温区,叶片的丙二醛含量和可溶性糖含量也有一半左右的时间显著低于非控温区。
模拟鸟巢式体育场内冬季温度的增高虽使高羊茅草坪的垂直生长速度在2006年12月16日至2007年1月6日期间显著高于场外对照;但场内的弱光条件显著抑制了高羊茅草坪的生长,导致草坪质量、密度、单株分蘖数、地上部生物量、叶片的叶绿素含量及可溶性糖含量在整个试验期间均显著低于场外对照。
Frame structure of stadium interdicts direct convection of air inside and outside, resulting in a relatively closed microenvironment in stadium. Turfgrass is plant with life and changes of environmental factors in stadium could affect turf growth and quality. At present, systematic research on the microenvironment of the stadium and its effects on turfgrass growth are seldom. A simulated Nest-type National Stadium was built in this study and four experiments were carried out with tall fescue during the summer and winter of 2006 and 2007, respectively. The first was effects of simulated nest-type stadium on the growth environment of sports turf. The second was effects of simulated nest-type stadium on the growth of tall fescue in summer. The third was effects of root-zone cooling on the growth improvement of tall fescue in simulated nest-type stadium. The fourth was effects of simulated nest-type stadium on the growth of tall fescue in winter. The main results were as follows:
Frame structure of stadium led to shade environment. Light intensity and direct radiation time in simulated stadium were significantly lower than the outside control. In summer average light intensity and direct radiation time in simulated stadium were only 23.98%～68.07% and 12.08% of the control, respectively. In winter average light intensity and direct radiation time in simulated stadium were only 8.00%～60.47% and 3.34% of the control, respectively. However, temperature in simulated stadium was significantly higher than the outside control, showing that there was a significant heat accumulation in it. The highest air temperature increases were 7.8℃and 7.5℃, and extreme air temperature were 45.3℃and 45.8℃in simulated stadium during the summer of 2006 and 2007, respectively. The increase of temperature in simulated stadium could make turf high quality management more difficult in summer. Heat accumulation in winter was lower than that in summer in simulated stadium. The highest air temperature increase was 2.4℃during the winter of 2006. Relative humidity in simulated stadium was also significantly higher than the outside control. The average relative humidity increases in simulated stadium were 2.9% and 3.0% in the summer of 2006 and 2007, respectively. In the winter of 2006 the average relative humidity increase was 6.7% in simulated stadium.
The increase of temperature in simulated stadium dramatically affected the growth of tall fescuse in summer, accelerating the decline of turf quality. Turf quality and growth had been significantly lower than the control since July 23/24 and 20/21, respectively. Turf quality had decreased to below the acceptable level (6.0) since August 8/9. Leaf chlorophyll content had also decreased significantly compared to the control since July 28/29. However, leaf electrolyte leakage had been significantly higher than the control since August 6. MDA content in leaves had also increased significantly compared to the control for about half of the experiment period.
Technique of root-zone cooling significantly reduced the root growth temperature of turfgrass in simulated stadium. Root-zone temperature at 10cm depth in Nest1 (treatment) was significantly lower than that in Nest2 (control). The average decreases were 5.11℃and 7.31℃, thus the root-zone temperature at 10cm depth in Nest1 reduced to 30.97℃and 27.78℃. The decrease of root-zone temperature in Nest1 significantly improved the growth of tall fescuse in simulated stadium. Turf quality and growth had been significantly higher than Nest2 since July 23/24 and 20/21, respectively. Leaf chlorophyll content had also increased significantly compared to Nest2 since July 28/29. Turf canopy net photosynthetic rate was significantly higher than Nest2 since July 23 in the year 2006, and the highest increase was 105.4% of Nest2. Turfgrass root activity had also increased significantly compared to Nest2 since July 25 in the year 2007, and the highest increase was 35.1% of Nest2. However, leaf electrolyte leakage had been significantly lower than Nest2 since August 6. MDA content and soluble sugar content in leaves had also decreased significantly compared to Nest2 for about half of the experiment period.
The increase of temperature in simulated stadium prompted shoot vertical extension rate in winter, which had been significantly higher than the control during the period of December 16, 2006 and January 6, 2007. However, low light condition in simulated stadium significantly inhibited the growth of tall fescuse. Turf quality, density and turfgrass tiller, shoot dry weight, leaf chlorophyll content and soluble sugar content had been significantly lower than the control since the beginning of the experiment.
引文
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