摘要
系泊船舶运动是港口设计和运营过程中的重要问题,泊位作业时间、船舶装卸生产效率及安全与系泊船舶运动密切相关。系泊船舶运动不仅受多种环境动力因素的耦合影响,还与船舶自身的运动响应特性有关。对于大型开敞式码头,亟待解决双峰谱波浪(混波浪)、长周期波浪、脉动风等诸因素作用下系泊船舶运动响应问题。
本文以物理模型试验为主,结合数值模拟计算的方法,对上述亟待解决的问题进行了较为系统的研究。
长周期波浪(试验波浪周期范围：10-50秒)作用下系泊船舶物理模型试验结果表明：
船舶某运动分量的动力放大响应与船舶在该分量上的固有周期密切相关(同时自然与船舶载量有关),但与波高关系不大。在试验范围内：
●纵移运动分量随周期增长而增大；纵移分量发生动力放大时的波浪谱峰周期与船舶纵移的固有周期接近。
●横移运动分量随周期增长而增大；同时横移运动分量出现数次动力放大(横移运动分量出现数次峰值)。
●升沉运动分量随周期增长而略有增大；当波浪谱峰周期大于30s后,试验条件下船舶升沉运动分量可维持在一定数值上保持基本稳定(不再增长),其运动幅值与作用波高值大体相当。
●横浪作用下,纵摇运动分量基本不随波浪谱峰周期增长而变化。
●横摇运动分量也出现多次动力放大,但多次动力放大时横摇运动分量幅值基本相同。
●回转运动分量随波浪周期的增大逐渐增大,回转运动分量出现动力放大时的波浪周期与对应的船舶回转固有周期基本一致。
双峰谱波浪(试验谱峰周期：高频(风浪)6s；低频(涌浪)12-24秒)作用下系泊船舶物理模型试验结果表明：
●三种不同类型双峰谱波浪作用下,系泊船舶运动随低频谱峰周期增大的变化规律相同；并且这种规律与长周期波浪作用下系泊船舶运动随谱峰周期的变化规律相同。
●双峰谱波浪总能量一定时,系泊船舶运动量和缆绳张力都随着低频能量所占总能量比例的增加而增大。
●试验范围内(双峰谱波浪的高频谱峰周期6s；低频谱峰周期12-24秒,低频能量比例20%-80%,横浪作用)、波浪总能量相同,双峰谱波浪作用下系泊船舶运动响应远大于单峰谱(风浪)作用下系泊船舶运动响应；双峰谱波浪与风浪作用下系泊船舶运动量的差值随着低频能量占总能量比例的增大而增大。
●试验范围内(双峰谱波浪的高频谱峰周期6s；低频谱峰周期12-24秒,低频能量比例20%-80%,横浪作用)、波浪总能量相同时,双峰谱波浪与长周期波浪作用下系泊船舶运动量之间的比值随着低频能量的增大而增大。
●混合浪高频波浪条件一定时,(除纵摇运动分量外)系泊船舶运动量和缆绳张力随着双峰谱波低频能量的增大而增大。
●混合浪低频波浪条件一定时,(除纵摇运动分量外)系泊船舶运动量和缆绳张力随着双峰谱波浪高频能量的增大而略有增大。脉动风(试验风速：8.5-21.4m/s)对系泊船舶作用物理模型试验结果表明：
●低于6级(14m/s)的风,风对系泊船舶无显著作用,风速超过6级后,船舶运动开始逐渐显著。故6级风可作为船舶“启动风速”
●8级(17-20m/s)横向吹开风对船舶的作用,对横移运动分量而言,大体相当于有效周期7秒、波高1.5-2m横向风浪的作用。
●对载重处于压载状态的系泊船舶,风速大于6级后,随着风速的增加,缆力增大很快。
数值模拟计算结果表明：
●本文建立的系泊船舶运动和动力响应模型计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,可以用于实际计算。
●低频能量占总能量为20%时,高频谱峰周期变化对系泊船舶运动(纵摇运动除外)和缆绳张力的影响较大；随着低频能量所占比例的增加,高频谱峰周期的变化对系泊船舶运动和缆绳张力的影响逐渐减小。
The motion of mooring ships has always been regarded as an essential issue in design and use of ports, which is closely related to mooring duration, efficiency and security of uploading and downloading operations, and self-movements of mooring ships. Such motion of mooring ships is caused not only by the coupling effects of a variety of environmental dynamic factors, but also the characteristics of mooring ships own motion responses. At large open piers, such motion responses of mooring ships caused by factors like mixed waves, long-period waves, and fluctuating winds, etc. have become a burning problem that should be solved urgently.
Mainly based on a series of physical model experiments and combined with the method of numerical simulation, the paper has been engaged in a systematic study on the burning problems mentioned above.
The results of the physical experiment which was fulfilled wish mooring ship in long-period waves (with testing wave periods ranging from10s to50s) have manifested that, dynamic magnifications of a specific movement of a mooring ship are closely related to the natrual period of the movement (which is inevitably relevant to the loading conditions of the mooring ship). However, such kind of dynamic magnifications have little to do with wave heights.
Within the experimental range of wave periods,
●the movement of surge increases along with the wave period; when a dynamic magnification of surge appears, its corresponding spectral peak period of waves and the natural period of surge are approximate in value.
●the movement of sway increases along with the wavec period; meanwhile, the movement of sway has dynamic magnifications for a couple of times (the peak value of the movement of sway appears for several times).
●the movement of heave goes upward with the progress of wave period; when the spectral peak period of waves is greater than30s, the value of the movement of heave is basically maintained at a certain level (no more growth), and its motion amplitudes and acting wave height are roughly the same in value.
●under the action of transverse waves, the movement of pitch basically does not change with the growth of spectral peak period.
●the movement of roll also has dynamic magnifications for many times, but its motion amplitude each time is roughly the same with each other.
●the movement of yaw gradually increases with the progress of wave period, when the movement of yaw has a dynamic magnification, the wave period and its corresponding natural period of yaw are basically equal to each other.
The results of the physical model experiment which was fulfilled with a mooring ship in bimodal spectral waves (the spectral peak period employed in the experiment:high-frequency (wind wave) period at6s; low-frequency (swells) period ranging from12s to24s) have shown that:
●with the increase of low-frequency spectral peak period, the laws of a mooring ship's motion changes under the action of three different kinds of bimodal waves are the same. These laws are also the same with the ones of the mooring ship's motion changes with the variation of spectral peak period under the action of long-period waves.
●when the total energy of bimodal spectral waves is certain, both of the movements and line tensions of the mooring ship will go up with the increasing contributions of low-frequency energy of the total.
●within the experimental range of wave periods (high-frequency spectral peak period of bimodal spectral waves:6s; low-frequency spectral peak period:12-24s; contribution of low-frequency energy:20%～80%; effects of transverse waves), the motion responses of a mooring ship in bimodal spectral waves are far greater than the ones in unimodal spectral waves(wind waves), when they are identical in the total energy of waves.
●within the experimental range of wave periods (high-frequency spectral peak period of bimodal spectral waves:6s; low-frequency spectral peak period:12-24s; contribution of low-frequency energy:20%～80%; effects of transverse waves), the ratio of the movements of the mooring ship in bimodal spectral waves and in long-period waves will grow with the increase of low-frequency energy, when the two types of waves are identical in total energy.
●when the characteristic parameters of high-frequency part of mixed waves are constant, the mooring ship's movements (except the movement of pitch) and the line tensions will increase with the growth of low-frequency energy of bimodal spectral waves.
●when the characteristic parameters of low-frequency part of mixed waves are constant, the mooring ship's movements (except the movement of pitch) and the line tensions will increase slightly with the growth of high-frequency energy of bimodal spectral waves.
●when the characteristic parameters of low-frequency part of mixed waves are constant, the mooring ship's movements (except the movement of pitch) and the line tensions will increase slightly with the growth of high-frequency energy of bimodal spectral waves.
The results of the physical model test which was accomplished upon mooring ships under the effects of fluctuate wind (wind velocity in the test:8.5～21.4m/s) have indicated that:
●there is no significant effect wind has on the mooring ships when the wind is on less than6th wind scale (14m/s). Therefore, the6th wind scale has been regarded as the start-up wind speed of a ship.
●the effects of transversal offshore wind on the8th scale (17～20m/s) have upon the movement of sway is roughly equivalent to the ones the transversal wind waves with7s of period,1.5～2m of wave height.
●when the mooring ship is ballasted, the wind velocity is greater than6th wind scale, as the wind speed increases, line tension increases rapidly.
The numerical simulation results have shown that:
●a numerical simulation model has been established for research in the paper, whose calculation results of the model mooring ships'motions and dynamic responses agree well with the experimental results, which can be used for a real situation.
●when the low-frequency energy of bimodal spectral waves accounts for20%of the total, the periodic changes of high-frequency spectral peak have tremendous impact on the motion responses (the movement of pitch excluded) of mooring ships under the action of bimodal spectral waves; with the increasing contributions of low-frequency energy, the periodic changes of high-frequency spectral peak have begun to have smaller impact on the motion responses and line tensions of mooring ships.
引文
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