摘要
本论文以浆果的代表种类蓝靛果和树莓为例，研究微波加工过程中介电特性的变化规律。微波辅助泡沫干燥方法适合于黏度高、热敏性成分多的浆果脱水加工。微波辅助萃取技术适用于对浆果中花青素等有效成分进行提取，特点是萃取效率高、可用乙醇等绿色溶剂。在微波加热过程中，处于高频电磁场中物料的介电特性会发生动态变化，影响其能量吸收和转化过程。介电特性包括介电常数和介电损耗因子两个指标。
本文研究微波辅助泡沫干燥条件下，蓝靛果起泡果浆的微波能量吸收特性，提出浆果果浆温度变化的指数方程。考虑到物料的物理性能，起泡果浆介电特性的变化可以用温度和含水率的函数描述。这些结果有助于揭示在微波干燥过程中物料的微波能量吸收和转换机理。
本文研究微波辅助泡沫干燥过程中树莓果粉介电特性的变化规律。通过响应曲面中心组合试验方法，研究微波功率、风量、物料质量及干燥时间等影响因素对树莓果粉花青素降解比率及维生素C降解比率的影响规律，研究微波场内树莓起泡果浆的介电特性随温度和含水率的动态变化规律。研究结果表明：（1）各工艺参数对物料介电常数和介电损耗因子的影响程度从高到低依次为物料质量、干燥时间、微波功率和风量。（2）各工艺参数对物料花青素降解比率的影响程度从高到低依次为微波功率、干燥时间、风量和物料质量。微波功率和干燥时间与花青素降解比率均呈正相关趋势。（3）各工艺参数对物料维生素C降解比率的影响次序程度从高到低依次为物料质量、微波功率、风量和干燥时间。
本文应用微波辅助萃取技术对树莓粉中花青素成分进行萃取，确定萃取时间、萃取温度、乙醇浓度、物液比为试验影响因素，研究萃取液中花青素萃取量和介电特性的变化规律。研究结果表明：（1）各工艺参数对萃取液花青素萃取量的影响程度从高到低依次为物液比、乙醇浓度、萃取时间和萃取温度。（2）各工艺参数对萃取液介电常数的影响程度从高到低依次为物液比、萃取温度、萃取时间和乙醇浓度。（3）各工艺参数对萃取液介电损耗因子的影响程度从高到低依次为物液比、乙醇浓度、萃取时间和萃取温度；物液比增加，萃取液的介电损耗因子减小。
本文研究微波辅助泡沫干燥树莓果浆的传热和传质过程模拟，应用Matlab对物料内部厚度增加（从表层到底层）过程中温度和含水率变化过程进行仿真。根据仿真结果分析了初始物料质量400g、微波功率7kW、风量70m~3·h~(-1)、干燥时间240s时，物料内部温度和含水率随物料厚度和干燥时间的变化规律；干燥时间一定时，随着物料内部厚度增加，物料温度呈先升高后降低趋势，含水率呈现升高趋势；物料内部相同厚度处，随着干燥时间增加，物料温度呈升高趋势，含水率呈下降趋势。模拟不同微波功率下，物料温度和含水率随厚度和干燥的时间变化；模拟微波功率与初始物料质量同时变化时，物料内部温度的变化规律；分析了初始物料质量（即初始厚度）不同时，物料含水率的变化规律。果浆初始厚度对物料内不同厚度处的含水率影响明显，物料初始厚度处于低水平时，物料表面水分蒸发速度较快，厚度从表层变化至底层，水分蒸发速度减慢，物料初始厚度处于高水平时，物料表面水分降低速度较慢，厚度从表层变化至中间位置，水分蒸发速度加快，从中间位置变化至物料底层，水分蒸发速度变化不明显。
模拟结果与试验测量数据拟合程度高，微波泡沫干燥过程的模拟仿真结果可信，对试验实施和实际生产加工有一定的参考价值，为高效率应用微波辅助泡沫干燥方法，加工出高质量浆果制品提供了理论依据。
Select the blue honeysuckle berry and raspberry of typical berry as materials studied, thechanges of dielectric properties in microwave processing were investigated. The microwaveassisted foam-mat drying (MFD) method is suitable for dehydration processing of berry with thehigh viscosity properties and heat-sensitive components. The microwave assisted extractionmethod was applied to extract the active ingredients of berries such as anthocyanin, which ischaracterized by high extraction efficiency and application of green solvents for example ethanol.During the microwave heating processing, dielectric properties of material play a key role in thebehavior of material in high frequency electromagnetic field, which influence the microwaveenergy absorption and conversion within material. Dielectric properties include dielectric constantand dielectric loss factor.
In the condition of MFD the changes of temperatures of blue honeysuckle puree followed theexponential equations. The changes of dielectric properties of foamed berry puree may bedescribed using the functions of temperature and moisture content considering the variablephysical properties of material. These results contributed to reveal the mechanism of microwaveenergy absorption and conversion within the material during microwave processing.
In this research, the changes of dielectric properties within raspberry powder in themicrowave-assisted foam drying process were studied. The effects of factors in terms ofmicrowave power, wind amount, material mass and drying time on the degradation ratio ofanthocyanin and vitamin C of raspberries were studied by using responding surface methodology.The effects of temperature and moisture of material on the dielectric properties were studied. Theconclusions were developed as follows:(1) The effects of each factor at descend trend ondielectric constant and dielectric loss factor were microwave materials mass, drying time,microwave power and wind amount.(2) The effects of each factor at descend trend on degradationratio of anthocyanin were microwave power, drying time, wind amount and material mass.Degradation ratio of anthocyanin was positive correlation with microwave power and drying time.(3) The effect of each factor at descend trend on degradation ratio of vitamin C were material mass,microwave power, wind amount and drying time.
In the study of microwave assisted extraction of anthocyanin from raspberry powder theextraction time, extraction temperature, ethanol concentration, material-liquid ratio were selectedas variables. The yield of anthocyanin extracted from berry and the variation of dielectricproperties were studied. The results showed that:(1) the effects of each factor at descend trend onthe yield of anthocyanin extracted from berry were material-liquid ratio, ethanol concentration, extraction time and extraction temperature.(2) The effects of each factor at descend trend onextraction dielectric constant were material-liquid ratio, extraction temperature, extraction timeand ethanol concentration.(3) The effects of each factor at descend trend on dielectric loss factorin extract liquor were material-liquid ratio, ethanol concentration, extraction time and extractiontemperature. With material-liquid ratio increased, dielectric loss factor of extract liquor decreased.
Heat and mass transfer process within foamed raspberry under microwave assisted foameddrying conditions was simulated by using Matlab software, which described the variation ofmaterial temperature and moisture content with the thickness of material. When initial materialmass was400g, microwave power was7kW, wind amount was70m~3·h~(-1)and drying time was240s, material temperature and moisture variation with drying time and material thickness wasdetermined. Under the same drying time, material temperature was increased then decreased withthickness and moisture content. Under the same material thickness, temperature tended toincreased trend and moisture content was decreased with increasing drying time. Thethree-dimensional surface of the material temperature and moisture changed with the thickness andthe drying time was drawn under different power. When microwave power and initial materialmass were changed simultaneously, the variation of the material of internal temperature wassimulated. The material moisture content variation was obtained under different initial materialmass. The initial thickness of pulp influenced significantly moisture content under differentmaterial thickness. When initial thickness of material was at low level, moisture of materialsurface quickly evaporated, and the moisture evaporation decreased from top to bottom layer alongmaterial thickness. While initial material thickness was still in high level, the surface evaporationof material was slow. From material top to the middle, moisture quickly evaporated; while fromthe middle to the bottom, there were no significant changes of moisture evaporation.
The simulation results agreed well with the experimental data. The simulation results ofmicrowave foamed drying process were reliable, which guide the experiment implement andpractical production. The simulation results also provided theoretical basis for applying microwaveassisted foamed drying method efficiently and producing high quality pulp.
引文
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