摘要
知识经济时代,高技术企业的技术开发风险和市场不稳定性更为显著,企业自身知识资源的有限性和市场机遇的时效性使高技术企业越来越多地采用企业间合作的方式来弥补知识缺口,高技术虚拟企业(High-Tech Virtual Enterprise;HTVE)应运而生。实施知识管理是以组织间学习为主要协作手段的HTVE成功的关键,大多数学者看重对企业知识管理理论和基于计算机技术的知识管理系统的研究,由于HTVE跨组织边界和地理位置分散的特点,企业知识管理的研究成果已不能满足HTVE知识管理的需求。对HTVE知识管理模式的深入研究,旨在构建面向HTVE全生命周期的知识管理的理论框架,通过对知识管理的主体、客体、活动、过程等的研究,为解决基于主导高技术企业知识缺口的HTVE知识管理问题提供理论指导。
论文从高技术企业弥补知识缺口的需求开始,针对HTVE跨组织边界的知识管理过程,根据HTVE的生命周期角度各阶段的知识管理主体、内容和任务,以此构建适合HTVE的四维知识管理模式,该模式的构建过程通过HTVE全生命周期的知识管理来实现。
设计了基于外生因素和内生因素的高技术企业知识缺口弥补流程,通过知识需求分析、知识供给分析进行知识缺口的识别,针对不同战略价值的知识缺口,通过成本-收益分析确定高技术企业已具有部分弥补缺口的知识积累时,构建虚拟企业是弥补知识缺口的最佳方式。
基于HTVE生命周期,分析知识管理过程及各生命周期阶段的知识管理任务,并以此确定跨组织边界的知识管理需求;分析企业的知识管理模式及其适用条件,结合HTVE知识管理需求,提出HTVE的知识管理模式应以人文管理模式为主,辅以编码化模式,并建立了HTVE的外部环境会、联盟文化、技术体系和组织间学习的四维知识管理模式,包括构建契约网络、建立学习机制、实现组织间学习和建立知识管理的支持系统。对于HTVE组建期的知识管理,分析合作伙伴选择的知识因素是
HTVE构建的前提,以此通过建立柔性组织结构,选择联盟控制方式、制定科学的知识管理战略和形成鼓励共享的联盟文化来建立HTVE的组织间学习机制;基于模块化思想和知识分工理论实现HTVE的任务分解。
应用动态博弈模型分析了联盟伙伴间信任关系的重要性,依据价值链理论,设计出HTVE组织间学习的层次、过程和内容,以建立起组织间学习模型;在此基础上提出基于知识地图的成员间知识获取方式;为实现基于知识地图的知识获取,设计了基于本体论和语义网的知识表示与存储方式,建立起HTVE知识转移的小世界网络模型,以深入研究HTVE的知识转移机制;知识转移的目的是为了推动合作的知识创新,基于Nonaka提出的知识转化模型建立起HTVE的SECIs模型,深入分析HTVE知识创新的过程。
解散期要对HTVE的知识协作收益进行分配,依据多赢、风险收益最优化等原则,重点研究了知识层次上的知识收益的分配模式。知识管理绩效评价是知识管理的重要内容,HTVE的知识管理绩效评价和单个企业不同,基于AHP和模糊综合评价法建立了知识管理绩效评价模型,以为HTVE更好地实施知识管理提供评价工具。
建立基于知识地图的知识管理支持系统,构建HTVE四维知识管理模式的技术层面,通过知识管理业务流程和系统流程分析,设计了五层知识管理体系结构,在此基础上分别设计出系统的网络平台结构、功能结构,并对知识地图和知识协作系统进行了详细设计,最后应用ASP.NET、XML语言和SQL Server 2005完成了平台的开发。
完成HTVE知识管理模式的构建之后,应用海尔三洋合作的冰箱技术改进项目作为HTVE的实证研究背景,分析了核心企业的知识缺口及其互补性,并通过组建期和运行期的知识管理实践来验证HTVE四维知识管理模式的可行性与有效性。
HTVE知识管理模式的研究对提高我国高技术企业竞争能力具有重要的实际意义,为高技术企业知识缺口弥补提供有效的途径,同时也为以知识共享和技术合作为主要合作方式的HTVE的管理模式的研究奠定了坚实的理论基础,对组织间的知识管理理论与方法的研究具有重要的理论价值。
In the era of knowledge economy, high-tech enterprises faces much more risks of technology development and market instability. Because of the limitation of knowledge resources and time-effectiveness of market opportunities, high-tech enterprises prefer to compensate for knowledge gaps by inter-organizational collaboration, hence High-Tech Virtual Enterprises (HTVE) come into being. It is crucial for a successful HTVE to implement knowledge management by inter-organizational learning. However, most of scholars made researches on the theories and the computer based system of enterprise knowledge management. Since HTVE has the characteristics of inter-organizational boundary and dispersed distribution in location, the existed research findings in enterprise knowledge management can’t meet the requirements of HTVE’s knowledge management. The dissertation makes thorough and deep research on knowledge management mode of HTVE, aiming to construct the theoretical framework of knowledge management for the whole life cycle of HTVE. It studies the subjects, objects, activities and process of knowledge management, hoping to provide theoretical directions for HTVE in resolving the problems of knowledge management.
The dissertation begins with the requirements to compensate knowledge gaps of high-tech enterprises, and studies the process of inter-organizational knowledge management. Based on subjects, objects and tasks in different life stages of HTVE, four-dimension knowledge management mode is built, which is realized by knowledge management in whole life cycle of HTVE.
The process of compensation for knowledge gaps of high-tech enterprise is designed according to the exogenous and endogenous factors. Knowledge gap can be identified by the analysis of knowledge requirements and knowledge supplies. When it is tested by the way of cost-profit analysis that HTVE has already had a part of knowledge accumulation for knowledge gaps, building virtual enterprise is the best choice.
Based on the whole life cycle of HTVE, it analyzes the process and tasks of knowledge management, therefore the requirements of inter-organizational knowledge are identified. It also analyzes enterprise knowledge management modes and applicable conditions, and puts forwards that knowledge management of HTVE should take personalization mode as the principal, and take the codification mode as the subsidiary. It establishes a four-dimension knowledge management mode, namely external environment, alliance culture, and technology system, and inter-organizational learning, which includes construction of contract network, building of learning mechanism, realization of inter-organizational learning, and setting of support system of knowledge management.
Analysis of knowledge factors of cooperative partner selection is the foundation of building a HTVE, in the construction stage. Inter-organizational learning mechanism is built by setting up flexible organization structure, selecting of control modes, laying out scientific knowledge management strategy, and forming of alliance culture. Mission distribution is accomplished based on modularization idea and theory of knowledge division.
It applies dynamic game model to analyze the significance of intra-partner trust in alliance. According to value chain theory, inter-organizational learning model is set up by designing levels, process, and contents. Therefore it puts forward a way of inter-member knowledge acquisition based knowledge map. It builds small-world network model for knowledge transfer of HTVE through applying ontology and semantic web to represent and store knowledge in turn. The purpose of knowledge transfer is to promote the knowledge innovation. Therefore, it needs to further study on knowledge innovation, by setting up the SECIs model of HTVE, according to knowledge transfer model by Nonaka.
In the dismiss stage, it needs to allocate the knowledge returns. Under the principle of win-win, optimum of risks and returns, allocation mode is designed in the knowledge layer. Performance evaluation of knowledge management is the important step for HTVE, but it is different from the performance evaluation of knowledge management of the individual enterprise. Model of performance evaluation of knowledge management is designed based on AHP and Sequential Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method.
Building of information system platform for knowledge management based on knowledge map is technical level of four-dimension knowledge management mode. Transaction flow and systematic flow is analyzed, and systematic framework with five layers is designed. Subsequently, web structure and functions are designed, and knowledge map and knowledge coordination system is designed in detail. As last, the platform is implemented by ASP.NET, XML and SQL Server 2005.
After construction of knowledge management mode, the collaborative project of refrigerator technical improvement from Haier Group and Sanyo Group is taken as an empirical analysis. Knowledge gaps of core members and their complementarities are analyzed under this empirical background. The practice of knowledge management in the construction and operating stage certifies the feasibility and effectiveness of four-dimension knowledge management mode.
The study on knowledge management mode is of practical significance for high-tech enterprises to enhance competitiveness. Furthermore, the findings will provide effective ways for high-tech enterprises to compensate their knowledge gaps, also lay a solid theoretical foundation on the study of management mode for HTVE. Since knowledge sharing and technique cooperation is the primary cooperative pattern for HTVE, the dissertation also has great theoretical value for the theory and methodology research on inter-organizational knowledge management.
引文
[1]周和荣.敏捷虚拟企业-实现及运行机理研究[M].武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2007:1-15.
[2]陈剑,冯尉东.虚拟企业构建与管理[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2002:5-58.
[3] FRANK D. Focusing on Core Competencies and Leveraging Partner Abilities Can Drive Business Success [J]. Intelligent Enterprise, 2001,(9):44-62.
[4] MACKENZIE K D. Virtual Positions, Processes, and Organizations [J]. In The Government and NGO, 2000:383-403.
[5]芮明杰,陈娟.高技术企业知识体系的构建与管理[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社,2006:1-43,94-106.
[6]达庆利,王愚,万伦来.虚拟企业结构模型及其运作机制[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004:10-25.
[7]陈菊红,孙琪霞,朱玉岭.企业知识缺口识别方法及弥补策略研究[J].科学学研究,2007,25(4):751-755.
[8] MICHAEL H. Z. Developing a Knowledge Strategy [J]. California Management Review, 1999, 41(3):125-145.
[9]朱玉岭.虚拟企业的知识缺口及伙伴选择研究[D].西安:西安理工大学学位论文,2006:1-42.
[10]张华.高技术企业成长研究[D].成都:四川大学学位论文,2003:15-80.
[11]芮明杰,李鑫,任红波.高技术企业知识创新模式研究——对野中郁次郎知识创造模型的修正与扩展[J].外国经济与管理,2004,5:1-7.
[12]芮明杰,樊圣君.“造山”:以知识和学习为基础的企业的新逻辑[J].管理科学学报,2001,4(3):14-24.
[13]李艳林.高技术与高新技术之区别及中国的战略选择[J].科学学与科学技术管理,1995,16(2):38-40.
[14]王丽.高技术企业知识转化体系研究[D].西安:西安理工大学学位论文,2006:2-45.
[15] BERGMAN A, FUSS M, REGEB H. High Tech Firms in Israeli Industry [J].National Bureau of ECONOMIC Research, 1989, (3):15-20.
[16]唐华茂.高技术产业发展与创新[D].北京:中国社会科学院研究生院学位论文,2001:1-30.
[17]赵历男,马力,李垣.高新技术企业集群化的利益机制探讨[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2006,16(6):178-181.
[18]芮明杰,陈娟.高技术企业知识体系概念框架及其内部互动模型——个解释知识创新过程的新框架[J].上海管理科学,2004,(2):7-10.
[19] REBECCA H. Plugging the Knowledge gap: An International Comparison of the Role for Policy in the Venture Capital Market [J]. Venture Capital, 2002, 4(1):59-76.
[20]叶明.高技术企业战略联盟的运作管理[J].科学管理研究,2003,21(5):45-49.
[21]李维胜.高技术企业可持续发展研究[D].长春:吉林大学学位论文,2006:1-40.
[22]国家发展改革委高技术司.2005年我国高技术产业发展报告[J].中国经贸导刊,2006,(8):29-31.
[23]姚飞.不确定环境下我国高新技术产业发展思路与战略选择[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2006,1:176-177.
[24]薛伟贤,张志芳.高技术企业成长模式国际比较及我国的选择[J].科技进步与对策,2006,6:101-104.
[25]国家统计局.基普分析之十二:我国高技术产业发展中的问题与对策[EB/OL] . http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjfx/ztfx/decjbdwpc/t20030523_79570.htm ,2003.
[26] KENNETH P, STEVEN L, GOLDMAN, et al. 21st Century Manufacturing Enterprises Strategy: An Industry-Led View [M]. Iacocca Institute, Lehigh University, 1991: 5-38.
[27] DAVIDOW W H, MALONE M S. The Virtual Corporation: Structuring and Revitalizing the Corporation for the 21st Century [M]. New York: HarperCollins, 1992: 10-35.
[28] GOLDMAN S L, NAGEL R N, PREISS K. Agile Competitors and Virtual Organizations [M]. Van Nostrand Renhold, 1994: 2-28.
[29]叶飞,孙东川.面向生命周期的虚拟企业组建与运作[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2005:2-26,45-58.
[30] MACKENZIE K. D. A Theory for Managing Fast Changing Organizations [J]. Current Topics in Management, 2000:17-39.
[31]杨建华,薛恒新,韩顺平.虚拟企业中的多代理技术研究[J].高技术通讯,2002,(2):43-48.
[32]冯蔚东,陈剑.虚拟企业中核心能力的定性与定量识别[J].系统工程理论与实践,2002,(5):48-54.
[33] KAPLAN R S, NORTON D P. Transforming the Balanced Scored from Performance Measurement to Strategic Management: PartⅠ[J].Accounting Horizons, 2001, 15(1):87-104.
[34]高阳,陈一鸣,单汨源等.虚拟企业的一种组织结构[J].武汉理工大学学报(信息与管理工程版),2002,(3):116-118.
[35]夏静波.虚拟企业的伙伴选择系统研究[D].西安:西北工业大学学位论文,2005:1-50.
[36] WANG R, JI J H,YING S H. Analysis of Revenue Sharing Contracts with Uncertain Demand in Supply Chain [J]. The 2006 international conference on Management science and engineering, 2006, (1): 522-525.
[37] CHENG H F, CAI J H. A Model for Profit Allocation between Integrator and Manufacturer Based on Integrated Supply [J]. Fourth WuHan International Conference on E-business: the Internet Era and the Global Enterprise, 2005, (2): 993-998.
[38]陈菊红,汪应洛.灵捷虚拟企业信息平台的功能及合作机制研究[J].制造业自动化,2002,24(2):41-44.
[39] SIMON F, YIGAL H. In Search of the Right Partner In: L.M.Camarinha-Matos Collaborative Business Ecosystems and Virtual Enterprises [M]. Sesimbra, Portugal. Kluwer Academic Publisher, Boston/Dordrecht/London, 2002: 55-62.
[40]胡健飞,杜伟.虚拟企业知识管理问题研究[J].科技情报开发与经济,2006,16(8):181-182.
[41] JERMOL M, NADA L, TANJA U. Managing Business Intelligence in A Virtual Enterprise: A Case Study and Knowledge Management Lessons Learned [J]. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 2003, 14:121-136.
[42] AJITH A, LAKHMI C J. Knowledge Engineering in An Intelligent Environment [J].Journal of Intelligent &Fuzzy Systems, 2003, 14:119-120.
[43] RIVATHSAN K R S. The“I”in IT: A Pancha Kosha View [J]. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management.2004, 5(1):1-14.
[44] DAVENPORT E. Mundane Knowledge Management and Microlevel Organizational Learning: An Ethological Approach. Journal of the American Siciety for Information Science and Technology [J]. 2002, 53(12):1038-1046.
[45] PETER J L, MICHAEL L. Relative Absorptive Capacity and Interorganizational Learning [J]. Strategic Management Journal, 1998, (19): 461-477.
[46] NUSCHKE P, JIANG X C. A Framework for Inter-organizational Collaboration Using Communication and Knowledge Management Tools [J]. Online Communications and Social Compute, 2007:406-415.
[47]张昌蓉.虚拟研发组织知识管理系统分析[J].经济管理,2007,(4):77-81.
[48]齐二石,郑晓东,郑轶松等.基于Web的虚拟企业知识管理系统研究[J].工业工程,2006,9(1):70-74.
[49]齐二石,刘传铭,王玲等.虚拟企业知识管理系统架构研究[J].图书情报知识,2004,2(1):22-24.
[50]霍艳芳,刘铭传,王玲.虚拟企业知识管理应用模块设计[J].研究与发展管理,2004,16(3):58-60.
[51]成桂芳,宁宣熙.虚拟企业知识分工与协作研究[J].科技进步与对策,2005,1:89.
[52]陈菊红,朱玉岭.基于生命周期的虚拟企业知识活动分析及其伙伴选择过程研究[J].当代经济科学,2006,28(4):84-90.
[53]朱玉岭,陈菊红,赵培勇.敏捷虚拟企业知识共享风险分析[J].情报杂志,2006,(3):43-48.
[54]汤建影,黄瑞华.研发联盟企业间知识共享影响因素的实证研究[J].预测,2005,24(5):20-25.
[55]曹好顺,杨肖鸳.虚拟企业中的知识传播[J].商业研究,2004,14(298):70-72.
[56]方永恒,瞿伟.基于模糊神经网络的虚拟企业知识共享风险预警研究[J].科技与管理,2006,(3):53-55.
[57]彭灿.虚拟企业中的组织间知识转移与学习[J].科技进步论坛,2005,3:10-12.
[58]彭佳.虚拟企业中的知识转移问题研究[D].沈阳:东北大学学位论文,2005:1-15,25-65.
[59]樊斌,赵玉华,高长元.高技术虚拟企业知识供应链结构模式研究[J].哈尔滨理工大学学报,2004,9(4):44-46,51.
[60]刘俊杰,付毓维.高技术虚拟企业知识管理链的构建与实施策略[J].学术论坛,2008,(11):125-128.
[61] MORONE P, TAYLOR R. Knowledge Diffusion Dynamics and Network Properties of Face-to-Face Interactions [J]. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 2004, 14(3):327-351.
[62] HAIDER S. Organization Knowledge Gaps: Concept and Implications [C]. Druid Summer Conference 2003, Copenhagen, Dermark, 2003:100-125.
[63]汪娟.基于知识缺口的企业知识联盟选择分析[J].图书情报工作,2007,6:41-44.
[64] VOS J P, KEIZER J A, HALMAN J I. Diagnosing constraints in knowledge of SMEs [J]. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 1998, (58):227-239.
[65]郭维森,党延忠.企业过程性知识的获取方法[J].系统工程理论方法应用,2003,12(1):29-33.
[66] EVANS G N, TOWILL D R, NAIM M M. Business Process Reengineering the Supply Chain [J]. Production Planning and Control, 1999, 6(3):227-237.
[67] KUSIAK A, LARSON T N, WANG J. Reengineering of Design and Manufacturing Processes [J]. Computer & Industrial Engineering, 1994, 26(3):521-536.
[68]王众托.知识系统工程[M].北京:科学出版社, 2004: 8-20,65-116,141-174.
[69] BENNET A D. Characterizing the Next Generation Knowledge Organization [J]. Journal of the KMCI, 2000, 1(1):8-24.
[70] NONAKA I, TAKEUCHI H. The Knowledge-creating Company [M]. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995: 1-35.
[71]吕巍,吴韵华,严紫瑶.知识战略选择-战略管理的新命题[J].复旦学报(自然科学版),2001,40(2):194-198.
[72]党兴华,任斌全.网络环境下企业技术创新中的知识缺口及其弥补策略研究[J].科研管理,2005,5(3):12-16.
[73] HAYEK F A. Individualism and Economic Order [M]. Beijing: Joint Publishing Company, 2003:116-136.
[74]党兴华,汤喜建,蒋军锋.不同成长机制下企业知识缺口弥补的比较研究[J].软科学,2007,21(1):130-133.
[75]周敏.跨组织知识管理理论与方法研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学学位论文,2006:19-22.
[76] SRINIVAS T, BAKER R C. Quantitative Framework for Designing Efficient Business Process Alliances[C]. American: IEEE International Engineering Management Conference, Managing Virtual Enterprises: A Convergence of Communications, Computing, and Energy Technologies, 1996: 656-661.
[77] JOHNSON M, MEADE L, ROGERS J. Partner Selection in the Agile Environment[C]. 4th Annual Agility Forum Conference Pronc. Atlanta: ARRI, 1995: 496-505.
[78] AFONSO O, ALVES R H.“To Deficit or Not to Deficit”: Should European Fiscal Rules Differ Among Countries? [D]. FEP Working Papers, 2006:1-32.
[79] HOOGEWEEGEN M R, WIM J M, VERVEST, et al. Modular Network Design Using Information and Communication Technology to Allocate Production Tasks in a Virtual Organization[J]. Decision Sciences, 1999, (4):1073-1103.
[80]包国宪.虚拟企业管理导论[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2006:13-83,228.
[81]叶飞,孙东川.面向生命周期的虚拟企业组建于运作[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2005:5-24.
[82] PRAHALAD C K, HAMEL G. The Core Competence of the Corporation [J]. Harvard Business Review, 1990, May-June: 79-91.
[83] HAMMER M, CHAMPY J. Reengineering the Corporation: A Manifesto for Business Revolution [M]. London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 1993:5-18.
[84]孙东川,叶飞,张红.虚拟企业生命周期系统管理[J].系统工程,2002,20(1):36-41.
[85] DOVE R. Plumbing the Agile Organization [J]. Production, 1994,106(12):14-15.
[86] DOVE R. Measuring Agility: the Toll of Turmoil [J]. Production, 1995, 107(1):12-14.
[87]林莉,周鹏飞.基于知识联盟的高技术企业成长机制与策略[J].科技管理研究,2007,(12):232-234.
[88]张钢.企业组织创新过程中的学习机制及知识管理[J].科研管理,1999,(3):40-45.
[89]万伦来,达庆利.虚拟企业:一种学习型联盟的组织[J].管理科学学报,2002,5(6):71-76.
[90]翟丽丽.高技术虚拟企业管理模式研究[J].管理现代化,2004,(2):31-33.
[91] COLEMAN D,WARD L. Building the Value Chain through Real-time Knowledge Sharing[J]. Knowledge Management, 2000, (1):21-22.
[92] GRANT R M. Toward a Knowledge-based Theory of the Firm [J]. Strategic Management Journal, 1996, 17:111-118.
[93]葛新权,周秀玲.基于学习型联盟的虚拟企业知识管理模型[J].科技管理研究,2008,(10):205-208.
[94] FRANKE U. The Knowledge-Based View (KBV) of the Virtual Web, the Virtual Corporation, and the Net-broker [M]. Knowledge management and Virtual Organizations America Idea Group Publishing.2000:20-43.
[95]李志宏,吴鹏飞.虚拟企业知识管理的模式构建与支撑平台研究[J].图书情报工作,2006,52(1):35-38.
[96] DEUTSCH K.“On communication models in the social science”[J]. Public Opinion Quarterly, 1952, 16:365-400.
[97]白庆珉.图书馆知识管理模式设计[J].情报杂志,2005,(4):30-32,35.
[98]左美云.企业知识管理的内容框架研究[J].中国人们大学学报,2003,5:69-76.
[99] LIEBOWITZ J. Knowledge Management Handbook. London:CRC Press,1999:1-5.
[100] O’DELL C. A Current Review of Knowledge Management Best Practice[C]. Conference on Knowledge Management and the Transfer of Best Practice. Business Intelligence, London, 1996.
[101]张苏.美国企业的两种知识管理模式[J].经济理论与经济管理,2001,(2):39-42.
[102] ELLRAM L M. A Managerial Guideline for the Development and Implementation of Purchasing Partnerships [J]. International Journal of Purchasing and Materials Management, 1991, 27(2):2-8.
[103] RAGHU T S, VINZE A. A Business Process Context for Knowledge Management [J]. Decision Support System, 2007, 43: 1062-1079.
[104]张建华,刘仲英.当前知识管理系统模型问题与对策分析[J].情报学报,2004,23(1):73-77.
[105] WIDOM J. Data Management for XML [J]. IEEE Data engineering Bulletin Special Issue on XML. 1999, 22(3):45-52.
[106] CALDWELL N H, RODGERS P A, HUXOR A P, et al. Web-based Knowledge Management for Distributed Design [J]. IEEE Expert Intelligent Systems & Their Application.2000, 15(3):40-47.
[107] ROBERT H. Use Your Intranet for Effective Knowledge Management []. E-Business Advisor, 1999,4:27-29
[108]许孟丽.虚拟企业知识管理系统的模型研究[D].大连:大连海事大学管理学学位论文,2005:15-37.
[109] SRINIVAS T, BAKER R C. Quantitative Framework for Designing Efficient Business Process Alliances[C]. American: IEEE International Engineering Management Conference, Managing Virtual Enterprises: A Convergence of Communications, Computing, and Energy Technologies, 1996: 656-661.
[110] MASKIN E S. Mechanism Design: How to Implement Social Goals [J]. American Economic Review. 2008, 98(3):567-576.
[111]张毅,张子刚.企业网络与组织间学习的关系链模型[J].科研管理,2005,26(2):136-141.
[112]李焕荣,林健.基于知识联盟的企业核心能力培养[J].科研管理,2001,22(3):20-26.
[113] LIAO S H, HU T C. Knowledge Transfer and Competitive Advantage on Environmental Uncertainty: An Empirical Study of the Taiwan Semiconductor Industry [J]. Technovation, 2007, 27:402-411.
[114] WALTER J, LECHNER C, FRANZ W K. Knowledge Transfer between andwithin Alliance Partners: Private versus Collective Benefits of Social Capital [J]. Journal of Business Research, 2007, 60:698-710.
[115] NONAKA I. A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation [J]. Organization Science, 1994, 5(1):14-37.
[116] SZULANSKI G. Exploring Internal Stickiness: Impediments to the Transfer of Best Practice within the Firm [J]. Strategic Management Journal. 1996,17:27-44.
[117]张毅,张子刚.企业网络组织间学习过程的影响因素研究[J].研究与发展管理,2006,18(3):22-28.
[118] CHEN C J. The Determinants of Knowledge Transfer through Strategic Alliances[C]. Boston: Academy of Management Best Conference, 2004:1-6.
[119]常荔,邹珊刚,李顺才.基于知识链的知识扩散的影响因素研究[J].科研管理,2001,22(5):122-127.
[120] LARSON R, BENGTSSON L, HENRIKSSON K, et al. The Interorganizational Learning Dilemma: Collective Knowledge Development in Strategic Alliances [J]. Organization science, 1998, 9(3):285-305.
[121] HAMEL G. Competition for Competence and Inter-partner Learning within International Strategic Alliances [J]. Strategic Management Journal. 1991, 12(4):83-103.
[122] COHEN W M, LEVINTHAL D A. Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation [J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1990, 35(1):128-152.
[123]贾晓霞,周溪召.合作创新企业间知识转移障碍因素识别与对策研究[J].科学管理研究,2007,25(1):61-64.
[124] WANG P, TONG T W, KOH C P. An Integrated Model of Knowledge Transfer from MNC Parent to China Subsidiary [J]. Journal of World Business, 2004, 39:168-182.
[125]杨觉英,封殿胜,陈寿雨.基于知识管理的学习——网络组织结构研究[J].中国管理科学,2005,13:438-442.
[126] ALSTYNE M V. The State of Network Organization: A Survey in Three Frameworks [J]. Journal of Organizational Computing, 1997, 7(3):253-297.
[127] JARVENPAA S L, SHAW T R. Global Virtual Teams: Integrating Models of Trust [C]. Organizational Virtualness, Proceedings of the Virtual-organization Net Workshop, April27-28, 1998: 65-76.
[128]潘东华,单元.基于项目的虚拟组织知识管理系统的分析与设计[C].全国第十届企业信息化与工业工程学术年会,杭州,2006:553-558.
[129] MARTINES M T, FOULETIER P, PARK K H, et al. Virtual Enterprise Organization, Evolution and Control[J]. Production Economics, 2001,74:225-238.
[130]覃征,汪应洛,张磊等.网络企业管理[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,2001:235-305.
[131]陈浩然,廖貅武,谢恩.不同控制方式互动关系及其对技术创新影响研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2007,(5):57-61.
[132]李垣,陈浩然,赵文红.组织间学习、控制方式与自主创新关系研究——基于两种技术差异情景的比较分析[J].科学学研究,2008,26(1):199-204.
[133] ACHROL R S. Changes in the Theory of Interorganizational Relations in Marketing: toward a Network Paradigm [J]. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 1997,25(4):56-71.
[134] DAS T K, TENG B. Trust, Control, and Risk in Strategic Alliances: An Integrated Framework [J]. Organization Studies, 2001,22(2):251-283
[135] BROOK T, H.V. Luong. Culture and Economy: The Shaping of Capitalism in Eastern Asia [M]. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997:1-55.
[136] POPPO L, ZENGER T. Do Formal Contracts and Relational Governance Function as Substitutes or Complements? [J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2002, 23(8):707-725.
[137]陈菊红,王能民,杨彤.供应链中的知识管理[J].科研管理,2002,23(1):98-102.
[138]陈荣仲,蒲云,祝建军.高新技术产业集群企业知识共享的动态博弈[J].统计与决策,2007,2:148-150.
[139] CHUNG S, SINGH H, LEE K C. Status Similarity and Social Capital as Drivers of Alliance Formation [J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2001, (10): 21-22.
[140]成桂芳,宁宣熙,詹月林.基于虚拟企业信息网的成员企业间知识协作研究[J].情报杂志,2000,(6):80-82.
[141] ZHANG X Q, MAO X M, SIMAAN M A. Developing a Knowledge Management System for Improved Value Engineering Practices in the Construction Industry[J]. Automation in Construction, 2009, 3:1-13.
[142] BECKER G S, MURPLY K M. The Division of Labor, Coordination Costs, and Knowledge [J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1992, 107(4):1137-1160.
[143]庄亚明,李金生.高技术企业知识联盟中的知识转移研究[J].科研管理,2004,25(6):50-55.
[144] GORDON J L. Creating Knowledge Maps by Exploiting Dependent Relationships [J]. Knowledge-Based Systems, 2000, 13: 71-79.
[145]包国宪,陈浩宇.基于知识地图的虚拟企业知识转移研究[J].科技进步与对策,2008,25(3):165-168.
[146] GULER I, DEMIRHAN A, KARAKIS R. Interpretation of MR Images Using Self-organizing Maps and Knowledge-based Expert Systems [J]. Digital Signal Processing, 2009, 19:668-677.
[147]彭灿.供应链中的知识流动与组织间学习[J].科研管理,2004,25(3):81-85.
[148] JUANG Y S, LIN S S, KAO H P. A Knowledge Management System for Series-parallel Availability Optimization and Design [J]. Expert Systems with Applications, 2008, 34: 181-193.
[149]许学国,彭正龙,尤建新.全球化背景下组织间学习模式研究[J].管理科学,2004,17(4):31-37.
[150] ANNEMETTE K, KARLHEINZ K. A Process Model of Establishing Knowledge Management: Insights from a Longitudinal Field Study [J]. The International Journal of Management Science, 2008, 36 :282-297.
[151]郑胜利,周丽群.论产业集群的知识协作机制[J].世界地理研究,2004,13(1):87-94.
[152] JING L D, FELICIA M F. A Processual Analysis of Knowledge Transfer: From Foreign MNEs to Chinese Suppliers [J]. International Business Review, 2007, 16: 449-473.
[153] KANE A A, LINDA A, JOHN M L. Knowledge Transfer between Groups via Personal Rotation: Effects of Social Identity and Knowledge Quality [J]. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2005, 96: 56-71.
[154] KANU Y. Tensions and Dilemmas of Cross-cultural Transfer of Knowledge: Post-structural/postcolonial Reflections on An Innovative Teacher Education in Pakistan [J]. International Journal of Educational Development, 2005, 25:493-513.
[155] KALP P, SINGH H, PERLMUTTER H. Learning and Protection of Proprietary Assets in Strategic Alliances: Building Relational Capital [J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2000, 21(3):217-237.
[156] JOAN E V A, MATHIEU W. Managing Learning in Information Innovation Networks: Overcoming the Daphne-Dilemma [J]. R&D Management. 2000, 30(2):139-149.
[157] TUPTA A K, GOVINDARAJAN V. Knowledge flows within multinational corporations [J]. Strategic Management Journal. 2000, 21(4): 473-496.
[158]汪忠,黄瑞华.合作创新企业间技术知识转移中知识破损问题研究[J].科研管理,2006,27(2):95-101.
[159]肖小勇.基于企业网络的组织间知识转移研究[D].长沙:中南大学学位论文,2005:119-127.
[160] DYER J H, SHNGH H. The Relational View: Cooperative Strategy and Sources of Interorganizational Competitive Advantage [J]. Academy of Management Review, 1998, 23(4):660-679.
[161] PARKHE A. Building Trust in International Alliances [J].Journal of World Business, 1998, 33(4):417-437.
[162]陈国权,马萌.组织学习的过程模型研究[J].管理科学学报,2000,3(3):15-23.
[163] SENGE P M. Learning Organizations [M]. USA: Art & Licensing International Inc, 1995: 1-32.
[164]芮明杰,陈晓静.组织学习模型简要评述——基于知识论视角[J].管理学报,2006,3(6):745-753.
[165] STANLEY F S, JOHN C N. Market Orientation and the Learning Organization [J]. Journal of Marketing, 1995, 59(3):63-74.
[166]张毅,张子刚.企业网络组织间学习过程的二维模型[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2005,(9):67-71.
[167]顾新,郭耀煌,罗利.知识链成员之间利益分配的二人合作博弈分析[J].系统工程理论与实践,2004,24(7):24-29,37.
[168] LEE J N, KWORK R C W. A Fuzzy GSS Framework for Organizational Knowledge Acquisition [J]. International Journal of Information Management, 2000, 20(5):383-398.
[169]王君,樊治平.一种基于Multi-Agent的组织知识获取模型框架[J].中国管理科学,2004,(1):41-45.
[170] WOO J H, CLAYTON M J, CLAYTON, et al. Dynamic Knowledge Map: Reusing Experts’Tacit Knowledge in the AEC Industry [J]. Automation in Construction.2004, (13):203-207.
[171] DAVENPORT T, PRUSAK L. Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know [M]. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1998:3-12 .
[172]吴正荆,朱晶.知识地图方法及其在国内语义网络文献研究中的应用[J].情报科学,2008,26(10):1502-1506.
[173] TUULA L, HENRI S, JARI S. Applying Knowledge Management to Project Marketing in a Demanding Technology Transfer Project: Convincing the Industrial Customer over the Knowledge Gap [J]. Industrial Marketing Management, 2009, 38: 228-236.
[174] FRANCOIS T, HEINZ H. From Topological Knowledge to Geometrical Map [J]. Control Engineering Practice, 1999, 7:797-802.
[175]靳晋,顾明.基于XML的语义知识表达和智能搜索[J].计算机工程与设计,2007,28(3):668-670,709.
[176]吴江.基于本体的知识管理系统关键技术研究[D].西安:西北大学学位论文,2007:38-65.
[177] CHENG H, LU Y C, SHEU C. An Ontology-based Business Intelligence Application in a Financial Knowledge Management System [J]. Expert Systems with Applications, 2009, 36:3614-3622.
[178] HOO T, HAN I. Knowledge-based Data Mining of News Information on the Internet Using Cognitive Maps and Neural Networks [J]. Expert Systems with Applications, 2002, 23(1):1-8.
[179] KIM H G, FILLIES C, SIMTH B, et al. Visualizing a Dynamic Knowledge Map Using Semantic Web Technology [J/OL]. 2002, 2048: 121-126. http://www.semtalk.com/pub/KimFillies.htm.
[180]邓志鸿,唐世渭,张铭等.Ontology研究综述[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2002,38(5):730-738.
[181]蔡波.虚拟企业基于知识的产品概念设计研究[D].西安:西北工业大学学位论文,2002:48-125.
[182] PAUL A R, NICHOLAS H M C, JOHN P C, et al. The Management of Concept Design Knowledge in Modern Product Development Organizations [J]. Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 2001, 14(1):108-115.
[183] SVEIBY K E. A Knowledge-based Theory of the Firm to Guide [J]. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 2001, 2(4): 344-358.
[184] SVEIBY K E. Collaborative Climate and Effectiveness of Knowledge Work- an Empirical Study [J]. Journal of Knowledge Management, 2002, 6(5): 420-433.
[185] CUMMINGS J L, TENG B S. Transferring R&D Knowledge: the Key Factors Affecting Knowledge Transfer Success [J]. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management. 2003, (20):39-68.
[186]吴冰,刘仲英,赵林度.供应链协同的知识转移研究[J].情报杂志,2008,(1):15-17,20.
[187]唐方成,席酉民.知识转移与网络组织的动力学行为模式(Ⅰ)[J] .系统工程理论与实践,2006,(5):122-127.
[188] WATTS D J, STROGATZ S H. Collective Dynamics of“small-world”Network [J]. Nature, 1998, 393: 440-442.
[189] ROBIN C, NOCP;AS J. Network Structure and the Diffusion of Knowledge [J]. Journal of Economic Dynamics & Control, 2004,28(8):1557-1575.
[190] JEONG H, TOMBOR B, ALBERT R, et al. The Large-scale Organization of Metabolic Network [J]. Nature, 2001, 407:651-654.
[191] KRACKHARDT D. The Strength of Strong Ties [M]. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1992: 216-239.
[192] MARSDEN P V. Network data and measurement [J]. Annual Review of Sociology, 1990, 16: 435-463.
[193]张志勇,刘益,谢恩.基于动态网络模型的研发团队隐性知识转移研究[J].运筹与管理,2007,16(6):142-147.
[194] LATORA V, MARCHIORI M. Economic Small-world Behavior in Weighted Network [J]. The European Physical Journal B. 2003, 32:249-263.
[195] NONAKA I, TAKEUCHI H. The Knowledge Creating Company: HowJapanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation [M]. London: Oxford University Press, 1995: 3-123.
[196]邓丹.研发团队的知识共享研究——从社会网络的角度[D].南京:南京航空航天大学学位论文,2006:14-48.
[197]李金华,孙东川.复杂网络上的知识传播模型[J].华南理工大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(6):99-102.
[198] NEWMAN M E J. The Structure and Function of Complex Networks [J]. SIAM Review, 2003, 42(2):167-256.
[199] KLIMOSHI R, MOHAMMED S. Team Mental Model: Construct or Metaphor [J]. Journal of Management, 1994: 403-437.
[200] LIU G, LIU Q. Self-organization Mechanics of Knowledge Diffusion in a Network [C/OL]. International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, 2007: 5365-5368. http://ieeexplore.iee e.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=04341089.
[201] ALBINO V, GARAVELLI A C, SCHIUMA G. Knowledge Transfer and Inter-firm Relationships in Industrial Districts: The Role of the Leader Firm [J]. Technovation. 1999(19):53-63.
[202]邝宁华.强联系与跨部门复杂知识转移困难的克服[J].研究与发展管理,2004,16(2):20-25.
[203] CHWE M S Y. Communication and Coordination in Social Networks [J]. Review of Economic Studies, 2000, 67: 1-16.
[204] HISLOP D, NEWELL S. Innovation and Networks: Linking Diffusion and Implementation [J]. International Journal of Innovation Management. 1997, 1(4):427-448.
[205] NONAKA I, TOYAMA R, KONNO N. SECI, Ba and Leadership: A Unified Model of Dynamic Knowledge Creation [J]. Long Range Planning. 2000, 33: 5-34.
[206] NONAKA I. The Knowledge-Creating Company [J]. Harvard Business Review. 1991, 11-12: 96-104.
[207] NONAKA I, TAKEUCHI H. The Knowledge-creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation [J]. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995:185-188.
[208] NONAKA I, KONNO N. The Concept of“Ba”: Building a Foundation forKnowledge Creation [J]. California Management Review. 1998, 40(3): 40-54.
[209]张庆普,李志超.企业隐性知识流动与转化研究[J].中国软科学,2003,(1):88-92.
[210]蒋翠清,杨善林,梁昌勇.开放的组织知识转移——创造——应用模型研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2006,(2):67-71.
[211]陈耀.高技术产业的竞争战略选择——合作竞争的视角[J].管理世界,2005,(8):149-150.
[212] ZAHRA S, SISODIA R S, MATHERNE B P. Exploiting the Dynamic Links between Competitive and Technology Strategies [J]. European Management Journal, 1999, 17(2):188-203.
[213]詹美求,潘杰义.校企合作创新利益分配问题的博弈分析[J].科研管理,2008,29(1):8-13,28.
[214] FAIRCHILD A M. Knowledge Management Metrics via a Balanced Scorecard Methodology[C]. Proceedings of the 35th Hawaii International Conference on System Science, USA.2002:3173-3180.
[215] TSENG S M. Knowledge Management System Performance Measure Index [J]. Expert System with Application, 2008, 34:734-745.
[216]包国宪,马慧贤.虚拟企业知识管理绩效评价研究[J].情报杂志,2008,(6):32-34.
[217] KIM J A. Measuring the Impact of Knowledge Management [J]. IFLA Journal, 2006, 32(4):362-367.
[218] WILLIANM R K, PETER V M J. Motivating Knowledge Sharing through a Knowledge Management System [J]. International Journal of Management Science, 2008, 36: 131-146.
[219]刘复岩,吕韶义.基于IC-OFFICE的知识管理绩效评价[J].计算机工程与应用,2006,(20):225-227,232.
[220] WANG T C, CHANG T H. Forecasting the Probability of Successful Knowledge Management by Consistent Fuzzy Preference Relations [J]. Expert System with Applications, 2007, 32: 801-813.
[221] BYOUNGGU C, SIMON K P, JOSEPH G D. Effects of Knowledge Management Strategy on Organizational Performance: A Complementarity Theory-based Approach [J]. The International Journal of ManagementScience, 2008, 36:235-251.
[222]丁勇,梁昌勇,朱俊红.一种供应链的知识管理绩效评价方法研究[J].运筹与管理,2006,15(4):148-154.
[223] JEFFREY L C, TENG B S. Transferring R&D Knowledge: the Key Factors Affecting Knowledge Transfer Success [J]. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management JET-M, 2003, 20: 39-68.
[224] AMBOS T C, AMBOS B. The Impact of Distance on Knowledge Transfer Effectiveness in Multinational Corporations [J]. Journal of International Management, 2009, 15:1-14.
[225] SCHWEIZER L. Knowledge Transfer and R&D in Pharmaceutical Companies: A Case Study [J]. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management JET-M, 2005, 22: 315-331.
[226] HELIC D, MAURER H, SCERBAKOV N. Knowledge Transfer Processes in a Modern WBT System [J]. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 2004, 27: 163-190.
[227] GOLD A H. Towards a Theory of Organizational Knowledge Management Capabilities [D]. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.2001:1-18.
[228]韩赟.基于可重用结构的多属性评价支持系统研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨理工大学学位论文,2004:16-26.
[229]颜光华,李建伟.知识管理绩效评价研究[J].南开管理评论,2001,(6):26-29.
[230] HSIEH W T, STU J, CHEN Y L, et al. A Collaborative Desktop Tagging System for Group Knowledge Management Based on Concept Space [J]. Expert Systems with Application, 2009, 36: 9513-9523.
[231] O’LEARY D E. A Multilingual Knowledge Management System: A Case Study of FAO AND WAICENT [J]. Decision Support System, 2008, 45(3):641-661.
[232] BROADBENT M. The Phenomenon of Knowledge Management: What Does It Mean to the Information Profession? Information Outlook, 1998, (5): 23-36.
[233] ALEXANDER Y Y, NIELS B A. Capturing Tacit Models with 3D Technologies: Enhancing Knowledge-sharing in Virtual Organizations. Electronic Journal of Organizational Virtualness, 2002, 4(2): 18-63.
[234] CHRISTOPHER M, GAUDENZI B. Exploiting Knowledge across Networks through Reputation Management [J]. Industrial Marketing Management, 2009, 38:191-197.
[235]薛春芳,张劲松.网格环境下虚拟企业知识管理系统框架研究[J].情报杂志,2006,(4):57-60.
[236]席运江,党延忠.基于加权超网络模型的组织知识存量表示方法[J].情报学报,2007,26(2):210-215.
[237]张喜征,李海滔,谢琼等.面向协同产品开发过程的知识地图构建[J].情报杂志,2008,(6):10-12.
[238] LIN Y C, WANG L C, TSERNG H P. Enhancing Knowledge Exchange through Web Map-based Knowledge Management System in Construction: Lesson Learned in Taiwan [J]. Automation in Construction, 2006, 15:693-705.
[239] ONG T H, CHEN H, SUNG W K, et al. Newsmap: A Knowledge Map for Online News [J]. Decision Support System, 2005, 39:583-597.
[240]叶范波,唐任仲.基于知识地图的产品设计过程的知识匹配方法[J].浙江大学学报(工学版),2008,42(6):927-932.
[241]张春勋.基于元知识的客户知识地图构建研究[J].科技管理研究,2008,(5):229-232.
[242] LIN F R, HSUEH C M. Knowledge Map Creation and Maintenance for Virtual Communities of Practice [J]. Information Processing and Management, 2006, 42:551-568.
[243]王知津,张国华.知识分类:Web环境下个性化知识组织的一种方法[J].图书馆工作与研究,2004,(3):9-13.