摘要
公共领域的基本问题是如何解释个体与共同体的关系,如何在制度上安排和解决个体与共同体的利益冲突问题。这里面有三个基本概念:个体的主体性、共同体的合法性以及个体和共同体各自的效率性。个体与共同体的关系基本上存在三种状态:无政府主义、强制和契约化。实际上,中国的很多公共问题都游离于强制-无政府主义之间,前者如专政、帝制和通过行政命令和强制表现出来的计划国家,后者如军阀混战和公共组织的散沙化(“上有政策,下有对策”,是最好的描述)。
人权、公权和契约是公法哲学的基本范畴。契约范畴是西方公共领域里最基本、最核心的社会关系范畴。契约首先是一种普遍社会生活现象,而不仅仅是经济现象。经济契约与社会契约并非次第出现的,经济契约对社会契约的影响是很微妙的,契约是整个文明的产物,而不仅仅是商业和工业的结果。霍布斯契约方法论的出现改变了人类公共生活的制度建构和思维模式,也奠定了近现代以来的公法哲学、公共哲学、政治哲学的主题。在全球化的今天,契约论的知识结构和方法论特色将深刻影响及至重新塑造中国公法哲学的理论结构和制度模式。
当命令和强制不能解决人际交往关系的一片散沙状态时,为什么我们不给契约一个机会呢?只有理解契约这个范式和隐喻,才能理解人类社会及其交往关系,才可能在共同体的共存与个人人格的完整性之间、强制与自由之间、公平与效率之间,找到阿基米德式的支点。
在社会变迁中,契约方法论担负着重要功能。从霍布斯到高夫,再到罗尔斯和埃拉查……,契约论者一直思考着人类的基本问题,基本问题不是宏大问题,甚至不是重要问题,但是根本问题。
This thesis chooses the basic knowledge and methods on contractual theory, and the basic theory and system on philosophy of public law as researching object. By coordinating contractual knowledge and clearing up many contractual viewpoints, the author tries to reconstruct the system on philosophy of public law and public institutions, and contract is as the core category and methodology.
This thesis first illuminates the necessity and purpose on constructing the system on philosophy of public law, and simply describes its theory basis: political philosophy, public philosophy, social contract theory, and consent theory. Contract is the jumping-off point of constructing philosophy of public law. Human right, public power and contract are the central categories. They not only have enriched social relational meaning but also have logic orientation. Among the three categories, human right is a purposing and subjecting category, public power is a instrumental and objective category, contract is a medi-category. Philosophy of public law develops itself by the three categories. As a methodology and instrument, contract theory can solve the contradiction between coexistence and individual integrities, justice and efficacy, autonomy and heteronomy in social cooperation.
This thesis has six chapters.
Chapter One: Contract as a Pillar Category of Philosophy of Public.
In ch.1.,the author uses the firsthand materials to analyze the linguistic “contract”, enumerate contractual vocabulary map. By examining the shift in terminology, this thesis describes the histories and mutual relations of the three major English languages: covenant, compact and contract. Contract usually be divided into legal contract and life
contract, they are used in social communicational sense. In ch.1.,the author introduce Macneil, Selznick and Hugh Collin show to understand the meaning of contract in exchange sense. Political philosophers and scientists think political association as a contractual relation; political exchange theory actually is a contractual theory. Understanding the meaning of contract in exchanging sense, the obstacle among economics, politics, private law and public law will be solved. In ch.1.,the author also anatomized the Chinese legal culture on Meng and Yue. They have comparability with social contract and governmental contract. So we must pay great attention to local knowledge of philosophy of public law. The author also researched the condition from contract category to contractual methodology. Chapter Two: Contract Theory’s Historical Venation and Themes In ch.2.,the author analyzed and generalized the themes, knowledge structure and contractarian pedigrees of contract theory in different times. Hobbes’s contractarianism is a paradigm shift. Hobbes achieved the equivalent of a Copernican revolution in social and political thought. Contract theory is a revolution to Aristotelian “polis”. From ancient Greece to the contemporary era, contract theory go through four historical stages: (1)early contract theory of justice—orientation;(2)governmental contract theory on legitimacy of public power;(3)social contract theory on man-made state;(4)the new contract theory of rational choice —orientation. Anti-contractarians arguments form an integral part of any account of contractarian thinking. Anti-contractarianism includes patriarchalism, feminism, utilitarianism and communitarianism. Chapter Three: The Basis and Types of Contract Theory In ch.3.,the author firstly reviewed Chinese scholars how to understand the link between social contract and common contract. Social contract is the outcome of public law, it have less connect with civil contract and market-oriented economy. Chinese scholars maybe misread the evolutionary path of communitarianism . The social roots of contract theory appear diversity. This thesis anatomized contract stories in political anthropology, religious covenants and ordinary contracts in public life. They play an important role in social theory and practice. At last, the author introduced the new development of modern contract theory in 21 century. It has been more recently recognized that there are two distinct strains of social contract thought, which now typically go by the names “contractarianism”and “contractualism.”
Chapter Four: Contract Methodology ant it’s Functions In ch.4.,contract theory firstly was divided into two parts: knowledge and methodology. The contract methodology from Hobbes to Rawls is a method of logic reasoning. They have internal connect with natural science methodology. The logic reasoning schema of contract methodology include hypothetical scenario, solutions of the problems and the designs of institutions. Contractual methodology is not a experimental reasoning but logic reasoning, it is Methodological Individualism and subjectivism. The subjects of values of contract methodology focus on subjectivity, equality, justice, reciprocity and efficiency. Contract also is a metaphor and device, it can analyze and explain social communicating phenomenon; it can construct collective life how to be justice and efficiency, and avoid anarchism and coercionism. Chapter Five: the Institutionalization to Contractual idea After Maine’s famous dictum that the progress of the law has been from status to contract, it is an important proposition and formula that human association is from contract to institution. What is the puzzle of contract disappearing? The progress of organization, intervention of public power translate contract into institution. Convention and constitution is a sort of contract. At a democratic angle, procedure and contract have a common sense. The contractual expressions in public law are contractual ideas and institutions, such as dialogue, negotiation, compromise and autonomy. They belong to the pedigree of contract concepts. Public choice theory is a branch of contract theory. It can solve the common understanding problem of opinion in pluralistic society. So contract theory have a special function under spanning the gorge of institution change. Chapter Six: Contractual Choice on the Chinese Public Institution in Future In ch.6.,the key theme is how to use contract methodology to analyze Chinese problem. In one hundred years, Chinese modernization has come up against many different prisoner's dilemmas or social dilemmas, such as how to achieve a justicial and inefficient cooperation, how to balance coexistence and individual integrities in social cooperation. They are important questions of social theory and institution. The author used the knowledge and methodology of contract theory and game theory to anatomize Chinese problems. This thesis constructed two models: “Revolutionary Dilemma”(Sun Zhongshan) and “Monks Shouldering Water”(Bai Yang). The author pointed out China must make a reasonable choice among anarchism, coercion and contractual governance.
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