摘要
河南地处祖国腹地,历有中原、中州之别称。这里历史悠久,文化灿烂,是中华民族、中华文明最重要的发祥地。自有宋以来,由于战争不断,加之自然灾害频仍,这个曾长期是中华古国政治、经济文化中心的中原大地渐渐变成了一个贫穷落后的地方。一直到改革开放之前,经济凋敝,民生多艰的状况也都没有得到很好的、根本性的改变,“河南”二字也曾一度成为贫穷、落后、愚昧之代名词。改革开放后,饱受艰辛的近亿中原儿女,在党的正确路线指引下,也和全国人民一样,焕发出空前的活力,掀起了一场改天换地、再造中原辉煌的伟大实践。在“中部崛起”被确立为国家发展战略之时,河南迅速推出了“中原崛起”这一发展战略,以此为纲领,总揽全局,协调各方,凝聚人心,共图发展。
在实施“中原崛起”的发展战略中,河南人民清醒的认识到,河南的发展必须立足河南实际,找优势、查差距,看不足,切不可再犯“左”的错误,刮浮风,搞冒进,贻害百姓,贻误发展之良机。
在编制“中原崛起”发展战略的过程中,社会各界几乎都无异议地认为,作为中国第一农业大省,河南的发展必须立足于“三农”问题的解决,化解“三农”矛盾应该是“中原崛起”战略实施过程中的重要任务,而社会主义新农村建设则是化解“三农”矛盾的总抓手,积极推进社会主义新农村建设就是在推进“中原崛起”。
社会主义新农村建设可谓是一个庞大复杂的系统工程,他不仅涵盖农业发展、农民增收这一经济问题,更包括广大农村的政治建设、社会建设、文化建设等等方面。由于工作关系,笔者近年来对社会主义新农村建设的许多方面都有不同程度的工作实践和思考探索,本文中所讨论的这六个方面的问题就是这些年不断实践和思考的积累。
在社会主义新农村建设的这个系统工程中,经济问题首当其冲,没有经济问题的解决,就无从谈起社会问题、政治问题、文化问题,等等。而走农业现代化之路,是发展农村经济,提高农民收入的必由之路。我国以家庭联产承包责任制为主要特点的农业经营的基本制度,在社会主义市场经济的大背景下,其弊端就在于农民的组织化程度较低,一家一户的的农业经营很难抵御现代市场经济的风险。在不改变我国现行农业基本经营制度的框架下,发展农村经济合作组织就是一个极佳选择。通过对农村经济合作组织的培育,就能有效地把广大农民经由经济纽带组织起来,这是我国新型的农业合作化。它不同于上世纪五十年代开始的在计划经济条件下通过行政手段推动的,暴风骤雨式的农业合作化运动。但是,它完全具备社会主义共同富裕的特征,是我国社会主义农业现代化合作经济的新形式。
土地流转也是新时期我国农业经济发展中出现的新现象,也是在不改变现行农业经营体制的基础上,农业集约经营、规范经营的有效探索。土地流转已在党的文件中被予以肯定,但现在仍缺少在具体操作层面上的法律支持。我们对河南各地的土地流转情况进行了广泛调查,成效和问题已基本明朗,提出的一些建议以期有助于有关方面进一步研究。
鼓励农民工返乡创业,是新农村建设的一大战略,也是发展农村经济的重要途径。从农村走向城镇的农民工,是中国农民的先进代表,一方面,他们在中国工业化、城镇化推进过程中,做出了巨大的贡献,同时又在工业文明、现代城市文明的洗礼中,开阔了眼界,提升了自己,有了新的思维方式,学习了技能,许多人还有了创业的资本积累。他们返乡创业的成功率极高,往往具有示范性和带动型,是社会主义新农村建设的一支主力军。
河南是我国第一农业大省,也是我国重要的粮食生产基地,研究河南农村问题,离不开对粮食问题的研究。但在目前种粮比较效益较低的情况下,如何保障国家粮食安全,同时又能提高种粮农民的收入,是河南社会主义新农村建设中面临的重大问题。我们认为,粮食问题是中国农业的首要问题,河南作为我国粮食生产的核心区,必须为我国的粮食安全作出贡献,这一点不容置疑。但是从国家政策层面上,也应该研究如何提高农民种粮的积极性,确保种粮农民收入的稳步提高,这一问题对河南来说具有典型意义。
在河南推进社会主义新农村建设进程中,我们还注意到了这样一个问题,即新农村建设主体缺失问题——谁来建设社会主义新农村问题。我们发现,随着工业化、城镇化的快速推进,农村人口向城镇聚集势不可逆。接受过高等教育的农村子弟,绝大多数会选择在城市就业和生活；农村中的青壮年劳力也会选择到城市打工,而相当一部分在城市有生活保障的打工者会选择在城市长期生活下去,留在农村的基本上是妇女、老人和儿童；近年来,举家迁入城市生活的农民也呈上升趋势。社会主义新农村建设面临主体缺失问题,这也是我近年来极其关注的问题。
河南人口众多,平原、丘陵、山地各种地理资源均有分布,受历史因素和资源环境影响,地区之间经济社会发展水平各异,各地选择经济发展的路径也不尽相同,社会主义新农村建设的形式也多种多样,我们对此进行了广泛深入的调查研究,疏理归纳出若干种建设模式,尽管尚未找出其中的规律性,我还是将其附录本文中,以期对指导同类型地区的社会主义新农村建设有参考意义。
Henan is located in the hinterland of the motherland, experience with the Central Plains, Central Plains of another name. Here has a long history and splendid culture of the Chinese nation, the birthplace of Chinese civilization, the most important. Own Song has been because of the war, coupled with frequent natural disasters, this has been a long time is the ancient Chinese political, economic and cultural center of the Central Plains gradually turned into a poor and backward place. Prior to the reform and opening up has been the economic depression, the people's livelihood and more difficult the situation has not been very good, fundamental change, "Henan" also became the word poverty, backwardness, ignorance of the pronouns. After reform and opening, the Central Plains and children suffering from difficult Jin Yi, the guidance of the Party's correct line, but also, and like the entire nation, brought out an unprecedented vigor, launched a change the world, the great practice of recycling the Central Plains brilliant. In the "Rise of Central China" was established as the National Development Strategy, the Henan quickly launched the "Central China" strategy of this development, on this program, the overall situation and coordinating all parties, cohesion of the people, the development of plans.
In the implementation of the "Central China" development strategy, the Henan People's clear understanding that the development must be based on Henan practical, looking for advantage, checking the gap, seeing less, must not repeat the "leftist" mistakes, floating wind blowing, engaging in aggressive and harming the people, thereby adversely affecting the development opportunity.
In the preparation of "Central China" strategy development process, the community almost have no objection to that, as the first major agricultural province of Henan's development must be based on the "three rural" issue to resolve, resolving "three rural" contradiction should is the "rise of Central China" strategy in the important task of the implementation process, while building a new socialist countryside is to resolve the "three rural" total contradiction handle, actively promoting the building of new socialist countryside is to promote the "rise of Central China."
Construction of new socialist countryside is indeed a large and complex systems engineering, he not only covers the development of agriculture and farmers income in this economic problem, but including the construction of rural political, social and cultural development, among others. As the working relationship, the author of the new socialist countryside in recent years, many aspects of working practices to varying degrees of exploration and thinking, this article discussed in the context of the problem is that these seven years, the accumulation of continuous practice and thinking.
The construction of socialist new rural systems engineering, bear the brunt of economic problems, not solve economic problems, to talk about social issues, political issues, cultural issues, and so on. The walk agricultural modernization is the development of rural economy, the only way to improve the income of peasants. Household contract responsibility system in China as the main features of the basic system of agricultural management, in the socialist market economy, the large background, its drawback is that low level of organization of farmers, one of the agricultural operation is difficult to resist the risk of a modern market economy. Without changing the basic operating system for Chinese,Agriculture under the framework of the development of rural economic cooperative organizations is an excellent choice. Through the cultivation of rural economic cooperative organizations, farmers will be able to effectively organize themselves through economic ties, which is China's new agricultural cooperatives. It is different from the fifties, in the planned economy driven by administrative means, stormy agricultural co-operative movement. However, it is fully equipped with the common prosperity of the socialist features of agricultural modernization in China's socialist economy, new forms of cooperation.
New land transfer is the development of China's agricultural economy emergence of a new phenomenon, but also not to change the existing system of agricultural management, based on intensive management of agriculture, and regulations and effective exploration. Land transfer documents in the party was to be sure, but it is still lack of specific operational level, legal support. We are all over the land transfer Henan carried out extensive investigations, results and problems have been basically clear, some of the recommendations put forward in order to help interested parties to further study.
Encouraging migrant workers return home business, is a major new strategy for rural development, is also an important way to develop the rural economy. From rural to urban migrant workers, is advanced on behalf of Chinese farmers, on the one hand, during the China's advance about industrialization and urbanization, they made a great contribution, while the industrial civilization, the baptism of modern urban civilization, the open a vision to enhance its own, a new way of thinking, studying skills, and many people have a venture capital accumulation. They return a very high success rate of business, often driven by a model and is building a new socialist rural areas.
Henan is China's first major agricultural province, is also an important grain production base in China to study the problem in rural areas of Henan, is inseparable from the question of food. But in the current low grain more effective, how to protect national food security, while improving the income of grain farmers, is to build a new socialist countryside in Henan facing major problems. We believe that the food problem is the most important issue of agriculture in Henan, China, China's grain production as the core area must contribute to food security in China, no doubt about it. However, the national policy level, but also examine how to increase the enthusiasm of grain farmers, grain farmers to ensure the steady improvement of income, the problem is a typical Henan.
In Henan, the process of building a new socialist countryside, we have to noticed a problem, that is the main building of new countryside construction of Absence --- who is going to issue a new socialist countryside. We found that as industrialization, urbanization, rapid advancement of the rural population to cities and towns gathered momentum irreversible. Received higher education of rural children, most will choose to urban employment and the life; rural labor force in the young adults would choose to work in cities, quite a lot of life in the city to protect the workers who choose to live in a city long-term stay in rural areas, mostly women, the elderly and children; In recent years, his family moved into the city life of farmers also on the rise. The main building of new socialist countryside is facing loss, and this is my great concern in recent years.
Henan population, plains, hills, mountains have a variety of geographical distribution of resources, resources and environment by historical factors and the impact of regional economic and social development between different localities choose the path of economic development are not the same, a new socialist countryside construction of diverse forms, we have conducted extensive research, summarized Reorganizing the building of several models, although have not find out the regularity of Appendix I to this article,in order to guide the same type areas of building new socialist countryside reference value.
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