摘要
生态系统为人类提供了赖以生存和发展的物质基础,随着人类对自然资源的过度开发和利用,生态系统退化已经成为全球性的问题,不仅对生物多样性保护造成影响,更将对人类福祉和长远发展产生威胁。自然保护区的建设,有效的保护了局地生态系统,然而强制性的保护限制了当地社区居民的资源利用和行动空间,从而进一步阻滞本就贫困落后的社区社会经济发展,使他们成为生物多样性保护的受害者,由此产生了自然保护与社区发展之间矛盾。如何协调由资源利用而引发的各类利益冲突,将自然保护和社区发展有机结合,帮助当地群众尽快摆脱对栖息地资源的依赖,实现保护与发展的双赢,成为当前十分紧迫的任务。
本研究以秦岭大熊猫栖息地社区为研究对象,以栖息地社区发展对资源依赖以及保护的限制影响为切入点,通过研究保护对社区福利的影响,来正确认识生物多样性保护对社区发展的影响,并从保护政策完善的角度提出相关政策建议。
首先,基于实地调查,本研究分析了社区发展对自然资源的依赖的水平、特点、趋势,在此基础上,分析了农户自然资源依赖水平的影响因素,发现：(1)栖息地社区发展整体上自然资源的依赖度较高,但收入性资源依赖不高,主要体现在非收入性的资源利用,尤其薪柴是农户刚性的资源需求；(2)个别农户对自然资源的收入性依赖度依然较大,主要体现在非木质林产品采集和利用；(3)从区域来看,社会经济发展落后、处于深山区的农户对资源依赖程度较高；(4)从社会人口、区位特征等方面看,家庭规模大、女性家庭成员比重大、居住海拔高这些脆弱性较高的农户对资源的依赖程度较高。一味限制这些农户对自然资源的利用,并不能收到良好的保护效果,反而对他们的发展产生严重的阻碍,加剧社区居民贫困的程度,进而增加破坏资源的可能性。
其次,通过对社区居民个人生活满意度的研究,证明生态环境保护不仅是在长期、全球范围看,对人类发展存在促进作用,在当下保护对社区发展也存在一定的促进作用,主要表现为生态环境改善以及从保护中获得经济利益。
第三,以千年生态系统评估报告中的福利效益框架为基础,构建了保护产生的社区福利模型,并结合实地调查情况和数学模型,测度了保护产生的社区福利,发现目前栖息地资源保护对社区福利和发展的促进作用表现不明显,说明保护产生的生态福利提升小足以弥补资源利用约束产生的社会福利的降低。社区“权利失败”是居民无法充分地从保护受益的根本原因。发展替代产业,实现资源利用方式的转变以及推进林业重点生态工程,完善生态补偿制度是促进保护产生的福利合理分配的重要途径。
通过逻辑推演以及实证分析,本研究得出以下结论：(1)目前栖息地社区对资源的利用方式与农户传统生计模式息息相关,资源利用问题不可回避,并且栖息地社区对自然资源传统的资源利用权利以及社区对自然资源的需求,尤其是刚性需求应该得到重视,特别是在社会经济发展落后以及资源丰富的地区；(2)脆弱性较高的农户资源依赖程度也较高,一方面需要根据农户和资源特征发展适宜的替代产业,另一方面必须规范社区的资源开发和利用；(3)生态福利不仅存在于较长时间和较大的空间尺度,也体现在当下的当地社区,保护带来的环境改善如果能够转变为新的比较优势和利益来源,会对生态福利有正向的促进作用,从而抵消掉保护产生的约束作用,促进社区发展。社区资源利用和管理等方面权益受限制是福利转化的阻碍,因此,需要建立激励与约束相容的政策制度,来协调资源保护与利用间的矛盾冲突。
基于理论与实证分析,本研究初步设计了协调保护与发展之间矛盾的政策机制。在分析现行保护政策对社区权益保障现状的基础上,设计了栖息地社区发展政策协调机制的基本框架,并设计了“生态补偿模式”和“综合补偿模式”两种具体的政策协调模式,以及政策法律制度以及资源管理制度两方面的制度保障体系。
Ecosystem provides human being immediate needs. With the overexploitation of natural resources, ecosystem degradation has become a global problem not only for endangered rare species existence, but also Human well-being and long-term development. Local ecosystem is effectively protected by nature reserve construction, which limits the local communities'use of natural resource and moving space. Thereby the undevelopping communities socio-economic development is blocked, and making the local people the victims of biodiversity conservation, which result in the conflict between nature conservation and community development. Therefore, it is the urgent task to coordinate the conflicts aroused by resource utilization, to integrate the nature conservation and community development, to help the local people get rid of the dependence on habitat resources as soon as possible, and to realize win-win of protection and development.
Regarding the nature resource dependence of habitat community development and the restrictions effect from nature protection as breakthrough point, taking the giant panda communities in Qinling as the research object, and researching how the community welfare is affected by protection, the intent of this study is to correctly understand how biodiversity conservation affecting community development, and put forward the policy recommendations from the view of policy optimization.
Firstly, based on field surveys, the study analyzes the level of community development's dependence on natural resources, the characteristics and trends. Then, analyze the influencing factors of farmers'natural resources dependence level, it has proved that,(1) as a whole area, the nature resource dependenceof communities development is in high degree, which mainly reflected in the non-income resource utilization, especially, the use of firewood, which is the rigidrequirement of the farmers, but the commercial dependence is not high;(2) individual farmers'commercial dependence on natural resources income is still very high, mainly reflected in the acquisition and utilization of non-timber forest products;(3) from regional perspective, the farmers in undevelopment area and communities located in remote mountain have a higher degree of dependence on resources;(4) from socio-economic and regional characteristics perspective, the households with large family size, more female family members, living the high altitude, etc, have a high dependence level on natural resources. Limiting these farmers on the use of natural resources blindly can not obtain good results, but block their development heavily, and exacerbate the poverty of the community residents, thus increasing the likelihood of resources damage.
Secondly, through researching personal life satisfaction of community residents, it has proved that the ecological and environmental protection not only in the long-term, global perspective, but also the present, local community, play a catalytic role for human development, mainly for ecological improve the environment and the economic benefits from protection.
Thirdly, based on the welfare benefit framework in Millennium Ecosystem Assessment report, the community welfare generated by protection model is built. Measuring the community welfare generated by protection combined field investigation and mathematical models, it is found that the promoting affection of current habitat resource protection for community welfare and development is not obvious. It has proved that the ecological welfare generated by protection is insufficient to cover the reduction of social welfare generated by protection which constraints the resource utilization. Community "failed on rights" is the fundamental reasons for failing to benefit from protection. Development of alternative industries, change in the pattern of resource use, promoting the key forestry ecological engineering, improving the ecological compensation system are important ways to advance the protection of the welfare of a rational allocation.
By logical deduction and empirical analysis, it has been concluded that:(1) habitat community resources utilisation is closely related to the households'traditional livelihoods mode; the problems of resource use can not be avoided; and habitat communities'traditional natural resources utililzation right should be taken seriously, as well as the community demands for natural resources, especially the rigid demand in the undevelopping area and resource-rich areas;(2) the households with higher vulnerability characteristics also have higher resource dependence. On the one hand, suitable alternative industries should be developped according to farmers and resource characteristics, on the other hand, the community resources use must be standardized;(3) ecological welfare not only exists in a long time and large spatial scales, but also be reflected in the local community. The environmental improvement generated by nature conservation can be converted to the new comparative advantages and sources of interest, and has a positive effect on ecological welfare, so as to offset the constrains effect generated by nature conserve, and play a positive role in promoting habitat community development. Community resource use and management rights and interests restricted are the obstacles for welfare conversion, so the incentives and constrains compatible to policies and systems should be built to coordinate the conflict between resource protection and utilization.
Based on theoretical and empirical analysis, the policy mechanism is designed for coordinating the contradiction between protection and development. Based on analysis on the community rights protection condition of existing conservation policies, the basic framework of the habitat community development policy coordination mechanism is designed, which contain "ecological compensation mode" and " specific policy coordination mode", as well as system security system, such as policies and laws system and resource management system.
引文
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