摘要
气候危机是当今最热门的全球性环境问题,上世纪90年代以来,全球气候变暖的步伐加快,气候异常现象越来越多,给人类社会带来了严重的灾难性影响。近几年我国经济发展非常迅速,一些高耗能和高污染行业的生产、出口与投资也随之迅速增长,环境问题日益严峻。进入2010年,连续不断的自然灾害席卷着地球,今年北半球高温,俄罗斯因干旱引发了森林大火,造成了巨大的经济损失和环境污染,烧毁了大片的森林和树木；温室效应导致的全球变暖,造成了气候带的移动,使各温带等气候带的气候不稳定,极端气候现象频发。从本质上来讲,全球气候变暖是由为推动经济发展而大量消费的化石能源造成的,要解决这个问题,必须要从经济角度出发进行理论研究,一方面,要研究提高能源效率和优化能源结构的低碳技术,另一方面,要研究鼓励温室气体减排的政策措施,同时解决在政治、环境和社会等方面带来的“外部性”问题。
目前我国已进入工业化加速发展的阶段,高耗能工业呈现快速增长态势,能源利用效率的提高在很大程度上被工业结构的重型化抵消,经济发展与资源环境的矛盾日趋尖锐,群众对环境污染的问题反应也越发强烈,使得我国推进节能减排工作的压力越来越大,对节能减排的资金需求也愈发迫切。节能减排是关系着我国经济可持续发展、造福子孙后代的一件大事,也是关系全球环境的一件大事。改革开放以来,特别是近几年,我国对节能减排工作的关注程度日益增加,加大了对节能减排领域的资金投入力度。“十一五”期间环保投资总额预计将达到13750亿元,约占同期GDP(国内生产总值)的1.6%左右。但节能减排是一项长期、艰巨的任务,随着融资体制改革深化,节能减排投融资的主体、结构、效率方面存在的问题以及运作机制中存在的各种矛盾越发突出,节能减排的资金总量不足,融资困境的问题一直是人们的广泛关注的焦点。我国市场经济起步相对较晚,财政体制的变迁也无法完全适应节能减排投融资发展的要求。相比而言,发达国家节能减排市场更加成熟,我们应该在国外发达国家节能减排经验的基础上,积极创新,开展我们自己的节能减排之路。
本文以节能减排与融资的基本概念为出发点,通过分析我国节能减排融资的特点,系统地分析了节能减排融资的各种渠道及方式,在国外已有的理论和实践经验的基础上,开创符合中国国情的探讨,分析得出我国节能减排项目的融资发展中存在的困难和问题,并提出相应的政策建议,为制定新形势下节能减排的融资政策提供了依据,具有明确的理论创新意义。若能通过本文的研究,为新的经济背景下节能减排的融资决策提供更加全面的科学依据和建议,加快我国节能减排融资问题的解决,更是本文的价值所在。本文的不足主要体现在数据方面,由于能力和资源所限,没有能够调查到最新最全的有针对性的数据,是本文编写过程中的一个遗憾。另外,在节能减排金融工具的创新方面,没有展开详细叙述,在文章的完整性上,也是一个不足。
文章的结论是,解决节能减排融资难问题,既要重视政策上的支持,也要运用金融手段创新融资工具；既要借鉴发达国家节能减排融资过程中积累的经验教训,也要结合我国的具体国情,发展适合我们自己的节能减排融资工具。同时,企业自身应积极投入到节能减排的工作当中去,增强企业自身素质,为融资创造必要条件。
The climate crisis is the hottest global environment problem. Since 1990s, the global warming goes quickly, and climate anomalies becomes more and more. It brings serious catastrophic impact to the human society. China's economic has great growth in recent years. But the production, export and investment of some high energy-consuming and high pollution enterprises also go rapidly. So the environmental problem increases daily. In 2010, continuous natural disasters have swept the globe. The temperature of northern hemisphere was too high to cause droughty and forest fire in Russia this year. It caused huge pecuniary loss and environmental pollution. Also, it consumed vast forests and trees. The greenhouse leads global warming, climazonal movement and makes the unstable climate in each climate belt and frequent phenomena. Essentially speaking, global warming is because of promoting the economic development and large consuming of fossil fuels. We must proceed from economic angle to solve this problem. On one hand, the theoretical study to research to improve energy efficiency and optimize energy structure of low carbon technology. On the other hand, to study encouragement greenhouse gas policies and measures to settle in the political, environmental and social aspects of externality problem.
China has entered the accelerated development stage of industrialization, fast-growing industrial production, energy utilization efficiency in largely by industrial structure and economic development and offset increasingly sharp contradiction of resources and environment, the environment pollution problem has become increasingly intense reaction in energy conservation and emission reduction, and make the work under increasing pressure to saving money, also sends urgent needs. Energy saving and emission reduction is an important thing related to the sustainable development of our economy, the later generations, and also a great event of the global environment. Since the reform and opening up, especially in recent years, We pay more and more attention to energy conservation and emission reduction. And we increase the capital investment. During the years of "11th five-year plan", the total amount of environmental protection investment is expected to reach 1,375 billion yuan, accounting for approximate 1.6 percent of GDP at that time. But the energy conservation and emission reduction is a long-term and arduous task. With the financial system reforms, energy conservation and emission reduction of investment and financing, structure, efficiency and operating mechanism of various contradictions exist in more prominent, saving energy shortage of funds, the financing difficulties of question has been the focus of people's attention. China's market economy started later, and financial system also change gradually. It can't reach the. requirements of the development of energy saving and emission reduction financing fully. Compared with developed countries, they have more mature markets. We should develop our own way and innovate actively to save energy on the basis of experience of developed countries in energy conservation and emission reduction.
Based on energy conservation and emission reduction with the basic concepts of financing, through the analysis of the characteristics of energy saving and emission reduction in financing, systematically analyzes the financing channels of energy saving and emission reduction in various ways. On the basic of foreign exiting theory and practice, accord with the situation of China, this thesis probes into the analysis in energy conservation and emission reduction in the development of project financing difficulties and problems, and put forward the corresponding policy recommendations for energy saving and emission reduction formulated under the new situation of financing policies, provides the basis of theoretical innovation. If the research in this thesis can do something good for the new economic background energy conservation and emission reduction of financing decision to provide more comprehensive scientific basis and suggestions, accelerate energy saving and emission reduction in financing for solving the problem, it is the great value of this thesis. The lacking of this thesis is mainly in the insufficient data, due to the limited resources and ability, I can't to look to the whole and latest data, which is a pity in the process of writing. In addition, another shortage is in the integrity of the article. And also innovation of financial tools in energy conservation and emission reduction, I can't spread in details.
The conclusion is that for solving the difficult problem of the energy saving and emission reduction, we need to pay much attention for the policy support, and also use the financial means of innovating financing tools. We need to draw lessons from experience of developed countries, and also combine the specific conditions in China, to make the development for our own financial tools in energy conservation and emission reduction. In the meantime, the enterprise itself should go into energy conservation and emission reduction positively, enhance the basic essence, and create the necessary conditions for the financing.
引文
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①低碳经济,是指在可持续发展理念指导下,通过技术创新、制度创新、产业转型、新能源开发等多种手段,尽可能地减少煤炭石油等高碳能源消耗,减少温室气体排放,达到经济社会发展与生态环境保护双赢的一种经济发展形态。
②证券通http://www.cnsec.com/CnSec/newsContent,48B5DC3C-2F70-4F 11-Al65-C1B2C8F4D51A2, 1.htm#
①王红.我国高新技术产业融资问题研究.10-12.
①陈祖海,环境投融资：理论、问题与对策,武汉科技学院学报,2006.9.30.
①赤道原则(the Equator Principles,简称EPs)是由世界主要金融机构根据国际金融公司和世界银行的政策和指南建立的,旨在判断、评估和管理项目融资中的环境与社会风险的一个金融行业基准。
①乘数效应(Multiplier Effect)是一种宏观的经济效应,是指经济活动中某一变量的增减所引起的经济总量变化的连锁反应程度。
①数据来源：岳来群,夏丽洪.经济危机下的各国能源政策.国际石油经济.2010.6