摘要
本研究内容来源于国家科技支撑计划“大马力拖拉机复式作业装备研究与开发”(课题编号:2006BAD11A05)中的子课题“大豆窄行密植平作高速精密播种机研究与开发”,旨在为大豆窄行密植平作栽培技术的推广提供装备技术支撑。
本文遵循理论分析与实践检验相结合的原则,对大豆窄行密植栽培模式及配套高速气吸式精密播种机的关键部件进行了深入系统的研究:
通过广泛查阅相关资料,对大豆窄行密植栽培模式及其配套播种机的国内外发展概况进行了详细介绍;探讨了大豆窄行密植栽培模式的农艺特点及增产机理,明确了大马力配套大豆窄行密植平作高速精密播种机的关键技术问题。
对不同行距窄行密植平作机械化栽培技术进行了比较试验研究,试验结果表明,对于窄行密植平作栽培模式,35cm单行栽培产量最高;与30cm单行、45cm单行、45cm双行和70cm垄作栽培相比,其增产幅度分别为23.3%、8.4%、24.3%和44.3%。这一试验结果为配套播种机的设计提供了农艺理论支持和设计参数依据。
通过对播种机机组总体动力学分析,确定了大豆窄行密植平作栽培配套高速气吸式精密播种机的设计原则:整体受力平衡,播种机质心前移。
本文采取CAD与CAE相结合的手段,利用虚拟样机技术,完成了对大豆窄行密植平作栽培配套2BZJ-18大型高速气吸式精密播种机整机建模及播种单元组的运动仿真分析;设计了一种边梁式机架,兼作稳压箱及气流传输通道的作用,并应用ANSYS 10.0软件对播种机机架进行了有限元分析,以保证播种机在加工、装配和实际作业过程中均能能满足设计要求。
田间试验结果表明,所设计的大豆窄行密植平作栽培配套高速精密播种机能够正常运输与作业,且作业质量符合《中耕作物精密播种机产品质量分等》标准中关于一等品的规定,能够满足大豆窄行密植平作机械化播种作业要求;大豆窄行密植平作栽培配套高速精密播种机播种单元组各部件能够正常工作,仿行效果较好,传动可靠,可保证播深一致性和粒距均匀性。
根据田间实际作业情况,播种单元组及施肥装置还可以得到进一步的优化,因此,本文在最后提出了播种单元组的改进方案,通过分析,该方案在一定程度上能够更好地解决窄行密植平作栽培配套播种机关键技术问题,但是其实际作业效果仍需通过田间试验进行确定。
The research is based on the project of“Research and Development of High-speed Vacuum Precision Planter Matched with the Soybean Narrow-row-flat-dense Seeding Technique”supported by the National key technology R&D program“Research and Development of Combined Equipment Matched With Large Horse-Power Tractor”(NO.2006BAD11A05).The objective of the research is to offer equipment support for the development of soybean narrow-row-flat-dense seeding technique.
According to the rule of combining the theory analysis with practice, this paper has a systemic research on the cultivation model of soybean narrow-row- flat - dense seeding and matched planter as follow:
With comprehensive reference to correlative information, the paper details the present situation of soybean narrow-row-flat-dense planting technique and matched planter in and aboard; discusses the agriculture characteristic and theory of yield increasement of that cultivation model.
The cultivation comparison experiment on soybean narrow-row- flat - dense seeding under the condition of different between-row spacing has been carried out to study the effect of yield increasement, the results shows that between the cultivation model of soybean narrow-row- flat - dense seeding whose between-row spacing are respectively 35cm and 45cm, and the 70cm ridge cultivation, the yield increasement of 35cm narrow-row- flat - dense seeding is the most. Compared with 30cm single row, 45cm single row, 45cm double rows and 70cm ridge cultivation, the yield exceeds approximately 23.3%、8.4%、24.3% and 44.3% respectively. The experiment results would provide the basic agricultural parameter for the design of matched planter.
Based on the dynamics analysis of the whole planter when be transported or works, this thesis also determines the design principle of matched high-speed vacuum precision planter as follows: balance of forces on the whole planter and forward movement of the barycenter.
With the technique of CAD and CAE, the Virtual Prototyping (VP) technology is adopt to create the model of the matched 2BZJ-18 high–speed vacuum precision planter, simulate the real situation of seeding unit when works; the finite element analysis (FEA) software ANSYS 10.0 is also used to analysis the stress and strain of the frame.All the methods above make sure that the matched planter can meet the design purpose.
The results of the field experiment show that, the matched planter can work and be transported normally, and the work quality can meet the requirement on one class product according to the standard《Quality Classification of Precision Seeder for Intercultivation Crop》; With well contour following, reliable transmission, normal working of every part, the planter units meet the requirement on the uniformity of seeding depth and inter-plant spacing.
According to the field experiment, the seeding unit can be further optimized. The improved structure has been designed in the last chaptor. Through the theory analysis, the new scheme can solve the key technology problem of the matched planter better in some degree. However, the performance of the seeding unit should still be measured through the field experiment.
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