摘要
本课题以玉米Zea mays、棉花Sorghum bicolor、高粱Gossypium hirsutum、冬小麦Triticum aestivum和花生Arachis hypogaea 5种田间作物为研究对象,模拟自然条件,通过室内盆栽试验研究0%、1%、5%和10% 4个不同浓度石油污染处理对这5种作物生理生化的影响。通过测定作物幼苗生长情况和一些土壤的生物化学指标,从受试作物中筛选适宜修复石油污染土壤的植物,以期为石油污染土壤的植物修复提供理论依据。主要结论如下：
1)各处理的试验土,其pH均大于8,且含盐量在0.37%-0.45%,属盐碱土(滨海盐渍土)。
2)受试作物在10%处理下发芽率均达67%以上。石油烃的暴露水平越高,高粱、花生和冬小麦的发芽率越高,种子萌发时间越短。花生和冬小麦在0%和1%处理下的发芽率低,故本论文着重研究玉米、高粱和棉花这3种作物。
3)幼苗生长初期(10d),高浓度的石油污染(5%和10%)对玉米、高粱和棉花的生长均有促进作用,后期则促进了玉米和高粱的生长而明显抑制了棉花的生长。随着土壤石油烃浓度的升高,玉米和高粱的根长增大,棉花的根长和根冠比降低。作物的根长与幼苗株高呈极显著的正相关性。
4)棉花两个时期(50 d和90 d)的丙二醇(MDA)含量均随石油烃浓度的升高而增加；除玉米外,叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均随石油烃污染浓度增大而显著增大；玉米和高粱的过氧化物酶(POD)活性和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(AsA-Apx)活性随石油污染的加重呈明显的下降趋势,而棉花的AsA-Apx活性呈现相反趋势；玉米叶片中的抗氧化酶活性与株高呈显著负相关；受试作物叶片中的细胞色素P450含量与株高呈极显著的负相关性。
5)随土壤中石油烃浓度的升高,3种供试作物的根际土壤呼吸强度随之加强；石油污染对土壤中脱氢酶、多酚氧化酶和脂肪酶的活性多表现为刺激作用,对脂肪酶活性的影响最小。土壤脱氢酶的活性与石油污染浓度呈显著正相关。
6)棉花和高粱可以较好地适应盐碱化与石油的双重胁迫,在较短生长期内对石油有一定的降解效果。玉米虽生长周期短但对石油烃的降解有较大的贡献。
5 field crops (Zea mays, Sorghum bicolor, Gossypium hirsutum, Triticum aestivum and Arachis hypogaea) planted in contaminated soils were observed at 4 pollution concentration levels (a serial petroleum concentration of 0,1%,5%and 10% by dry weight) in greenhouse pot experiments. Analyze seeding growth and serials biochemical indexes of soil, in order to identify remediation plants from these field crops and provide theoretical basis for the phytoremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil. The main results were as follows:
1) The T-Salt of tested soils were between 0.37% and 0.45%, and the pH were all higher than 8. So they were all saline-sodic soils.
2) The germination rates of the field crops were higher than 67%in the treatment of 10%. With the increase of the concentration of petroleum, the germination rates of sorghum, peanut and winter wheat were all increased and the germination time of seeds were short. Peanut and winter wheat had lower germination rates the treatment of 0%and 1%. The responses of seeding growth and so on of maize, sorghum and cotton to petroleum contamination were emphatically studied in the next experiments.
3) During the seedling growth initial stage (10d), high concentrations of petroleum (5% and 10%) might improve the growth of maize, sorghum and cotton. Then during later stage, high concentrations of petroleum improved the growth of maize and sorghum, but obviously stunted the growth of cotton. The root elongations of maize and sorghum were increased with the increase of the concentrations of petroleum, but the root elongation and root/shoot ratio of cotton were appeared contrary trends. The root elongation had significant positive correlation with plant height.
4) With the increase of the concentrations of petroleum, the contents of malondialdehyd (MDA) in cotton leaves were increased during two stages (50d and 90d), the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly increased except maize, and the activities of peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (AsA-Apx) in were decreased in maize and sorghum leaves. The activities of antioxidant enzymes in maize leaves were significantly negative correlated to the plant height. The cytochrome P450 contents in leaves had significant negative correlation with plant height.
5) The existence of petroleum pollution had not limited the activities of edaphon, but mostly stimulated the activity of three kinds of soil enzymes (dehydrogenase, polyphenoloxidase and lipase in soils). The stimulation to the lipase was the smallest. The activity of soil-dehydrogenase had significant positive correlation with petroleum concentrations.
6) Test field crops planted in petroleum-contaminated soils showed high petroleum degradation rate within short growth period. Sorghum and cotton could fit in with the both stresses of salinization and petroleum pollution, thus displaying the potential of remedying petroleum contaminated soils. Maize had shorter growth cycle but made greater contribution to the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon.
引文
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