摘要
水稻产量和稻米品质受品种遗传因素影响，也与土壤肥力、气温等环境条件关系密切。近年来，黑龙江省水稻生产发展很快，已经成为我国商品稻谷重要产地。由于当地地域辽阔，土壤性质及肥力水平差异较大，掌握水稻产量、稻米品质与土壤性质、肥力水平及当地温度条件的关系，对于因地制宜地选择水稻品种、建立合理的栽培技术体系，实现农业高产优质均有重要意义。本文采用盆栽试验、田间试验及生产调查相结合的方法，选择当地种稻时间相对较长、面积较大的不同肥力水平的稻田土壤，开展土壤性状、气温条件与水稻生长发育、养分吸收、产量、稻米品质之间关系的研究，探讨温度及土壤性状影响水稻稻米产量及品质指标形成的机理，提出了试验地区选择适宜水稻品种及栽培措施的原则与建议。得出的主要结果如下。
1.土壤肥力对水稻生长发育的影响
在不同肥力水平土壤上水稻有效分蘖和最高分蘖、叶面积指数、干物质积累量差异明显；统计结果表明，水稻有效分蘖、最高分蘖、叶面积指数、干物质积累量分别与土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量呈显著或极显著正相关，而与土壤速效磷和速效钾含量相关关系不显著。
2.土壤肥力要素与水稻养分吸收的关系
各生育时期水稻植株氮素、磷素、钾素含量分别与土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量表现出正相关关系。其中，分蘖期和成熟期水稻植株的氮素和磷素含量与土壤碱解氮、速效磷含量，分蘖期、拔节期和抽穗期和成熟期水稻植株钾素含量与土壤速效钾含量正相关关系分别达到极显著水平；收获后水稻植株氮、磷、钾元素含量与土壤有机质及氮、磷、钾元素含量成正相关关系，其氮、磷、钾元素在水稻植株体中的含量比例为1.00：045-0.51：0.78-0.92；收获后水稻植株体及各器官中的Cu、Mn、Fe、Zn含量分别与土壤中速效态Cu、Mn、Fe、Zn含量呈正相关关系，但这些元素在对各器官中的分配比例未各表现出明显变化规律。
3.土壤肥力、植株养分与水稻产量的关系
水稻产量因土壤肥力水平不同而差异显著。水稻产量与土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量呈显著正相关关系，而与土壤有效磷、速效钾含量相关关系不显著。
水稻分蘖期土壤碱解氮含量207-215mg kg-1、植株氮素含量为1.86%时，水稻产量最高；各生育期水稻植株磷素含量越高、其产量越高，但这一相关关系在拔节期最显著，水稻拔节期土壤速效磷含量在23-24mgkg-1、植株磷素含量为0.68-0.69%时水稻产量最高；拔节期和灌浆期水稻植株体内钾素含量与产量成显著正相关关系，但拔节期土壤速效钾含量为132-150mgkg-1、植株钾素含量为1.22-1.26%时，水稻产量最高。这一结果可以用作指导施肥的参考值。
4.温度与水稻产量的关系
随温度升高，水稻开始抽穗时间提前且天数改变；水稻产量、抽穗日数受温度的影响因品种的感温性而变，感温性越强、水稻抽穗日数和产量的变化幅度越大。敏感型、中间型和钝感型水稻抽穗日数分别提前12-14d、8d和6d左右，种植区域积温上、下限变化范围分别为300℃、360℃和380℃；在一定积温范围内，水稻穗数、穗粒数、产量随积温增加呈先上升、后下降的变化趋势，积温升高可以降低空瘪率，对籽粒千粒重影响小。
5.土壤和温度对稻米品质影响
稻米垩白粒率、垩白度主要受温度影响；活动积温较高的地区，稻米垩白粒率、垩白度越低；土壤肥力水平过高或过低都会使稻米外观品质下降；而稻米粒长、粒宽、长宽比则主要受水稻品种遗传因素控制。
稻米蛋白质、直链淀粉含量是影响其食味品质的主要指标。稻米蛋白质含量因水稻品种而异，也受当地温度、土壤性状的影响；稻米蛋白质含量与土壤氮素含量呈显著正相关关系。而稻米直链淀粉含量则主要受水稻品种遗传因素影响。
稻米食味评价得分与其加工成的米饭口感、色泽、味道呈极显著正相关关系。稻米食味评价得分随当地土壤肥力水平降低、随积温值升高而提高。当地一般以长粒型、蛋白质和直链淀粉含量低稻米食味好。
总之，当地土壤性状、肥力水平及气温条件共同影响着水稻养分吸收及其物质合成、影响着水稻产量和品质。在实际生产中，要先根据温度条件选择适宜当地种植的水稻品种，再根据度、土壤条件选择相应的栽培管理方式，通过协调水稻产量与优质的关系，可以实现水稻生产优质、高产、高效的目标。
The yield of rice and rice quality were affected by genetic factors, soil fertilityconditions and clamitic temperature closely. In recent years, Heilongjiang provincerice production development was vary rapid, and had become our country importantorigin of commercial rice. Because of the vast territory, soil fertility level differences,grasp the relationship of rice yield, rice quality and local soil feitility level andtemperature conditions, to suit one′s measures to local conditions to choose ricevarieties, restablish cultivation technical system, implementation agriculture with highyield and good quality had an important significance. Pot experimentation, field testand production methods were used in this paper, and choiced different fertility levelsoil of larger rice cultivation area, carried out research between soilconditions,temperature and rice growth, nutrient uptake, yield, quality, carried out theresearch between active climatic temperature and rice yield,quality at the same time;discussed the impact mechanism of temperature and soil conditions on rice growth,yield,quality indictors, put forword the principles and recommendations of choosingsuitable experimental area rice varieties and cultivation measures. The main resultswere as follows:
1The effect of soil fertility on rice growth and development indexes
The differences of effective tiller of rice and maximum tiller, leaf area index, drymatter accumulation were obvious; The statistical results indicated that, the effectivetiller of rice and maximum tiller, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation hadsignificant or extremely significant positive correlation with soil organic matter, totalnitrogen content, alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen content, and had no significantrelationship with the content of available phosphorus and potassium.
2The relationship of soil fertility factors and nutrient absorption of rice
Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium content of rice plant was related with soil alkalihydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium content in different growth period of rice, the nitrogen and phosphorus reached extrmely significantcorrelation level in tillering stage and mature stage, potassium was closely positivecorrelation in rice tillering stage, jointing, heading and mature stage; plant nitrogen,phosphorus, potassium accumulation content was related with the corresponding soilelement of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, the accumulative proportion of nitrogen,phosphorus, potassium was1.00：045-0.51：0.78-0.92after harvest; plant Cu, Mn, Fe,Zn content was significant positive correlation with soil Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn conten afterharvest; but had no obvious ralationship to each organ nutrient allocation ratio of thiselement content.
3The relationship of soil fertility, plant nutrient and rice yield
Rice yield differences reached extremly significant level in different fertilitylevel soil, the rice yield was significantly positively related with soil organic matter,total nitrogen, alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen content, and had no significantcorrelations with soil available phosphorus and available potassium content.
Soil alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen content was207-215mg kg-1in tillering stage,the content of plant nitrogen was about1.86%, the rice yield was the highest; riceplant phosphorus content was significant positive correlation with yield in everygrowth period, but the correlation was the maximum at jointing stage, the phosphoruscontent of plant was in0.68-0.69%, corresponding soil phosphorus content was23-24mg kg-1, the rice yield was high; the potassium content of plant and rice yieldwere related at jointing and filling stage, but in jointing stage, soil potassium contentwas132-150mg kg-1, the corresponding potassium content of plant was in1.22-1.23%,rice yield was the highest. The results could be used as a referance guide offertilization.
4The relationship between temperature and rice yield
The rice heading time was in advance and date change with temperatureincteased, the change range of heading date and yield were different accordingvarieties reaction to temperature, the rice varieties reaction to temperature was stonger,the change range of yield and heading date was larger, the change range of headingrate was respectively12-14d,8d,6d in sensitive,intermediate,insensitive type rice, the upper,lower limit range of plant accumulated temperature was respectively300℃、360℃and380℃; in a certain accumulated temperature range, the rice spike number,grain number per spike, yield was increase after the first drop trend, elevatedtemperature could reduce the empty rate, and grain weight was not be affected.
5The effect of soil fertility level and temperature on rice quality
Grain chalky rate,chalkiness degree was mainly affected by the accumulatedtemperature, grain chalky rate and chalkiness degree was low with accumulatedtemperature increased, the fertility level of soil was too high or too low, would reducethe appearance quality of rice; grain length, grain width, ratio of length to width wasmainly affected by genetic control factors.
Protein content and amylose content were the main indexes of rice eating quality,protein content of rice was different according to varieties firstly, and was affected bytemperature and soil characteristic, grain protein content was significant related withsoil nitrogen content, rice amylose content was mainly affected by genetic factorscontrolling of breed itself.
Rice taste score had extremely significant positive correlation with mouth sence,color, taste, rice taste of cooked rice, rice taste would be decreasing with soil fertilitylevel decreasing, would increasing with the accumulated temperature rising, the ricetaste was better with long grain type, good appearance quality, low protein contentand amylose content in corresponding areas.
In conclusion, the soil characters,fertility level and temperature conditionaffected rice nutrient absorption and substance synthesis, rice yield and quality. Inpratical production, suitable rice variety should be selected according to temperature,and the cultivation and management ways aslo should be rational selected accordingto temperature and soil condition, coordinated the relationship of rice yield and quality,to implemented the target of rice high yield, good quality and high efficiency.
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