摘要
随着场发射(FED)和等离子体(PDP)发光显示技术的发展,对荧光粉的粒度分布大小、稳定性、发光效率、发光亮度以及导电性等提出了更高的要求,由于纳米发光材料所具备的量子效应、表面效应以及小尺寸效应等优异的性能对其发光性能有显著的影响,因而已成为当前新型发光材料的研究重点。在众多纳米发光材料中,由于ZnO优越的特殊的光学性能,使得其成为了一种很有前途的光电子应用软件和光敏器件的候选材料;同时,以稀土硼铝酸盐为基质的发光材料亦具有良好的化学稳定性和热稳定性,因此,本文的重点是研究以硼铝酸盐和氧化锌为基质的掺杂稀土的纳米发光材料。
本文综述了纳米发光材料的研究现状,系统介绍了镧系离子的光谱理论及镧系掺杂发光纳米微粒的研究背景,概括和评述了近年来镧系掺杂发光纳米微粒的合成和表面修饰所取得的进展及面临的问题,并对今后的研究方向进行了总结和展望。在此基础上,我们针对场发射显示器(FED)和等离子体(PDP)对发光材料的要求,以稀土硼铝酸盐和氧化锌纳米发光材料为研究对象,采用溶胶-凝胶法,水热法,热溶剂法,震荡法等方法成功制备了多种具有不同形貌和光学性质的稀土纳米晶。应用X射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(SEM)、光致发光光谱(PL)、能量弥散光谱(EDX)、发光衰减曲线和寿命等手段研究了合成条件和掺杂离子浓度等对稀土掺杂纳米微粒的晶体结构、形貌和尺寸、掺杂离子的固溶度和发光性能的影响,取得了一系列重要的结论和创新性成果,为稀土掺杂纳米发光材料成为一种极具发展前景的新型发光材料打下了坚实的基础。
探索合成了SrAl_2B_2O_7:Eu~(3+)、SrLi_xAl_2B_2O_7:Eu~(3+)5%、SrNa_xAl_2B_O_7:Eu~(3+)5%、SrAl_2B_2O_7:Tb~(3+)、SrAl_2B_2O_7:Ce~(3+),Tb~(3+)、YAl_3(BO_3)_4:Eu~(3+),Dy~(3+)、YAl_3(BO_3)_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)、YBO_3:Eu~(3+),RE、ZnO:Eu~(3+)体系,研究了稀土离子性质、浓度以及合成的温度和基质组成等因素对发光性能的影响。
采用新的方法制备了ZnO纳米棒和纳米花,所制备的纳米棒尺寸均一,直径为65-85nm,长度为2μm。采用溶胶凝胶法、热溶剂法、水热法成功制备了不同形貌的纳米氧化锌,首次探讨了氧化锌的微观结构、形貌与宏观发光性能之间的关系。
Along With the development of field emission(FED) and plasma light emitting display(PDP) technology,higher demands have been bring forward to phosphor particle size distribution,stability,light-emitting efficiency,brightness,as well as electrical conductivity.As for the nanophosphor materials quantum effect,surface effect,small-size effect and other excellent properties have great impact on their photoluminescence properties,which have come to be the research focus of the new nanophosphor materials.Among the many nanophosphor materials,ZnO has become to be a kind of promising optoelectronic applications and photosensor candidate materials due to its special optical performance;At the same time,the aluminoborate matrix also has good chemical stability and thermal stability, therefore the focus of this paper is to study the rare earth doped luminescent materials which use aluminoborate and ZnO as matrix.
Along With the development of field emission(FED) and plasma light emitting display(PDP) technology,higher demands have been bring forward to phosphor particle size distribution,stability,light-emitting efficiency,brightness,as well as electrical conductivity.As for the quantum effect,surface effect,small-size effect and other excellent properties of the nanoluminescent materials have great impact on their photoluminescence properties;nanoluminescent materials have come to be the research focus of the new luminescent materials.Among the many nanoluminescent materials,ZnO has become to be a kind of promising optoelectronic applications and photosensor candidate materials due to its special optical performance;At the same time,the aluminoborate matrix also has good chemical stability and thermal stability,therefore the focus of this paper is to study the rare earth doped luminescent materials which use aluminoborate and ZnO as matrix.
In this paper,the present status of nano luminescent materials are reviewed,lanthanide ion spectra theory and luminescence of lanthanide-doped nanoparticle research background are systematically introduced,summarized and reviewed the progress and the facing problems about lanthanide-doped luminescent nanoparticle synthesis and surface modification in recent years, and the future research directions are also summarized and prospects.On this basis,we aimed at the luminescent materials demands that requested by the Field Emission Display(FED) and plasma(PDP),regard rare earth doped aluminoborate and zinc oxide as research objects,a variety of rare earth doped nanocrystals that have different optic properties and morphologies have been successfully synthesized by sol-gel method,hydrothermal method, hot solvent method,vibration method etc..The impact of synthetic conditions and the doping ion concentrations on the rare earth doped nanocrystals crystal structure,morphology,size,doping ion solid solution and luminescent properties were studied by means of X-ray diffraction(XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope(SEM),photoluminescence spectroscopy(PL),energy dispersion spectroscopy(EDX),luminescence decay curves and life expectancy,a series of important conclusions and innovative results were acquired.Laid a solid foundation for the rare earth doped nanoluminescent material to be a new promising luminescent material.
SrAl_2B_2O_7:Eu~(3+)、SrLi_xAl_2B_2O_7:Eu_(5%)~(3+)、SrNa_xAl_2B_2O_7:Eu_(5%)~(3+)、SrAl_2B_2O_7:Tb~(3+)、SrAl_2B_2O_7:Ce~(3+),Tb~(3+)、YAl_3(BO_3)_4:Eu~(3+),Dy~(3+),YAl_3(BO_3)_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)、YBO_3:Eu~(3+),RE and ZnO:Eu~(3+) luminescent systems were synthesized.Studied the impacts of rare earth quality,concentration,synthesis temperature and matrix composition on the luminescent properties.The experimental results showed that the YAl_3(BO_3)_4,YAl_3(BO_3)_4:Dy~(3+),Eu~(3+)、YAl_3(BO_3)_4:Dy~(3+),Eu~(2+) samples are triangle crystal.The Al_3(BO_3)_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+) characteristic spectrum comes from the f-d transition of Eu~(2+).The codoping of Dy~(3+) intensified the fluorescence intensity, and it also mished the samples decay time.The best doping concentration of Oy~(3+) is 1.25%
The same method was used to synthesize cubic systems of SrAl_2B_2O_7 and SrAl_2B_2O_7:Eu~(3+),M(M=Li~+,Na~+)、SrAl_2B_2O_7:Tb~(3+)、SrAl_2B_2O_7:Ce~(3+),Tb~(3+).In the SrAl_2B_2O_7:Eu~(3+) system,the best doping concentration is 5%.In the Sr_(0.96-x)Li_xAl_2B_2O_7:Eu~(3+)(5%) system,the best doping concentration of Li~+ is 7%. In the Sr_(0.96-x)Na_xAl_2B_2O_7:Eu~(3+)(4%) system,the strongest luminescent intensity was abtained when the 3%is chosen as the doping concentration of Na~+.As for the SrAl_2B_2O_7:Tb~(3+) samples,the best doping concentration of Tb~(3+) is 5%. The codoping of Ce~(3+) greatly intensified the emission band intensity.The samples fluorescent lifetime is also intensified.
The single phase vaterite Y_(0.95-x)BO_3:Eu_(5%)~(3+),Gd_x~(3+) was synthesized using sol-gel menthod at 900℃air condition for 4h.Along with the increase calcination temperature,the crystal growth and the crystal is integrity,the fluorescent intensity is also intensified.The Y_(0.95-x)BO_3:Eu_(5%)~(3+) fluorescent intensity is improved when the doping concentration of Gd is changed.The best doping concentration of Gd is 30%.YBO_3:Eu~(3+),M(M=Na~+,Li~+,Ca~(2+),Ba~(2+),Sr~(2+),Al~(3+) samples were synthesized.The impact of different kinds to the samples fluorenscent intensity is discussed.The results showed that the order of sample fluorescent intensity is as follows:Li~+>Na~+>Ca~(2+)>Al~(3+)>vacancy>Sr~(2+)>Ba~(2+).The samples luminescent intensity has close relations with the radius. The smaller radius of the codoping ions is,the stronger fluorescent intensity is got.At the same time,when the raius of the doping ions is smaller than Eu~(3+),the Y_(0.95)BO_3:Eu_(5%)~(3+)fluorescent intensity is intensified.But the Y_(0.95)BO_3:Eu_(5%)~(3+)fluorescent intensity is weaken when bigger radius ions were doped,which radius is bigger than Eu~(3+).
Rare earth doped ZnO phosphors were also studied.For one thing,a new method- concussive method was used to synthesize ZnO及ZnO:Eu~(3+) nanorodsw. The optimal concussive frequency and reaction time are 750t/s and 24h respectively.The average diameter and length of the nanorods are 80 nm and 2μm respectively.The composing process and reaction mechanism are analysed, and the luminescent characteristics were also studied.
Zinc oxide nanorods and zinc oxide nanoflowers were synthesized by new mentods,the dimention of the prepared nanorods are uniform with a diameter of about 65-75nm and a length of about 1.5μm.Different morphologies of zinc oxide and rare earth doped zinc oxide were successfully prepared via sol-gel method,thermal solvent method and hydrothermal method.The relationship between the microstructure and macroscopic luminescent properties were studied for the first time.The reaults showed that fluorescent intensity orders of the samples with different morphologies are as follows:nanorod arrays>nanoparticles membrane>nanoparticels>nanoflowers>nanorods.There are close relation ship between the samples properties and the homogeneous degree.The biger the samples homogeneous are,the stronger the samples luminescent intensity is.There are also close relation ship between the samples luminescent properties and the size of the sample diameters.The bigger the samlples diameter is,the stronger the samples luminescent intensity is.The samples homogeneous degree plays the decisive position between the two qualities.When two samples homogeneous degree are similar with each other,their luminescent degree will decided by their diameters.
引文
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1. K. Park, J. H. Lee, Y. Kwon. The effect of simultaneous addition of Gd and Al on the photoluminescence characteristics of (Y_(0.94-x-y)Al_xGd_yEu_(0.06)) BO_3 phosphors Materials Research Bulletin, Volume 44, Issue 5, 6 May 2009, Pages 1077-1080
2. L. J. Q. Maia, V. R. Mastelaro, A. C. Hernandes, J. Fick, A. Ibanez. Er:YAl_3(BO_3)_4 glassy thin films from polymeric precursor and sol-gel methods: Waveguides for integrated optics. Thin Solid Films, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 22 April 2009
3. E. C. Fuchs, C. Sommer, F. P. Wenzl, B. Bitschnau, A. H. Paulitsch, A. Muhlanger, K. Gatterer Polyspectral white light emission from Eu~(3+), Tb~(3+), Dy~(3+), Tm~(3+) co-doped GdAl_3(BO_3)_4 phosphors obtained by combustion synthesis. Materials Science and Engineering: B, Volume 156, Issues 1-3, 25 January 2009, Pages 73-78
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6. Qiong Wei, Donghua Chen Luminescence properties of Eu~(3+) and Sm~(3+) coactivated Gd(III) tungstate phosphor for light-emitting diodes Optics & Laser Technology, Volume 41, Issue 6, September 2009, Pages 783-787
7. A. V. Malakhovskii, A. L. Sukhachev, S. L. Gnatchenko, I.S. Kachur, V. G. Piryatinskaya, V. L. Temerov, A. S. Krylov, I.S. Edelman. Spectroscopic properties and energy levels of Yb~(3+) ion in huntite structure. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Volume 476, Issues 1-2, 12 May 2009, Pages 64-69
8. J. H. Lee, M. H. Heo, S.-J. Kim, S. Nahm, K. Park Photoluminescence properties of (Y_(1-x-y)M_xEu_y)BO_3 (M = Al, Zn, and La) phosphors prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis under VUV excitation. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,Volume 473,Issues 1-2,3 April 2009,Pages 272-274
9.Min LIU,Shiwei WANG,Dingyuan TANG,Lidong CHEN,Jian MA Preparation and upconversion luminescence of YAG(Y_3l_5O_(12)):Yb~(3+),Ho~(3+) nanocrystals Journal of Rare Earths,Volume 27,Issue 1,February 2009,Pages 66-70
10.蒋洪川,杨仕清,张文旭等.“溶胶-凝胶法合成Y_5Al_5O_(12):Ce~(3+),Tb~(3+)稀土荧光粉的研究”,无机材料学报,2001,16:720-722.
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20. Lo, Chung-Lun; Duh, Jenq-Gong; Chiou, Bi-Shiou; Peng, Chao-Chi; Ozawa, Lyuji, "Synthesis of Eu~(3+)-activated yttrium oxysulfide red phosphor by flux fusion method" , Mater. Phys. Chem., 2001, 71: 179-189
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1. Qiong Wei, Donghua Chen Luminescence properties of Eu~(3+) and Sm~(3+) coactivated Gd(III) tungstate phosphor for light-emitting diodes. Optics & Laser Technology, Volume 41, Issue 6, September 2009, Pages 783-787
2. Hans L. Bodlaender, Michael R. Fellows, Dimitrios M. Thilikos Derivation of algorithms for cutwidth and related graph layout parameters Journal of Computer and System Sciences, Volume 75, Issue 4, June 2009, Pages 231-244
3. Beatrice Luais, Christian Le Carlier de Veslud, Yves Geraud, Francois Gauthier-Lafaye Comparative behavior of Sr, Nd and Hf isotopic systems during fluid-related deformation at middle crust levels . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Volume 73, Issue 10, 15 May 2009, Pages 2961-2977
4. VesselinM. Dekov, Ulf Halenius, Kjell Billstrom, George D. Kamenov, Frans Munnik, Lars Eriksson, Alan Dyer, Mark Schmidt, Reiner Botz Native Sn - Pb droplets in a zeolitic amygdale (Isle of Mull, Inner Hebrides) Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Volume 73, Issue 10, 15 May 2009, Pages 2907-2919
5. R. H. Smithies, D. C. Champion, M. J. Van Kranendonk Formation of Paleoarchean continental crust through infracrustal melting of enriched basalt Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 281, Issues 3-4, 15 May 2009, Pages 298-306
6. D. Wang, Rajagopalan Srinivasan Multi-model based real-time final product quality control strategy for batch processes Computers & Chemical Engineering, Volume 33, Issue 5, 21 May 2009, Pages 992-1003
7. Hans L. Bodlaender, Michael R. Fellows, Dimitrios M. Thilikos Derivation of algorithms for cutwidth and related graph layout parameters Journal of Computer and System Sciences, Volume 75, Issue 4, June 2009, Pages 231-244
8. Jing Huang, Yuwen Zhang, J. K. Chen . Ultrafast solid - liquid - vapor phase change in a thin gold film irradiated by multiple femtosecond laser pulses International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 52, Issues 13-14, June 2009, Pages 3091-3100
9. Beatrice Luais, Christian Le Carlier de Veslud, Yves Geraud, Francois Gauthier-Lafaye Comparative behavior of Sr, Nd and Hf isotopic systems during fluid-related deformation at middle crust levels Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Volume 73, Issue 10, 15 May 2009, Pages 2961-2977
10. Xuefang Hu, Shirun Yan, Lin Ma, Guojiang Wan, Jianguo Hu Preparation of LaPO_4:Ce,Tb phosphor with different morphologies and their fluorescence properties Powder Technology, Volume 192, Issue 1, 15 May 2009, Pages 27-32
11. Quan Yuan, Hao-Hong Duan, Le-Le Li, Ling-Dong Sun, Ya-Wen Zhang, Chun-Hua Yan Controlled Synthesis and Assembly of Ceria-based Nanomaterials. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Available online 14 April 2009
12. RuitaoChai, Hongzhou Lian, Piaoping Yang, Yong Fan, Zhiyao Hou, Xiaojiao Kang, Jun Lin In situ Preparation and Luminescent Properties of LaPO_4: Ce~(3+), Tb~(3+) Nanoparticles and Transparent LaPO_4: Ce~(3+), Tb~(3+)/ PMMA nanocomposite Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Available online 8 April 2009
13. Kai Zhang, Wenbin Hu, Yating Wu, Hezhou Liu Influence of processing techniques on the properties of YAG:Ce nanophosphor Ceramics International, Volume 35, Issue 2, March 2009, Pages 719-723
14. K. A. Gschneidner Jr., Ya. Mudryk, A. T. Becker, J. L. Larson The crystal structures of some RM and RM_2 compounds (where R=rare earth metal and M=non - rare earth metal) Calphad, Volume 33, Issue 1, March 2009, Pages 8-10
15. Jan A. K. W. Kiel, Ida J. van der Klei Proteins involved in microbody biogenesis and degradation in Aspergillus nidulans Fungal Genetics and Biology, Volume 46, Issue 1, Supplement 1, March 2009, Pages S62-S71
16. M. Pani, P. Manfrinetti, A. Palenzona The new series of RZnGe compounds (R = rare earth element) with the YPtAs structure type Intermetallics, Volume 17, Issue 3, March 2009, Pages 146-149
17. Gang Du, Xinguo Zhuang, Xavier Querol, Maria Izquierdo, Andres Alastuey, Teresa Moreno, Oriol Font Ge distribution in the Wulantuga high-germanium coal deposit in the Shengli coalfield, Inner Mongolia, northeastern China International Journal of Coal Geology, Volume 78, Issue 1, 1 March 2009, Pages 16-26
18. Meng-Yin Xie, Liao Yu, Hui He, Xue-Feng Yu. Synthesis of highly fluorescent LaF_3:Ln~(3+)/LaF_3 core/shell nanocrystals by a surfactant-free aqueous solution route Journal of Solid State Chemistry, Volume 182, Issue 3, March 2009, Pages 597-601
19. Cuicui Yu, Min Yu, Chunxia Li, Xiaoming Liu, Jun Yang, Piaoping Yang, Jun Lin Facile sonochemical synthesis and photoluminescent properties of lanthanide orthophosphate nanoparticles Journal of Solid State Chemistry, Volume 182, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 339-347
20. Piaoping Yang, Zewei Quan, Chunxia Li, Zhiyao Hou, Wenxin Wang, Jun Lin Solvothermal synthesis and luminescent properties of monodisperse LaPO_4:Ln (Ln=Eu~(3+), Ce~(3+), Tb~(3+)) particles Journal of Solid State Chemistry, Available online 30 January 2009
21. Fang Wang, Hongwei Song, Guohui Pan, Libo Fan, Biao Dong, Lina Liu, Xue Bai, Ruifei Qin, Xinguang Ren, Zhuhong Zheng, Shaozhe Lu Luminescence properties of Ce~(3+) and Tb~(3+) ions codoped strontium borate phosphate phosphors. Journal of Luminescence, Volume 128, Issue 12, December 2008, Pages 2013-2018
22 .A. Blachowski, K. Ruebenbauer, J. Przewoznik, J. Zukrowski, D. Sitko, N. -T. H. Kim-Ngan, A. V. Andreev. Hyperfine interactions on iron in R_(2-x)Fe_(14+2x)Si_3 (R = Ce, Nd, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Lu, Y) compounds studied by Mossbauer spectroscopy Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Volume 466, Issues 1-2, 20 October 2008, Pages 45-51
23. Li juan Zhao, Fu-Shen Zhang, Jingxin Zhang Chemical properties of rare earth elements in typical medical waste incinerator ashes in China Journal of Hazardous Materials, Volume 158, Issues 2-3, 30 October 2008, Pages 465-470
24. Yaxin Ye, Lihong Wang, Xiaohua Huang, Tianhong Lu, Xiaolan Ding, Qing Zhou, Shaofen Guo Subcellular location of horseradish peroxidase in horseradish leaves treated with La(III), Ce (III) and Tb(III) Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Volume 71, Issue 3, November 2008, Pages 677-684
25. L. Ben Tahar, M. Artus, S. Ammar, L. S. Smiri, F. Herbst, M.-J. Vaulay, V. Richard, J.-M. Greneche, F. Villain, F. Fievet Magnetic properties of CoFe_(1.9)RE_(0.1)O_4 nanoparticles (RE=La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Ho) prepared in polyol Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Volume 320, Issue 23, December 2008, Pages 3242-3250
26. Fang Wang, Hongwei Song, Guohui Pan, Libo Fan, Biao Dong, Lina Liu, Xue Bai, Ruifei Qin, Xinguang Ren, Zhuhong Zheng, Shaozhe Lu Luminescence properties of Ce~(3+) and Tb~(3+) ions codoped strontium borate phosphate phosphors Journal of Luminescence, Volume 128, Issue 12, December 2008, Pages 2013-2018
27. R. M. Kadam, T. K. Seshagiri, V. Natarajan, S. V. Godbole Radiation induced defects in BaBPO_5:Ce and their role in thermally stimulated luminescence reactions: EPR and TSL investigations. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Volume 266, Issue 24, December 2008, Pages 5137-5143
28. C. Mansuy, C. Dujardin, R. Mahiou, J. M. Nedelec Characterization and scintillation properties of sol -gel derived Lu_2SiO_5:Ln~(3+) (Ln = Ce, Eu and Tb) powders Optical Materials, Available online 12 November 2008
29. Lixin Yu, Hongwei Song*, Zhongxin Liu, Linmei Yang, Shaozhe Lu, Zhuhong Zheng Remarkable improvement of brightness for the green emissions in Ce~(3+) and Tb~(3+) co-activated LaPO_4 nanowires Solid State Communications 134 (2005) 753 - 757
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