摘要
本文总结国内外已有研究成果的基础上,综合运用资源与环境经济学、农业经济学、制度经济学等相关理论,借鉴发达国家或地区现代农业发展的经验,深入探讨资源和环境约束下的湖南两型农业发展的科学理论、方法和道路。首先,从资源与环境经济学理论、现代农业发展理论、国内外关于资源和环境约束与经济发展、农业发展相关文献等方面进行文献综述。然后,以发达国家现代农业发展的过程、特点为比较基础,分析我国现代农业发展的现状、优势以及存在的问题。在此基础上,进一步从理论和实证的角度分析资源与环境约束下我国现代农业的发展问题。根据农业部门的特点构建资源与环境约束下现代农业发展的理论模型,运用理论工具分析资源与环境约束下现代农业发展的可能性、动力等问题；以湖南省两型农业发展为例,进一步从实证方面探讨资源与环境约束下湖南两型农业发展存在的问题和解决问题的办法。主要内容和结论如下：
(1)从美国、日本和法国等发达国家现代农业发展的历程和经验来看,各国发展现代农业要选择符合国情的现代农业发展模式,农业技术进步是突破农业发展限制的根本动力,要重视市场、政府、农业合作组织等主体在现代农业发展中的作用。比较发达国家的现代农业,我国现代农业存在农业生产率低,农民收入不高、资源环境约束更加严峻、农业基础设施薄弱,农业投入不足、相关法律服务和制度支持不足等问题。
(2)论文借鉴前人的研究,利用Lucas的人力资本积累内生经济增长模型,结合农业部门的特点,建立同时考虑资源耗竭与环境污染的农业增长模型,并运用最优控制方法讨论了模型的平衡增长解。模型结果显示,在农业人力资本内生积累的模型中,现代农业持续发展是可能的,但要满足有经济中的一些参数决定的一些必要条件,农业人力资本增长率与生产过程中的耗竭性资源的绝对投人增长率之比应大于生产过程中耗竭性资源与人力资本产出弹性之比。同时,模型中假定农业技术进步是外生的,要靠政府投入的支持,因此,在政府投入支持农业技术进步的情况下,资源与环境约束下现代农业的持续发展也是可能的,但要注意技术进步的环境影响,即要选择清洁的生产技术。
(3)两型农业作为现代农业的一种,十七届三中全会选择资源节约型、环境友好型的两型农业作为资源与环境约束我国现代农业发展的方向。湖南作为农业大省,在我国具有一定的代表性。论文在分析总结湖南农业发展的现在、成就和问题的基础上,以湖南省两型农业发展为例实证分析湖南现代农业的发展,通过构建湖南两型农业评价指标体系进行实证评价。结果显示,湖南省两型农业总体上已处于起步发展阶段,但是各个方面处于非均衡发展状况。其中,农民人均纯收入、农产品加工率、每千人拥有科技人员数等指标得分是最低的三个,说明湖南农业需要加强农业产业化建设和科技投入支持,从而提高农产品加工率,最终目的是提高农民人均纯收入。资源利用方面水资源、土地资源、化肥利用的得分较低,说明水资源、土地资源、化肥利用效率都不高,需要提高这些资源的利用效率。环境安全方面除森林覆盖率由于先天优势使得分较高外,其他指标得分都不高,说明要控制化肥、农药、农膜的使用强度,加强无公害农产品种植,提高生活垃圾和污水的处理率,进而防止农业生产、生活等对环境的破坏。实证结果说明两型农业的发展需要政府的政策、科技等各方面支持,尤其是资源与环境方面支付需要制定相关法律或法规加强管理,同时加大投入改善资源利用率不高、环境污染严重的局面。
(4)在理论和实证研究的基础上,从湖南省两型农业发展的运行机制与发展战略选择,以及两型农业发展的政府支持体系与管控体系等方面讨论湖南两型农业发展的模式、发展运行的动力等问题,并提出以两型农业为主体的现代农业发展相关政策建议。
This paper summarizes the domestic and foreign existing research results, and bases on comprehensive utilization of resources and environmental economics, agricultural economics, institutional economics and related theory, uses modern agricultural development experience of developed countries or regions, explores the development scientific theory, method and the path of hunan two oriented agriculture under the restriction of resources and environment. First of all, it is reviewed from resource and environmental economics theory, modern agricultural development theory, and some resources and environment restriction and the economic development, agricultural development and relevant documents. Then, compares with development process, characteristics of the developed countries of modern agriculture, analyzes the present advantage and the existing problems in the development of modern agriculture in our country. Base on this, it further analyzes the development of modern agriculture in our country under the constraints of resource and environment from the point of view of theoretical and empirical analysis. According to the agricultural characteristics builds modern agricultural development theory model under the constraints of resource and environment, uses the theory tools analyses the possibility, power of modern agricultural development under the constraits of resource and environment; It takes the development of Hunan two-oriented agriculture as an example, further discusses the problems and solutions to the problem to Hunan two-oriented agriculture under resource and environment constraints. The main content and the conclusions are as follows:
(1)From the history and experience of modern agricultural development from the United States, Japan and France and other developed countries, country should choose the development mode with its own situation, the advance of agricultural technology is the breakthrough power of agricultural development, focus on the role of market, government, the cooperation organization and other subjects in modern agricultural development. Compares with the modern agriculture in developed countries, our country exists low agricultural productivity, low farmers' income, severe constraints of the resources and environment, weak infrastructure, inadequate investment in agriculture and less related legal services and system support.
(2)Base on previous research,this paper use Lucas human capital accumulation endogenous economic growth model, combines the characteristics of the agriculture, establishes agricultural growth model considering the resource depletion and environmental pollution, and uses the optimal control method discusses the model balanced growth of the solution, it shows that in the agriculture human capital accumulation in endogenous models, the modern agricultural sustainable development is possible, to meet some of the economic decision of some of the necessary conditions for the parameters, the ratio of agricultural human capital growth and the absolute input growth of depletioned resources in the process of production should be greater than the output elasticity ratio of the depletioned resources and human capital in the production process,At the same time, the technology progress is a exterior variable in assumption, rely on the support of government investment, therefore,with the support from government for technology progress, modern agriculture sustainable development is possible under the restriction of the resources and environment, but should pay attention to environmental impact from the progress of technology, should select clean production techniques.
(3) Two oriented agriculture as a kind of modern agriculture, the third plenary session of the17choose resource conservation and environment friendly as the direction of the development of modern agriculture in our country. Hunan as a big agricultural province, has certain representativeness in our country. Base on the analysis of present situaiton, achievements and problems of agriculture development in hunan province, and on the basis of hunan two oriented agricultural development as an example to analysis the development of modern agriculture in hunan, constructs two oriented evaluation index system for empirical evaluation. The results show that the two oriented agriculture in hunan on the whole has set up in the initial stage of development, but in unbalanced development situation in all aspects. Among them, the per capita net income of farmers, agricultural product processing, every one thousand people have scientific and technological personnel index score are very low, that explains Hunan agriculture needs support to strengthen the construction of agricultural industrialization and investment in science and technology, improve the processing of agricultural products, the final purpose is to improve the per capita net income of farmers. Low score in resource utilization which in water resources, land resources, fertilizer use, that shows that the water resources, land resources, chemical fertilizer use efficiency are not high, need to improve the efficiency of resource utilization. Environmental security index score is not high in addition to the forest coverage rate because congenital advantage,it shows that it should control the use intensity of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural films, strengthen planting pollution-free agricultural products, improve treatment rate of the living garbage and sewage, and prevent the agricultural production, life to damage the environment. The empirical results show that the two oriented agriculture needs support from the policies of the government, science and technology and so on various aspects, especially formulate relevant laws or regulations to strengthen the management to the resources and environment, and increase investment to improve low resource utilization rate, situation of environment pollution.
(4) Base on the theoretical and empirical studies, from hunan two oriented agricultural development mechanism and development strategic choice, and the system of government support and control systems of Hunantwo oriented agricultural development to discuss two oriented agricultural development mode, the operation of the power, etc., and puts forward to relevant policy Suggestions of two oriented agriculture as the main body of modern agricultural development.
引文
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