摘要
将飞秒光学频率梳拓展到紫外和极紫外波段,可为紫外非线性光学、阿秒脉冲、紫外光学频率梳等关键科学问题的研究提供有效的实验工具。因此,超快精密光谱科学与技术以及强场时-频域精密操控正在开始向紫外乃至软X射线超短波段推进,以探求在更精确时间尺度上和更短波段范畴内操控光场的方法。
目前国际上公认的最为可行有效的产生紫外光学频率梳的方案之一是利用集高平均功率、高重复频率、时频域精密控制三种特性于一身的超短脉冲激光作为驱动源,与原子或分子在该强驱动光场中辐射高次谐波的途径获取紫外光学频率梳。超短脉冲激光驱动源的研制是该方案顺利实施的关键环节。本论文围绕紫外光学频率梳的驱动光源开展工作,分别在驱动源的多个环节和部件进行了科学探索和实验研究,并攻克了多项关键技术难题。
本论文的主要研究成果和创新点概括如下：
1.研制成小型化超短脉冲激光振荡器,获得了脉冲宽度最窄为41 fs的激光输出,为紫外光学频率梳的驱动源提供了长期稳定的信号脉冲。
a)以新型掺镱激光晶体、掺镱单模光纤为增益介质分别构建了超短脉冲激光振荡器,通过管理腔内群速度色散,分析锁模状态、输出功率和输出光谱的相互关系,有效地抑制了脉冲分裂,获得了脉冲宽度最窄为41 fs的超短脉冲输出,3 dB光谱宽度为70 nm。
b)研究了新型Yb:YAG透明陶瓷的激光性能,通过优化腔型结构、解决热累积问题,获得了平均功率高达40 W的连续激光输出,为进一步获得高质量的陶瓷激光介质和高性能的陶瓷激光器提供了可行性依据。
2.完善了多波长超短脉冲的时域同步技术,为可见波段和红外波段超短脉冲的全光精确同步提供了一种解决方案。该方案为高重复频率OPCPA技术、以及紫外光学频率梳的研究提供了精确同步泵浦脉冲和信号脉冲。
a)提出并利用交叉吸收调制技术精确同步多波长超短脉冲的新原理,实现了钛宝石飞秒激光器与掺镱光纤纳秒激光器、掺铒光纤纳秒激光器的同步输出,大幅度降低了脉冲同步控制对主控激光功率的需求,并扩大了受控腔长失配的允许范围。
b)实验上采用有源增益调制技术及偏振旋转非线性开关,在光纤激光器中实现了近周期量级超短脉冲的相干和非相干叠加。整形前后脉冲的时间同步精度保持在飞秒量级。由于有源增益机制的引入,消除了脉冲整形过程中插入损耗的影响,能量增益接近30 dB。
3.研制成功高重复频率超短脉冲光纤放大器,为紫外光学频率梳的产生提供了高能量驱动脉冲。
a)研究了掺镱晶体激光及国产双包层光纤的可调谐输出特性,解决了增益竞争和模式匹配的问题,在Hg0、I2、He的若干特定跃迁能级处获得了高功率激光输出。
b)采用CPA技术搭建了高功率光纤飞秒激光系统。系统研制过程中,优化设计了高功率泵浦聚焦耦合装置、高功率激光输出耦合装置、光纤端面冷却装置、光纤包层冷却装置,控制了放大器的寄生振荡、脉冲畸变现象,最终获得了平均功率为150W的飞秒脉冲输出。
c)将激光同步技术与光纤放大技术相结合,实现了高功率光纤激光与钛宝石激光的同步输出。在有效抑制自发辐射的基础上,高功率光纤放大器为种子光提供了超过50 dB的能量增益,并很好的保持了种子脉冲的方波特性。该项研究为解决高重复频率OPCPA课题中高功率泵浦激光脉冲与信号光脉冲精确同步提供了有效的技术途径。
The femtosecond optical frequency "combs" in ultraviolet (UV) and extreme ultraviolet (XUV) wavelengths could provide an effective tool in the investigation of scientific issues, such as UV nonlinear optics, attosecond pulse generation and UV frequence standard. Aiming for a better controlment on the light field in time-frequency domain, science and technology in precision spectroscopy are moving towards to UV and even XUV wavelength.
One of the most feasible and effective methods in generating UV frequency comb is to use high-average-power high-repetition-rate ultra-short pulse laser with precise control of time-frequency as a driving source for high order harmonic radiation in atoms. Particularlly, the high-power ultrashort pulse laser is the key technique of such programs. This dissertation focuses on the key techniques of high-power-laser system which used to generate UV optical frequence combs. The main results have been summarized as following:
1. We developed a compact ultrashort pulse laser oscillators and obtained 41 fs laser output, which provided a long-term stable signal pulse for the driving source of the UV frequency comb.
a) Ultrashort pulse laser oscillators were constructed with the new type Yb-doped laser crystals and Yb-doped single mode fiber as the gain mediums. By managing the intracavity GVD and analyzing the relationship of mode-locked state with the output power and output spectrum, as short as 41 fs pulse width with 3 dB spectral bandwidth of 70 nm was obtained from the fiber laser oscillator.
b) By optimizing the cavity structure and removing the thermal accumulation, up to 40 W average power was demonstrated by Yb:YAG transparent ceramics, which would provide the feasible basis for further access to high quality ceramic laser media and high-performance ceramic lasers.
2. The synchronization of multi-wavelength ultrashort pulses in time-frequency domain was improved by all-optical method, which could provide a precise synchronization of the pump pulse and signal pulse for high-repetition-rate OPCPA, high-average-power femtosecond laser, and UV comb generation.
a) Robust synchronization was achieved for Ti:sapphire, Yb- and Er-doped fiber mode-locked lasers by using cross-absorption modulation (XPM) technology in the master-slave configuration. Significant reduction of the demand on the master laser power and expansion the controlled cavity length mismatch was demonstrated in this experiment.
b) By using active gain modulation technology and nonlinear polarization rotation switch, a few cycles ultrashort pulse were accumulated and shaped in a fiber oscillator in coherent or incoherent manner. The shaping pulses maintained low timing jitters within femtosecond level. By the introducing of active gain mechanism and eliminating the insertion loss, the energy gain close to 30 dB.
3. We successfully developed the high-repetition-rate ultrashort pulse fiber amplifier, which could provide a high energy field in driving UV frequency comb.
a) By eliminating the gain competition and achieving mode matching, the specific energy level transitions of Hg0,I2, He was achieved by wavelength tunable Yb-doped crystals laser and high power double-clad fiber amplifier.
b) A high-power femtosecond fiber laser system was built by CPA technology. Several devices, such as high power coupling devices and cooling devices, were designed to control the amplifier parasitic oscillations and pulse distortion. By CPA technology and Yb-doped double-clad fiber amplifiers,150-W average power with pulse duration of 270 fs was obtained at 1035 nm.
c) The laser synchronization between high-power fiber laser and Ti:sapphire laser were demenstrated. High-power optical fiber amplifier provided more than 50 dB energy gain and maintained the pulse shape for the seed laser. This method proved an effective solution for accurate synchronization of the signal and the pump laser of OPCPA system, as well as the UV comb generation.
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