摘要
船舶在码头前的运动响应及缆绳张力是港口设计和运营过程中的关键问题,直接关系到码头结构和货物装卸作业的安全。准确的预报码头前系泊船的运动响应及缆绳张力,对保证船舶的装卸货物、港口运营安全是至关重要的。本文通过数值模拟针对不同泊位长度、不同横缆墩墩位布置下风、流、规则波、不规则波包括波群作用下的系泊船的运动响应及缆绳张力进行了深入的研究,旨在加深对系泊船运动响应的理解,预报复杂海洋环境条件下,船舶在系缆状态时的运动响应和缆绳张力,为港口设计部门和运营部门提供科学依据。
首先,本文建立了风和流联合作用下系泊船缆力和位移的数值模型,旨在为工程设计方提供快速、有效的计算手段。风与流对船舶的作用力由经验性公式计算得到,采用考虑了缆绳非线性变形的Wilson公式计算缆绳张力和考虑非线性影响的变形与撞击力关系计算护弦撞击力及撞击能量,对多缆绳和多护弦的超静定系泊系统作静力平衡计算,最后得到缆绳张力和系泊船的位移。模型的模拟结果与己方实验结果、商业软件Optimoor计算结果、第三方实验值分别进行了对比验证,证明了本模型模拟结果的正确性及有效性。应用本模型对风流作用下不同泊位长度和横缆墩墩位布置的码头系泊船的缆绳张力进行了对比计算,并分析了泊位长度与横缆墩墩位位置和系缆力分布的变化规律。
其次,基于势流理论,应用三维源汇分布法,采用Cummins的理论,通过快速傅里叶变换将频域内采用边界元方法计算得到的船舶附加质量、阻尼、一阶波浪力和二阶平均波浪力的结果转变到时域内,建立了时域系泊船的运动响应模型。通过与漂浮半球、大尺度漂浮驳船和物理模型试验结果对比验证了本章时域模型。应用时域模型研究了初张力、缆绳材料、流、风等影响因素对船舶运动响应和缆绳张力的影响,并对风、流、规则波、不规则波浪作用下四种泊位长度、三种横缆长度、三种系缆方式下的缆绳张力及系船墩的布置进行了对比研究,分析了上述因素对缆绳张力和运动响应的影响,以减小船舶运动量,提高装卸效率与均衡缆绳张力分布,减少断缆事件为优化原则,针对本文的码头布置,提出了码头泊位长度及横缆系缆墩位置的优化方案。
波群是海洋波浪场中一重要特性,其对海上系泊浮体、防波堤的动力反应有直接影响。进一步,本文采用模拟波浪频谱和波包谱的方法,模拟出具有同一有效波高、有效周期但不同群性的随机波列,研究了群高参数GFH、群长参数GLF、不同波浪入射角下波群波列作用下系泊船的运动响应、缆绳张力和护弦撞击力。数值结果表明波群对系泊船的运动响应和缆绳张力的影响不可忽略,对系泊系统有很大的破坏作用,会引起系泊系统在自身频率附近的共振,并研究了引起系缆状态下船舶共振的相关原因。
最后,详细分析了谱峰因子γ、群高因子GFH、群长因子GLF与波浪特征波高之间的关系,并在考虑二阶差频波浪力的基础上分析了谱峰因子γ对船舶运动响应的影响。
It is the key problem for the port designer and operation manger that moored ship's motion response and mooring line force. Considering of the stability of wharf structure, vessel and cargo handing, it is important to determine accurately the motion of a moored ship exposed to the action of waves. Numerical simulations is performed to improve the understanding of the moored ship's motions and predict the response and the mooring line force in an offshore environment condition in order to provide the scientific basis for manger and designer.
In order to provide a quick and valid calculating approach, a numerical simulation program is developed, with mooring line force and displacements under the wind and current action. The program for calculating mooring line forces and movements of a moored ship under combined action of wind and current is presented based on static force equilibrium principle. The wind and current load is calculated by experimental formulate according to the ship type and tonnage. The non-linear effect of mooring lines and fenders is taken into account. Compared with the results of the experiment, Optimoor results and other experiment results, numerical model is proved to be correct and effectively. By using the program, the mooring line load of a moored ship under the wind and current action in different berth length and various arrangement cleats are calculated and optimized. In all, the computed results have been analyzed.
Based on the potential theory, with three-dimensional source distribution approach, a time domain numerical simulation model of a moored ship is established by the approach of Cummins, transforming the added mass, damping and first-order wave force and second order mean wave force in frequency domain to time domain. By comparing to the floating semi-sphere, floating barge and experiment results, the time domain model is prove correctly and effectively. By the time domain model, the mooring line force and motion response are simulated under different initial tension, mooring line and current and wind speed. The mooing line forces and motion behaviors of moored ship are calculated under the combined action of wind, current and wave in different berth lengths, kinds of breast line lengths and three mooring line types. Based on the optimal principle of balancing the mooring line forces and minimizing the motion responses of moored ship, the more suitable case is pointed out about berth length and breast line pier arrangement.
Groupiness is an important features of ocean wave field, and waves in quick succession are regarded as wave groups, which is greatly affect the floating body motion responses and breakwater safety. Basing on the previous research work, regard the wave spectrum and envelope spectrum as target, a mathematical model of a moored ship under the action of wave groups is presented in this thesis.
Waves with the same parameters, such as significant wave height and period, but with different wave groupiness factors are simulated, to study the motion behavior of a moored ship under the action of wave groups with different groupiness factors height (GFH) and group length factors (GLF). The numerical results indicate that compared with the same significant wave height and period, same spectrum energy, the motion behavior of moored ship is greatly influenced by the wave groups. When GFH increases, the wave grouping becomes more and more pronounced. The sway motion increases with the increase of GFH. In contrast, the sway motion marginally increases with the increase of GLF. At the same time, the heave motion increases with the increase of GFH, while decreases marginally with the increase of GLF. The spectrum peak frequency of the surge motion under the wave groups action moves to the low frequency area, the surge motion spectrum peak frequency so close to the natural frequency of surge that it may lead to the moored ship resonant responses.
Last, it is analyzed that the relationship of groupiness and statistic wave heights in detail. In all, taking account of the second order difference frequency wave force based on the second order mean wave force, the motion responses of tanker has been simulated.
引文
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