摘要
随着新交易和通讯工具的发展及产权制度的演进,无论在发达国家还是在新兴工业化国家,小企业代表着经济发展的一个方向,与大企业相比,小企业的治理结构基本上表现为企业的所有者与经营者合二为一,作为所有者和经营者的企业家不仅凭借个人才能寻求市场机会、开拓市场空间、应对环境的不确定性,而且企业家的社会网络是小企业发展的基础。Granovetter认为一切经济行为都是嵌入于社会关系网络之中的,企业主或企业家的行为从经济学的视角,以“效率”、“理性”、“最大化行为”为假设前提来解释还存在一些不足,与现实状况并不很相符。而新经济社会学的社会网络理论认为,行动者不是原子式的,而是嵌入于其他行动者之中,行动者的行动受他所处社会环境的影响,所以企业家总是行动在与其他人的联系中、嵌入于社会网络中,而不是由纯粹个体化的原子式个人所单独进行的。
针对企业成长的现实模式,基于社会网络的企业成长研究日益成为企业成长理论和社会网络理论关注的重要领域之一,这一问题对于小企业较为典型和活跃的中国来说具有重要的现实意义,但从企业家网络维度对小企业成长的研究,只是散见于报刊杂志中,尤其是中文的文献更是稀少,在此背景下,本文系统吸收企业成长理论、新经济社会学的社会网络理论等相关领域的研究成果,以我国小企业为研究对象,试图深入了解我国企业主或企业家所嵌入的社会网络,以更客观、更深入的诠释小企业成长的规律。
本文以规范研究和实证研究相结合的方法,试图从企业家网络活动、网络关系、网络结构等维度对小企业成长的影响进行较全面和系统的分析,论文的主要研究工作和内容集中在以下几个方面:
一是通过实地访谈和问卷调查搜集实证资料。在进入正式访谈阶段,笔者对居住地附近的小企业主及熟悉的小企业主共6人进行了试谈,然后选择了分布在不同行业的上海、江苏、陕西、山东等地的20个小企业主或管理者进行了半结构性访谈,问卷调查主要得益于笔者的社会网络关系,共发放问卷618份,除了第一批由于经验欠缺导致问卷回收率是26%以外,其后的问卷回收率达到93%。
二是融合多学科理论构建了企业家网络与小企业成长的分析框架。融合经济学意义的企业成长理论、管理学意义的基于资源、能力和知识的企业成长理论和新经济社会学的社会网络理论构建了从企业家网络活动与网络特征两个维度研究企业成长的分析框架。
三是应用统计学分析方法揭示了基于企业家网络的小企业成长机制。在经济学、管理学和新经济社会学的维度系统阐述企业成长理论的基础上,本文运用Pearson相关分析、验证性因子分析、结构方程模型分析等统计方法,重点检验了有关企业家网络活动与企业家网络特征对企业成长的影响作用等方面的假设,主要得到了以下结论:
第一,企业家网络活动有利于小企业成长。企业家与家人或亲属讨论企业事务、与朋友讨论企业事务、就企业问题咨询外部专家等与小企业成长呈正相关关系,企业家参加社团、参加研讨会、参加展览会等网络活动有利于小企业成长,企业家与其它企业家间的联系与小企业成长呈正相关关系,其它网络活动通过影响企业家间联系进而影响企业成长。除企业家与家属讨论企业事务外,其它网络活动都有助于企业家扩大企业家这一群体间的联系。
第二,企业家网络关系支持有利于小企业成长。以家庭、亲属、朋友和熟人为代表的企业家社会网络关系的支持对小企业成长有积极的作用,企业家企业关系的支持有利于企业成长,以政府机构、非政府机构、银行等金融组织为代表的企业家组织关系的支持也有利于小企业的成长。
第三,企业家网络结构对小企业成长有不同的影响。企业家网络规模越大,越有利于小企业的成长,企业家网络异值性越高,也越有利于小企业成长,而企业家网络组成中高亲属比例不利于小企业成长。
第四,企业家网络结构与企业家网络关系支持的交互作用对企业成长有不同的影响。企业家网络规模与网络关系支持的交互作用与企业成长呈正相关关系,企业家网络异值性与网络关系支持的交互作用与企业成长呈正相关关系,同时企业家网络组成中亲属比例与网络关系支持的交互作用与企业成长呈负相关关系。
论文的创新点主要表现在从企业家网络的新视角研究小企业成长问题,整合企业家网络活动与网络特征两个维度研究,首次分别从网络关系隐性支持与显性支持研究对企业成长的影响作用,并融合经济学、管理学企业成长理论与新经济社会学的社会网络理论,整个研究建立在翔实的实证资料基础上,分析了基于中国本土的企业家网络与小企业成长的关系。
研究虽然对现有文献有一定的补充及创新,但还有待进一步完善,总的来说,针对受儒家文化影响的中国企业,结合访谈与问卷调查的实证资料,从企业家网络维度研究小企业的成长具有一定的现实意义。
With the new trading and communications tools in development and the evolution of property rights system, both in developed and emerging industrialized countries, small businesses represent a direction of economic development, compared with large enterprises, small businesses' governance structure are basically the the owners same as the operators . as owners and operators of entrepreneurs not only to seek market opportunities, open up market space, deal with the uncertainty of the environment, but also the entrepreneurs social network is small enterprise development Basis. Granovetter state that all economic activities are embedded in social relations network. From the economics perspective, business owners or entrepreneurs acts "efficiency", "rational" and "maximize the act" for the assumptions to explain., there are a number of shortcomings, and the actual situation is not very consistent. The social network theory of new economic sociology suggest that the actors are not atomic-style, but embedded in the other actors, actors' action is impacted by his social environment, so entrepreneurs are always in action with other people contact, embedded in social networks, rather than from a purely individual atoms of the individual alone.
Against the reality of business growth model, based on the social network of research has increasingly become corporate growth theory and business growth and social network theory one of the critical areas of concern, the problem is more typical of small enterprises active in China, and has important practical significance. However, the dimension of the network of entrepreneurs study the small business development, only contained in newspapers and magazines, especially the Chinese literature is scarce, in this context, the paper absorb business growth theory, the new economic sociology society network theory, and other related areas of research achievements to study China's small enterprises in an attempt to in-depth understanding the social networks of our business owners or entrepreneurs are embedded in to a more objective, more in-depth interpretation of the growth of small enterprises.
In this paper, combining the theory and empirical study on the method in an attempt to analyze the impact on small business growth for a more comprehensive and systematic from the entrepreneurs' network activity, network relationship and network structure. Following is the main thesis research work and contents:
First,to collect empirical data through field interviews and questionnaire survey. Enter the formal interview stage, at the first, the author do a trial interviews to 6 small business owners of living in the vicinity or familiar with, and then select the distribution of the different sectors in Shanghai, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shandong and other places of the 20 small business owners or managers do a semi-structured interviews. The surveys mainly benefit from the author of the social network, 618 questionnaires were issued, in addition to the first batch due to the lack of experience led to a 26 percent response rate, then the response rate was achieved 93 percent.
Second, integration of multi-disciplinary theory to construct the analytical framework of entrepreneurs network and business growth. Integration of the economic business growth theory, based on the resources, capacity and knowledge of management business growth theory and new economic sociology theory of social network to construct the analytical framework from the network activities and network characteristics dimensions to study the small business growth.
Third, the application of statistical analysis reveals a network of entrepreneurs on small business growth mechanism. Based on the study of small business growth by economics, management and the new economic sociology theory.The paper used Pearson correlation analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation model analysis of statistical methods, focusing on inspection assumptions of the impact of the entrepreneurs network activities and entrepreneurs' network characteristics on the small business growth, Following is the main conclusions:
(1) The entrepreneurs network activities conducive to small business growth. Entrepreneurs with their families or relatives to discuss business matters, business matters to discuss with your friends, business advisory and other outside experts and business growth was positive correlation with the entrepreneurs to participate in society, participate in seminars, exhibitions, etc. Business contacts between entrepreneurs and business growth was positive correlation , between the impact on other network activities through contact between entrepreneurs and proceeded to affect business growth. In addition to entrepreneurs and their families to discuss business matters, other network activities will help entrepreneurs to expand the link between this group.
(2) The support of entrepreneurs network conducive to small business growth. Family, relatives, friends and acquaintances as the representative of the entrepreneurs social network with the support of business growth have a positive effect, the support of orther businesses is conducive to the growth of enterprises, the support of government agencies, non-governmental agencies, banks and other financial organizations on behalf of the entrepreneurs organizational network is also conducive to the growth of small enterprises.
(3) The structure of the entrepreneurs network have different effects on growth. Larger scale entrepreneurs network, the more conducive to the growth of small.The more entrepreneurs network heterogeneity, the more conducive to the growth of small enterprises, and entrepreneurs networks in the high proportion of relatives not conducive to small business growth.
(4) Fourth, the interaction of entrepreneurs network structure and entrepreneurs network support on the small business growth has different effects. The interaction of entrepreneurs network size and network support is positive correlation with small business growth. The interaction of entrepreneurs network heterogeneity and network support is positive correlation with small business growth. The interaction of relative proportion of entrepreneurs network components and network support is negative correlation with small business growth.
Paper innovations mainly manifested in the network of entrepreneurs from the new perspective on the problem of small business growth, and integration of entrepreneurs network activities and network characteristics research, and also from the entrepreneurs network hidden support and overt support for research on enterprises growth. Integration in economics, management theory and new business growth of economic sociology of social network theory, the study built on detailed empirical data, based on China's domestic network of entrepreneurs to study the small business growth.
Although the paper on a certain added and innovative to the existing literature, but still needs to be further improved, in general, against the influence of Confucian culture of Chinese enterprises, with interviews and surveys of empirical data, the study of the relationship of the entrepreneurs network and the small businee growth has some practical significance.
引文
[1]杨小凯,张永生.新兴古典经济学与超边际分析.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2003
[2]杨小凯.杨小凯谈经济.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004
[3]王忻.小企业养活美国人.民营视界,2004(6)
[4]狄娜.我国中小企业的现状和特点.中小企业的基础情况和主要特点,http://cnw2OOS.cnw.com.cn/issues/2000/38/3802.asp
[5]鲁德银,蔡根女,陈正等.经营者人力资本与中小企业成长的比较方差分析.数理统计与管理,2005(5)
[6]郑正献.小企业发展是一个大问题--中国市场经济论坛54次研讨会综述小城镇建设,2000(3)
[7]罗丹阳,殷兴山.民营中小企业非正规融资研究.金融研究,2006(4);142-150
[8]韦恩.贝克.社会资本制胜:如何挖掘个人与企业网络中的隐性资源.上海:上海交通大学出版社,2002
[9]Penrose,E.The Theory of the Growth of the Firm,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1959
[10]李柏洲,马永红,孙立梅.中小企业成长理论评述及其创新研究.科技进步与对策,2006(12):189-192
[11]Neergaard H.Networking Activities in Technology-based Entrepreneurial Teams.International Small Business Journal,23(3):257-278
[12]Shaw E.and S.Conway.Networking and the Small Finn in S.Carter and D.Jones-Evans,2000
[13]Sawyerr O.O.,J.McGee and M.Peterson.Perceived Uncertainty and Finn Performance in SMEs.International Small business.2003
[14]Dubini P.and H.Aldrich.Personal and Extended Networks are Central to the Entrepreneurial Process.Journal of Business.1991
[15]程国萍,熊云生,吴敏.社会网络与社会资本的研讨.决策探讨.2005(7)
[16]Julie.M.Hite,William S.Hesterly.The Evolution of Networks:form Emergence to Early Growth of Finn.Strategic Management Journal.2001(22):275-286
[17]Byers,T.,Kist,H.and Sutton,R.I..Characteristics of the Entrepreneur:Social Creatures,Not Solo Heroes.In:R.C.Doffed.The Handbook of Technology Management.Boca Raton,Florida:CRC Press LLC.1997
[18]Popielarz,Pamela A..Organizational Constraints on Personal Network Formation.Research in the Sociology of Organizations.1999(16):263-81
[19]Johannisson,B.Business formation:a network approach.Stand.J.Manage.1988(4).3/4:83-99
[20]Carson,D.,Cromie,S.et al Marketing and Entrepreneurship in SMEs:An Innovative Approach.Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice Hall Inc.1995
[21]Blackburn,R.A.,Curran,J.,& Jarvis,R..Small Finns and Local Networks:Some Theoretical and Conceptual Explorations,in Towards Twenty-First Century - The Challenge for Small Business,ed.M.Robertson,E.Chell,& C.1991
[22]Granovetter.Economic Action and Social Structure:The Problem of Embeddedness American Journalof Sociology,1985(913):481-510
[23]Josef Bruderl and Peter Preisendorfer,P.Network Support and the Success of Newly Founded Businesses,Small Business Economics,1998,10(3):213-25.
[24]德鲁克.创新与企业家精神.北京:机械工业出版社,2007,1
[25]张维迎.企业的企业家--契约理论.上海:上海三联书店上海人民出版社,1995
[26]周其仁.市场里的企业:一个人力资本与非人力资本的特别合约.经济研究,1996(6)
[27]汪纯宏.企业家:一个需要重新界定的概念.企业研究,2007(1)
[28]Burt.Ronald S.Structural Holes:The social Structure of Competition,Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press.1992
[29]Johannisson,B.Existential Enterprise and Economic Endeavour.In Aspects of Women's Entrepreneurship.Stockholm:Nuteck(Swedish National Board for Industrial and Technological Development),1996:115-41
[30]彭正银.网络治理:理论的发展与实践的效用.经济管理--新管理.2002(8):23-27
[31]周立新,李传超.西方企业家网络理论研究述评.当代财经,2003(1)
[32]杨杜.企业成长论.中国人民大学出版社,1996
[33]Nelson R,Winter S.An evolutionary theory of economic change.NJ:Harvard Univeristy Press,1982
[34]LG Weinzimmer,PC Nystrom,SJ Freeman.Measuring Organizational Growth:Issues,Consequences and Guidelines.Journal of Management,Vol.24,No.2,235-262(1998)
[35]Bian,Y.J.,Bring Strong Ties Back in:Indirect Ties,Network Bridges and Job Searches in China.American Sociology Review.1997(.62):366-385
[36]亚当·斯密.国民财富的性质及其原因的研究.北京:商务印书馆,1997年版,1776
[37]马歇尔.经济学原理.北京:商务印书馆,1964年版,1890
[38]邱少春,崔兵.纵向一体化理论研究综述.武汉商业服务学院学报,2006
[39]纳尔逊,温特.经济变迁的演化理论.北京:商务印书馆,1997
[40]科斯.企业的性质.上海:上海三联书店,上海人民出版社,1994年
[41]威廉姆森,陈郁.生产的纵向一体化:市场失灵的考察.上海:上海三联书店,上海人民出版社,P996
[42]Bamey J B.Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage.Journal of Managemnet.1991(17):99-120
[43]Wernerfelt,B A.Resource-Based View of the Firm.Strategic Management Journal,1984,(5)
[44]CK.Prahalad,G.HameI.The core competence of the corporation.Harvard Business Review,1990
[45]陈劲,王毅,许庆瑞.企业核心能力:理论溯源与逻辑结构剖析.管理科学学报,2000(9)
[46]Foss,N.J.and Knudsen,C.Towards a Competence Theory of the Firm.Thomson Leanring,1996
[47]DJ Teece,G Pisano,A Shuen.Dynamic capabilities and strategic management.Strategic Management Journal,1997
[48]Zollo,M.and Winte,S,Deliberate Learning and the Evolution of Dynamic Capabilities.Organization Science,13(3):339-351.2002
[49]李怡靖,企业能力理论综述,云南财贸学院学报,2003(10)
[50]Jay B.Barney,The Resource-Based Theory of the Firm.Organization Science,Vol.7,No.5,469.Sep.- Oct,1996
[51]Ranjay Gulati,David Kletter,Shrinking Core,Expanding Periphery:the Relational Architecture of High-Performing Organizations,California Management Review VOL.47,NO.3Spring 2005
[52]Powell,Walter W.and Laurel Smith-Doerr.Networks and Economic Life.in Handbook of Economic Sociology,edited by N.Smelser and R.Swedberg.Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press.Pp.368-402.1994.
[53]F.赫塞尔本等主编.未来的组织.成都:四川人民出版社,1998
[54]P Ingrain,PW Roberts.Friendships among Competitors in the Sydney Hotel Industry 1.American Journal of Sociology,Volume 106 Number 2(September 2000):387-423
[55]Isabelle Bouty.Interpersonal and Interaction Influences on Informal Resource Exchanges between R&D Researchers across Organizational Boundaries.The Academy of Management Journal,Vol.43,No.1(Feb.,2000),pp.50-65
[56]Burt,R.S.Structural Holes.Cambridge MA:Harvard University Press.1992
[57]Brian Uzzi.Social Structure and Competition in Interfirm Networks:The Paradox of Embeddedness.Administrative Science Quarterly,Vol.42,No.1(Mar.,1997),pp.35-67
[58]Walter W.Powell,Kenneth W.Koput,Laurel Smith-Doerr.Interorganizational collaboration and the locus of innovation:networks of learning in biotechnology.Administrative Science Quarterly,Vol.41,1996
[59]JAC Baum,T Calabrese,BS Silverman.Don't go it alone:alliance network composition and startups' performance in Canadian biotechnology.Strategic Management Journal,Vol.21,No.3,Special Issue:Strategic Networks(Mar.,2000),pp.267-294
[60]JAC Baum,C Oliver.Toward an Institutional Ecology of Organizational Founding.The Academy of Management Journal,Vol.39,No.5(Oct.,1996),pp.1378-1427
[61]Martin Ruef.Strong ties,weak ties and islands:structural and cultural predictors of organizational innovation.Industrial and Corporate Change,Volume 11,Number 3,pp.427-449.2002
[62]Podolny,Joel M.and Karen L Page..Network Forms of Organization.Annual Review of Sociology,forthcoming.Vol.24:57-76,August 1998
[63]程恩富,彭文兵.企业研究:一个新经济社会学的视角.江苏行政学院学报,2002(2)57-65
[64]姚小淘.社会网络与中小企业成长模型.系统工程理论方法应用,2004(2)
[65]程恩富.西方产权理论评析.北京:当代中国出版社,1997
[66]李正彪.企业成K的社会关系网络维度研究.经济问题探索,2003(5)
[67]Michael Dietrich.Transaction Cost Economics.Routledge,1994:31-32
[68]罗家德.社会网分析讲义.社会科学文献出版社,2005(4)
[69]Mauro F.Guillen等,经济社会学的复兴,新经济社会学--门新兴学科的发展,社会科学文献出版社,2006,4,根据2002版译
[70]Wilson,John.Volunteering.Annual Review of Sociology 2000(26):215-240
[71]Bruce G.Carruthers and Brian Uzzi.Economic Sociology in the New Millennium.Contemporary Sociology,Vol.29,No.3(May,2000),pp.486-494
[72]Mitchell,Clyde Jll The Concept and Use of Social Networks.lin Social Network in Urban Situations,Edited by J.C.Mitchell.Manchester,Eng:Manchester University Press,1969
[73]B Wellman,SD Berkowitz.Social structures:a network approach.New York:Cambridge University Press,1988
[74]李久鑫,郑绍濂.管理的社会网络嵌入性视角.外国经济与管理,2002(6)
[75]陆德梅,朱国宏.新经济社会学的兴起和发展探微.国外社会科学.2003(59)
[76]Bourdieu.Pierre,The Forms of Capital,Handbook of Theory and Research for Sociology of Education.New York:Greenwood Press,1986
[77]Pierre Bourdieu,Loic Wacquant,nvitation to Reflexive Sociology,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1992,p.9
[78]Granovetter,M.The Strength of Weak Tie.American Journal of Sociology 1973(78):1360-80
[79]Lin,Nan.Social Resources and Social Mobility:A structural Theory of Status Attainment.in Social Mobility and Social Structure,edited by R.Breige.New Yo:Cambridge University Press.1990.247-71
[80]Burt.Ronald S.,Social Capital,Structural Holes,and the Entrepreneur.Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association,August 19-23,Washington,DC.,1995
[81]Lin,Nan.,Social resources and instrumental action,in Marsden,Peter V.& Lin,Nan.(eds.),Social Structure and Network Analysis,Beverly Hills,CA:Sage,1982
[82]Bourdieu.Pierre and Loic J.D.Wacquant,an Invitation to Reflexive Sociology.Chicago,IL:University of Chicago Press.1992
[83]Coleman,James.S,Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital,American Journal of Sociology 1994(Supplement)
[84]Portes,Alejandro,Social Capital:Its Origins and Applications in Modem Sociology,Annual Review of Sociology 24,CA:Annual Review Inc
[85]Ronald S.Burt.The Network Structure of Social Capital.Research in Organization Behavior,edited by Robert 1.Sutton and Barry M.Staw Greenwich,CT:JAL Press,2000
[86]Nahapiet,J.,and S.Ghoshal1998 "Social capital,intellectualcapital,and the organizational advantage." Academy of Management Review,23:242-266
[87]Adler,P.S.,and S.-W.Kwon,"Social capital:Prospects for a new concept." Academy of Management Review,2002(27):17-40
[88]郭毅,朱淼.企业家及企业家网络构建的理论分析.-基于社会网络的分析观点.苏州城市建设环境保护学院学报,2002(3):44-48
[89]赵文红.企业家网络对企业家行为影响的探讨.数量经济技术经济研究,1999(8):71-73
[90]魏江,沈璞,樊培仁.基于企业家网络的企业家学习过程模式剖析.浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版),2005(3):150-157
[91]陈传明,周小虎.关于企业家社会资本的若干思考.南京社会科学,2001(11):1-6
[92]刘冰,姜瑁,陶少青.企业家网络与创业成功的关系研究综述.科技进步与对策,2006(6):171-174
[93]Birley,S.The Role of Networks in the Entrepreneurial Process,Journal of Business Venturing,1(1),107.1985
[94]Hansen,M.The search-transfer problem:the role of weak ties in sharing knowledge across organization subunits.Adminstrative Science Quarterly,1995.44
[95]Littunen,H.Networks and local environmental characteristics in the survival of new firms.Small Business Economics,15(1),59-71,2000
[96]Redding,S.B.海外华人企业家的管理思想--文化背景与风格.上海:三联书店上海分 店,1993
[97]Gary G.Hm ilLon,and Nieole woolbey Bigg.Market,Culture,and Authority:A Comparative Analysis of Management and Organization in Far East,American Journal Sociology,Vol.94:(1988)S52-S94
[98]Ostgaard,T.A.,& Bidey,S.New Veture Growth and Personal Networks.Journal of Business Research,36(1),37
[99]付宏,苏晓燕.企业家社会网络与中小企业成长--结合华中地区的实证分析.湖北经济学院学报,2005(1)
[100]李正彪.企业成长的社会关系网络维度研究.经济问题探索.2003,5:45-49
[101]Shaw,E.A Guide to the qualitative research process:evidence from a small firm study.Qualitative Market Research,2(2),59.1999
[102]Patton,M.Q.Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods.London.1990
[103]Strauss,A.;Corbin,J.,Basics of Qualitative Research,London:SAGE Publications.1990
[104]Herriott,R.E.;Firestone,W.A.,Multisite Qualitative Policy Research:Optimizing Description and Generalizability,Educational Research,1983.12,14-19
[105]Rubenowitz,S Utrednings och for sknings metodik.Esselte stadium,Gtteborg.1980
[106]Jacobsen,D Vad,bur och varfor.Studentlitteratur,Lund.2002
[107]Svensson,P-G & Starrin,B.Kvalitativa studier i teorioch praktik.Student litteratur,Lund.1996
[108]Danny Mackinnon a;Keith Chapman a;Andrew Cumbers,Networking,trust and embeddedness amongst SMEs in the Aberdeen oil complex,Entrepreneurship & Regional Development,Volume 16,Issue 2 March 2004,87 - 106
[109]Nunnally,J.C.Psychometric theory,New York:Me Graw - Hill Book Company.1978
[110]Alter,C.and Hage,J..Organizations working together,Newbury,PA:Sage.1993
[111]肖鸿.试析当代社会网研究的若干进展.社会学研究,1999(3)
[112]Nahapiet,J.and Ghoshal,S.Social capital,intellectual capital and the organizational advantage,Academy of Management Review,1998,23,2,242-266
[113]Van Aalst,H.:,Networking in Society,Organisations and Education,In Schooling of Tomorrow,Networks of Innovation:Towards New Models for Managing Schools and Systems,OECD(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development),Paris.2003
[114]Lundvall,B.A.and Borras,S.:The Globalising Learning Economy:Implications for Innovation Policy,report.1997
[115]DJ Watts,PS Dodds,MFJ Newman.Identity and Search in Social Networks.Science 17.Vol.296.no.5571,pp.1302 - 1305,May 2002
[116]Sliwka,A.:,Networking for Educational Innovation,A Comparative Analysis,In Schooling of Tomorrow,Networks of Innovation:Towards New Models for Managing Schools and Systems,OECD(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development),Paris.2003
[117]Ahuja,G..Collaboration networks,structural holes and innovation:A longitudinal study,Administrative Science Quarterly,2000,45,3,425-455
[118]Gales,L.and Boynton,A.Information ties and innovation management:a qualitative assessment of.information processing and the strength of weak ties.Journal of High Technology Management Research,1992,3,169-188
[119] Kitching, J. and Blackburn, R. Management training and networking in small and medium-sized enterprises in three European regions: implications for business support. Environment and Planning C- Government and Policy, 1999,17, 621-635
[120] Erickson, C. and Jacoby, S. The effects of employer networks on workplace innovation and training. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 2003,56, 203-223
[121] Nooteboom, B.. Institutions and forms of coordination in innovation systems. Organization Studies, 2000,21, 915-939
[122] Bolton, M., Malmrose, R. and Ouchi, W. . The organization of innovation in the United States and Japan: Neoclassical and relational contracting. Journal of Management Studies, 1994,31, 653-679
[123] Grandori, A. and Soda, G. . Inter-firm networks: antecedents, mechanisms and forms. Organization Studies, 1995,16,183-214
[124] Liao, J. and Welsch, H.. Social capital and entrepreneurial growth aspiration: a comparison of technology- and non-technology-based nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of High Technology Management Research, 2003,14,149-170
[125] Baum, J., Calabrese, T. and Silverman, B. Don't go it alone: alliance network composition and start-ups performance in Canadian biotechnology. Strategic Management Journal, 2000,21, 267-294
[126] Teece, D. Profiting from technological innovation: implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy. Research Policy, 1986,15, 285-305
[127] Henning Madsen, Helle Neergaard, Sannie Fisker, John P. Ulh, Entrepreneurship in The Knowledge-Intensive Sector: Influential Factors at the Start-up and Early Growth Phase, NCSB 2004 Conferencel3th Nordic Conference on Small Business Research
[128] 伊巴拉埃米尼亚,亨特马克创建你的战略型人际网络,哈佛商业评论,2007(2)
[129] Elg, U. and Johansson, U. . Decision making in inter-firm networks as a political process. Organization Studies, 1997,18, 361-384
[130] Knights, D., Murray, F. and Willmont, H. Networking as knowledge work. A study of strategic interorganizational development in the financial services industry. Journal of Management Studies, 1993,30, 975-996
[131] Jacquier-Roux, V. and Bourgeois, B. New networks of technological creation in energy industries: reassessment of the roles of equipment suppliers and operators. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 2002,14, 399-417
[132] Grotz, R. and Braun, B. Territorial or transterritorial networking: spatial aspects of technologyoriented co-operation within the German mechanical engineering industry. Regional Studies, 1997,31, 545-557
[133] Streb, J. Shaping the national system of interindustry knowledge exchange: vertical integration, licensing and repeated knowledge transfer in the German plastics industry. Research Policy, 2003,32,1125-1140
[134] Gemser, G., Leenders, M. and Wijnberg, N. The dynamics of inter-firm networks in the course of the industrial life cycle: the role of appropriability. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 8, 439-453,1996
[135] Gemunden, H.G., Ritter, T. and Heydebreck, P.Network configuration and innovation success:an empirical analysis in German high-tech industries.International Journal of Research in Marketing,1996,13,449-462
[136]Almeida,P.and Kogut,B.Localization and knowledge and the mobility of engineers in regional networks.Management Science,1999,45,905-917
[137]Hagedoorn,J.and Duysters,G..External sources of innovative capabilities:the preference for strategic alliances or mergers and acquisitions.Journal of Management Studies,39,167-188.2002
[138]Henning Madsen,Helle Neergaard,Sannie Fisker,John P.Ulhoi,Entrepreneurship in the Knowledge-Intensive Sector:Influential Factors at the Start-up and Early Growth Phase,NCSB 2004 Conference 13th Nordic Conference on Small Business Research.,2004
[139]Rik Donckels,Johan Lambrecht,The network position of small businesses:an explanatory model,Journal of Small Business Management,Vol.35,1997.
[140]Amy B.Davis and Howard E.Aldrich,The Organizational Advange? Social Capital,Gender,and Small Business Owners' access to Resources,Presentation at the 2000 American Sociological Association meetings,2000.
[141]Youness Alizadeh,Unravelling Small Business Owner/managers' Networking activities,http://www.sbaer.uca.edu/research/csb/2000/pdf/56.PDF
[142]赵明达,论温州家族企业成长与社会资本的融合,西安财经学院学报,2006,4
[143]福山.信任--社会美德与创造经济繁荣.海南:海南出版社.2001
[144]马克斯.韦伯.儒教与道教.北京:商务印书馆.1995
[145]贝克尔.家庭经济分析.华夏出版社.P987
[146]JS Hurlbert,VA Haines,JJ Beggs,Core Networks and Tie Activation:What Kinds of Routine Networks Allocate Resources in Nonroutine Situations?,American Sociological Review,Vol.65,No.4(Aug.,2000),598-618
[147]D Krackhardt,The strength of strong ties:The importance of philos in organizations,Networks and Organizations:Structure,Form,and Action,1992
[148]P Ingram,PW Roberts,Friendships among Competitors in the Sydney Hotel Industry,American Journal of Sociology,2000 - UChicago Press
[149]Aldrich,Howard E..Organizations Evolving.London:Sage.1999
[150]Poplelarz,Pamela A..(In)Voluntary Association:A Multilevel Analysis of Gender Segregation in Voluntary Associations.Gender and Society.1999.13:2,234-250
[151]Uzzi,Brian..Embeddedness in the Making of Financial Capital:How Social Relations and Networks Benefit from Firms Seeking Financing.American Sociological Review,1999,64,4:481-505.
[152]Lin,Nan.."Building a Network Theory of Social Capital." Connections,1999,22,1:28-51.
[153]H Aldrich,MA yon Glinow.Personal networks and infrastructure development,in Gibson,D.V.,Kozmetsky,G.,Smiler,R.W.(Eds),The Technopolis Phenomenon:Smart Cities,Fast Systems,Global Networks,Rowman & Littlefield,New York,NY.1992[135]Wetton,Paul."Entrepreneur Mindset - Business Networking For Success." EzineArticles December 2007
[154]Wetton,Paul."Entrepreneur Mindset - Business Networking For Success." EzineArticles 19July 2007.09 December 2007
[155]R Barkham,G Gudgin,M Hart,E Hanvey.The Determinants of Small Firm Growth.Jessica Kingsley,London,1996
[156]Frederic Delmar;Per Davidsson.Where do they come from? Prevalence and characteristics of nascent entrepreneurs.Entrepreneurship & Regional Development,Volume 12,Issue 1 January 2000,pages 1-23
[157]Jonas Dahlqvist;Per Davidsson;Johan Wiklund.Initial Conditions as Predictors of New Venture Performance:A Replication and Extension of the Cooper et al.study.Enterprise &Innovation Mgmt Std,Volume 1,Issue 1 January 2000,pages 1-17
[158]Lee,Don Y.,Tsang,Eric W.K.The effects of entrepreneurial personality,background and network activities on venture growth.Journal of Management Studies,Volume 38,Number 4,June 2001,pp.583-602(20)
[159]Light,Ivan and Stavros Karageorgis,1994,'Ethnic Economy',in Neil J.Smelser and Richard Swedberg(eds.),The Handbook of Economic Sociology,New York,NY:Princeton University Press,pp.647-671
[160]Becchetti,L.& Trovato,G.(2002).The determinants of firm growth for small and medium sized firms.The role of the availability of external finance.Small Business Economics,19(4),291-306
[161]Victor Scholten,Tom Elfring,Onno Omta,The Parent Connection;The effect of the parent -spin-off relationship on the spin-off's successes.Paper for Babson Kaufman Entrepreneurship Research Conference,University of Strathclyde,Glasgow.June 3-5,2004
[162]Johannisson,B..A tripolar model of New Venture Capitalising-Financial,Human and Social Capital.Scandinavian Institute for Research in Entrepreneurship.Vaxj(o|¨):Sweden.2000
[163]Reynolds,Paul D.,and Sammis B.White..The Entrepreneurial Process:Economic Growth,Men,Women,and Minorities.Quorum,.1997
[164]Portes,Alejandro,and Min Zhou..“Self-Employment and the Earnings of Immigrants.”American Sociological Review.1,1996,4,219-230,
[165]Johannisson,B..Economics of overview-guiding the external growth of small firms.International Small Business Journal,1990,9,32-44
[166]Ha Hoang and Bostjan Antoncic.Network-based research in entrepreneurship A critical review.Journal of Business Venturing.Volume 18,Issue 2,March 2003,Pages 165-187
[167]Gulati,R.Alliances and Networks.Strategic Management Journal,Special Issue,1998.19(4):.619-652
[168]Seung Ho Park,Yadong Luo,Guanxi and organizational dynamics:organizational networking in Chinese firms,Strategic Management Journal,Volume 22,Issue 5,455-477,2001
[169]Oliver,A.L.and Liebeskind,J.P..'Three levels of networking for sourcing intellectual capital in biotechnology',International Studies of Management and Organization,1998,27,4,76-103
[170]刘林平.外来人群体中的关系运用——以深圳平江村为个案.中国社会科学,2001(5)
[171]Galaskiewicz,J.The “new network analysis” and its application to organizational theory and behavior.In D.Iacobucci(ed.),Networks and marketing,pp.19-31.Thousand Oaks,CA:Sage.1996
[172]Katherine R.Xin and Jone L.Pearce.Guanxi:Connections as Substitutes for Formal Institutional Support.The Academy of Management Journal,Vol.39,No.6(Dec.,1996),pp.1641-1658
[173]JM Podolny.Networks as the Pipes and Prisms of the Market._AJS Volume 107 Number 1(July 2001):33-60
[174]Scott E.Seibert,Maria L Kraimer and Robert C.Liden.A Social Capital Theory of Career Success._The Academy of Management Journal,Vol.44,No.2(Apr.,2001),pp.219-237
[175]Hurlbert,Jeanne S.,Valerie A.Haines and John J.Beggs.Core Networks and Tie Activation:What Kind of Routine Networks Allocate Resources in Nonroutine Situations?American Sociological Review 65(Augus0:598-618,2000
[176]Bailey,Stefanie,and Peter V.Marsden.Interpretation and interview context:examining the General Social Survey name generator using cognitive methods.Social Networks 21(3):287-309,1999
[177]边燕杰,张文宏.经济体制、社会网络与职业流动.中国社会科学,2001(2)
[178]Zhao,Yandong.Measuring the Social Capital of the Laid-off Chinese Workers.Current Sociology.2002.50
[179]Garnsey,E.."A theory of the early growth of the firm",Industrial and Corporate Change,1998.7,523-556
[180]Van der Poel,Mart G.Delineating personal support networks.Social Networks.1993 Mar Vol 15(1) 49-70
[181]Zhang W H and Ruan D Q Sociological Research 1999.3 12(In Chinese)
[182]Richard Hall.A Framework linking intangible resources and capabilities to sustainable competitive advantage,_Strategic Management Journal,Vol.14,No.8(Nov.,1993),pp.607-618
[183]Victor Scholten,Tom Elfring,Onno Omta,The Parent Connection;The effect of the parent - spin-off relationship on the spin-off's successes.Paper for Babson Kaufman Entrepreneurship Research Conference,June 3-5,2004,University of Strathclyde,Glasgow
[184]Linda A.Renzulli,Howard Aldrich,James Moody,Family Matters:Gender,Networks,and Entrepreneurial Outcomes,Social Forces,December 2000,79(2):523-546
[185]Morten T.Hansen.The search-transfer problem:the role of weak ties in sharing knowledge across organization subunits.Administrative Science Quarterly,Vol.44,1999
[186]Haar,Nancy E.,Starr,Jennifer,MacMillan,lan C.Informal risk capital investors:Investment patterns on the East Coast of the U.S.A.Journal of Business Venturing.3(1988)January:11-29
[187]Colin M.Mason;Richard T.Harrison.Informal venture capital:a study of the investment process,the post-investment experience and investment performance.Entrepreneurship &Regional Development,Volume 8,Issue 2 April 1996,pages 105 - 126
[188]Benson Honig,.Tomas Karlsson.Institutional forces and the written business plan.Journal of Management,Vol.30,No.1,29-48(2004)
[189]Baum,J.A.C.,Calabrese,T.,& Silverman,B.S..Don't go it alone:alliance network composition and startups' performance in Canadian biotechnology.Strategic Management Journal,2000.21:267-294.
[190]赵道致,张靓.资源杠杆--基于企业网络的竞争优势获取模式.科学学与科学技术管理,2006(9)
[191]石秀印.中国企业家成功的社会网络基础.管理世界,1998(6)
[192]Montgomery,James.Job Search and Network composition:Implications of the Strength-of-Weak-Ties Hypothesis.American Sociological Review.1992.57:586-96.
[193]Lin,Nan.Building a Network Theory of Social Capital.Connections.1999,22(1).28-51
[194]Marsden,Peter V.,Core Discussion Networks of Americans.American Sociological 1999.Review 52.
[195]Burt,The social origin of good ideas.Working paper,University of Chicago Graduate School of Business.2002.
[196]Blau,Peter,M.,Social Mobility and Interpersonal Relation.AmericanSociological Review 21.1977,Inequality and Heterogeneity.1956.New York:The Free Press.
[197]Marsden P V.Network data and measurement.Annual Review of Sociology,1990,16:435-4-63
[198]Wellman,Barry & Scott Wortley,"Different Strokes from Different Folks:Community Ties and Social Support." 1990.American Journal of Sociology 96
[199]Granovetter,Mark.Coase Revisited:Business Groups in the Modem Economy.Industrial and Corporate Change 4(1):93-130,1995
[200]Wegener,Bernd,Job Mobility and Social ties:Social Resources,Prior Job,and Status Attainment.American Sociological Review,1991.56
[201]Lin Nan,Dumin Mary,Access to Occupations through Social Ties.Social Networks 1986.13:365-386
[202]Marsden,Peter V.and Jeanne S.Hurlbert.Social Resouces and Mobility Outcomes:A Replication and Extension.Social Forces 66:1034-59,1988.
[203]费孝通.从实求知录.北京:北京大学出版社,1998:119-135
[204]乔健.关系刍议.杨国枢,文崇一.主编.社会与行为科学研究的中国化.1982台北:台湾中央研究院
[205]金耀基.关系和网络的建构一个社会学的诠释.中国社会与文化,1992.香港牛津大学
[206]杨宜音.“自己人”:信任建构过程的个案研究.社会学研究,1999,2:38-52
[207]Dierickx,I.and Cool,K.,Asset Stock Accumulation and Sustainability of Competitive.1989
[208]Blau,P.M..Inequality and heterogeneity.1977.New York:Free Press
[209]Linda A.Renzulli,Howard Aldrich,James Moody.Family Matters:Gender,Networks,and Entrepreneurial Outcomes[J].Social Forces,2000,2(December):523-546
[210]C Fornell,D Larker,tructural equation modeling and regression:guidelines for research practice.Journal of Marketing Research,1981