上市银行与非上市银行稳健经营的对比分析
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摘要
世界各国商业银行上市都是一种普遍现象。截至2001年底,在纽约证券交易所上市的银行有900多家,占上市公司总数30%强;在NASDAQ上市的银行也有900多家,占上市公司总数的19%。1全球性的大银行几乎都是上市公司。
      而在我国,银行上市起步较晚,1999年以前只有深圳发展银行一家上市银行。但近年来,上海浦东发展银行、中国民生银行、招商银行的相继上市,引起了银行界的热烈反响。国内各股份制银行相继筹划上市事宜 , 已批准上市的银行有华夏银行,正在筹备上市的有兴业银行、交通银行、中信实业银行、广东发展银行、中国光大银行;四大国有商业银行也不约而同地提出上市目标。人们对银行上市给予了热切的关注,也寄予了深切的期望。可以预见,在今后几年我国将迎来一轮银行上市的高潮。
    于是,不禁要问,为什么有那么多的银行纷纷要求上市呢?对此,有关银行上市目的的文章频频见诸报端,但大多集中于上市有利于提高银行的资本充足率。众所周知银行作为信用企业,运作的最大前提便是公众对它的信任,于是稳健经营成为银行经营的首要任务。因此,作者认为对银行上市问题的关注不应集中于对资本金的补充,而应更全面的关注上市对银行稳健经营的影响。
    然而,银行上市并非“免费的午餐”,它意味着一方面银行必须依照规定定期如实披露信息,无论是主动的还是被动的,无论信息是利好还是利空;另一方面股权的自由流动使股价的波动对银行的经营产生强大的压力。在这样的条件下,上市银行能否实现较非上市银行更为稳健的经营呢?目前,有关的论述在全面性、系统性上不尽人意。因此,尽可能全面、系统地对这一方面进行研究,并结合我国上市银行的实际,对上市银行实现稳健经营仍存在的问题进行分析就成为本文写作的动因所在。
    本文对上市银行和非上市银行稳健经营的情况进行了大量的对比分析,并遵循从理论分析——实践验证——以理论指导实践的思路。首先,以上市银行区别于非上市银行的两个特征——充分的信息披露和自由的股权流动为前提条件,从银行内部管理、市场约束和官方监管三个方面系统论述了上市能促进银行更为稳健的经营。然后,通过我国上市银行上市前后经营稳健性的纵向对比、上市银行与非上市银行经营稳健性的横向对比,来说明上市对银行稳健经营的促进作用在我国确实得到了体现,对理论分析进行验证。最后,回到理论分析的两个前提条件,结合我国的实际,就充分发挥上市对银行稳健经营的促进作用应注意的问题以及相应的措施进行探讨,以达到现实的指导意义。
    全文共分为四章,主要内容归纳如下:
    第一章,上市银行和非上市银行的区别。本章沿着“上市——银行上市——银行上市的目的——上市银行和非上市银行的区别”安排内容。从银行上市概念的界定入手,着力分析了上市银行区别于非上市银行的两个重要特征:一是充分的信息披露,上市银行有义务披露一切影响投资者决策或对股价运行有重大影响的信息(包括财务信息和非财务信息),并对信息披露的完整性、准确性、及时性负责;二是自由的股权流动,投资者可以在证券市场上自由地、公开地买卖上市银行的股票。充分的信息披露是保护投资者利益的前提与基础,自由的股权流动则提供了保护投资者的有效渠道和方式,二者有机地统一于银行上市的机制之中,缺一不可。
    第二章,以上市银行已实现了充分的信息披露和自由的股权流动为前提,分析上市是如何促进银行稳健经营的。首先是对银行稳健经营的定义进行分析,指出银行的稳健经营,正是流动性、安全性与盈利性的有机统一。本章后面三节的写作思路受到《在变化时期如何
    
    保持银行系统的稳健性》(卡尔-约翰-林捷瑞尔)一文的启发,它对如何保持银行体系稳健性进行了详细的论述,提出了四个独立的方面,即内部公司化管理、市场约束、官方监管和宏观经济管理2。对于单个银行而言,我们假定宏观经济管理是既定的。那么,银行要实现稳健经营主要依赖以下三个方面:完善的内部管理、积极的市场约束和审慎的官方监管。因此,本章二、三、四节分别论述了上市是如何从这三方面促进银行稳健经营的。
    完善的内部管理是一家商业银行稳健经营的基石,银行的上市是否能够促进它的稳健经营,关键就在于上市是否能够促进银行内部管理的完善。本章第二节从三方面论述了上市是如何促进银行内部管理的完善:一、上市促进科学法人治理结构的完善;二、上市促进银行经营制度的完善;三、上市为银行提供了新的激励约束机制。
    第三节论述了由于上市银行实现了充分的信息披露与股权自由流动,将市场约束最彻底地引入到商业银行的稳健经营之中。
    第四节阐述上市引入了新的监管机构——证券监管部门,它强化了对银行的官方监管。主要体现在对银行上市设定了较高的门槛要求,并设立了退市制度,对银行的资本额、业绩、股权分布、信息披露等都提出了较非上市银行更高的要求。
    第二章从理论的角度论证了上市能够促进银行的稳健经营,第三章则通过对我国上市银行与非上市银行财务指标进行比较分析来再次验证这一论点。基于财务数据的准确性、可比性考虑,在我国的四家上市银行中,我选择了浦发?
Commercial Bank's listing is a quite widely spread phenomenon in the world. At the end of 2001, there were more than 900 listed banks at New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) occupying over 30% of the total number of listed companies at NYSE, and there were also over 900 banks listed at NASDAQ occupying a proportion of 19%. Globally universal banks are nearly all listed without exception.
    But in China, bank listing started relatively lately. Shenzhen Development Bank was always the only one listed bank until 1999. From then on Shanghai Pudong Development Bank, Minsheng Bank of China and China Merchant Bank have gone to the public in sequence, which induced the banking business's vehement response. Currently domestic share-holding commercial banks are making preparations for listing. Huaxia Bank has been approved to list, and Industrial Bank, Communication Bank, Citic Industrial Bank, Guangdong Development Bank and Ever Bright Bank of China are now all striving for this license. Even the four state-owned commercial banks have asked for listing without any agreement in advance. Much attention and great expectation has been paid to bank's listing. It could be foreseeable that in the coming years our country will experience a high tide of bank's listing.
    Though, why so many banks want to get the license to be listed? About this question there have been quite a few articles published, but most of which focused on that listing could help increase the bank's capital sufficiency ratio. It is without saying that banks most need the public's trust and stability is banking operation's first goal. So in the author's opinion this research should not be only focused on reinforcing capital fund, but pay more attention to the effects bank's listing would make on bank's stable operation.
    Bank's listing is absolutely not a free lunch. It means that on the one
    
    hand, true information should be disclosed fully and in timely manner according to stipulations whether voluntarily or not, whether the information may mean bullish or bearish. On the other hand, equity's free transition results in stock price's fluctuation. In such situations, could the listed banks operate more stably than non-listed banks? Currently, related articles are mostly quite short and not enough in comprehensiveness. Therefore this thesis's goal is to make an all-round and systematic study on this topic by means of combining the reality of our country's listed banks.
    The discourse comparatively analyzes the operations between listed and non-listed banks in the order of theoretical analysis, then practice verifying and finally guiding practice with relative theory. Firstly, taking listed banks' two features different from non-listed banks——full information disclosure and equity's free transition——as the premises, this thesis analyzes how listing helps listed bank to operate stably in detail from three angles of bank's internal management, external market constraint and official supervision and management. Secondly, the vertical comparison of Chinese listed banks' performance between pre-listed and post-listed and horizontal comparison between listed banks and unlisted banks together verify that listing's benefit for bank's stable operation is actually in deed in China. Finally, the above two premises are reanalyzed, and further study on how to play the listing's promotion on banks' stable operation to full extent in China is made in order to guide our practice.
    This thesis consists of four chapters, and the main extent is as follows:
    Chapter I is the basis of this thesis and makes the comparison between listed bank and unlisted bank. Started from the definition of bank's listing, two important features of listed bank are analyzed, that is full information disclosure and equity's free transition. The former is the
    
    premise of protecting investors' interest, and the latter provides the effective method for investors' interest protection. Both two are integrated in the institution of bank's listing and are both indispensable.
    Chapter
引文
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