摘要
随着汉语和中华文化在世界范围内的影响力日益增强,越来越多的留学生来到中国进修汉语,学习文化。出国意味着要面对一个全新的环境。气候不一样,食物的味道也不习惯,在一个陌生的国度说外语也是让人困惑的事情。在新文化中,他们常常会碰到一些不熟悉的暗示信息和符号标志,或许惊讶,或许烦恼,或许无所适从,这些就是我们常说的“文化冲击”。
长期以来,我国对来华留学生的研究多侧重于管理方面,但他们在华所面临的社会文化适应问题更需要得到进一步的关注、重视与研究。为了解来华留学生适应状况,发现留学生教育的管理中存在的问题,研究者选取在厦门大学海外教育学院及各个院系就读的留学生(以欧美籍留学生为主,包括部分非洲籍及亚洲邻国学生)为调查对象,对他们进行了深入的访谈调查。研究从来华留学生的日常生活入手,从语言适应、学业适应、社会生活环境适应、人际互动适应、心理状态等方面了解来华留学生的适应状况,探索影响适应的方式差异及影响因素。
研究发现,文化冲击是一种全方位的感知,留学生对自然环境与社会环境同样存在适应问题,尽管调查对象来自不同的文化圈,代表不同的文化群体,但他们在面对中国社会文化时很容易产生一些共同的“症状”,多表现在语言、学业、人际互动、心理状态等方面。在本次调查中,来华留学生的适应状况表现出一定的差异性,位于内在的(人际间)和外在的(社会环境)条件是影响适应的最主要的因素。从个体因素来讲,留学生的性别、来华时间、汉语水平、来华前的目的和期望等个体因素对留学生的适应有显著影响。在外部因素中,中国文化和价值冲突因素,刻板因素和定型观念,留学生所获得的社会支持等对他们的适应影响最大。另外在对不同文化群体适应状况进行比较时,研究发现,欧美籍留学生的适应状况相对要好于其他国家和地区的留学生。
根据调查发现的问题,研究者针对留学教育管理部门和留学生群体提出了一些建议,如实行“趋同管理”,进行心理辅导等。最后,研究者提出一些有待于今后进一步探讨的问题。
As the Chinese language and culture become more and more accepted around the world, a great many international students are coming to China in pursuit of either the language or the culture or both. Going abroad means being suddenly confronted with a completely new environment. Streets and houses look foreign, shops do not sell one’s favorite food, the climate is different and even small things like door handles or showers do not work in the same way as they used to do at home; there’s no familiar people around and the foreign language which is spoken in the host city is probably the thing that confuses most. The encounter of those unfamiliar cues in a new culture often leads to the experience of the so-called“cultural shock”.
For a long time, studies on international students in Chinese universities has been emphasizing particularly on management, whereas their social and cultural adaptation is greatly neglected. This research is to get a better understanding on this aspect.
Focusing upon everyday life of international students in China, a series of deep interviews are carried out from different perspectives like language barrier, academic situation, natural environment, social interaction and psychological stresses, among over 60 international students (mostly from America and European countries, some African and Asian students are also included) in Xiamen University in order to explore the main factors contributing to the adjustment process of international students in China socially and individually.
The study explores culture shock experienced by international students. It is found that international students are faced with adaptation problems both environmentally and socially. Although representing different cultures, they report similar symptoms of suffering from culture shock, for example, strain, a feeling of loss, loneliness, deprivation, hypochondria etc.
The study also provides evidence that social and cultural adaptation condition is quite different among different international students, in which the variables of gender, culture background, level of the Chinese language, staying length in China, former overseas experience and expectations all contribute as individual predictors of adaptation process. Among social environmental factors, the students' social interactions with Chinese students, their involvement in Chinese social life, social support from Chinese society are of most importance. Chinese culture and value, social stereotype also prevent the social contact among international students and Chinese counterparts.
Some reasons that make international students suffer from cultural shock with such an intensity and lasting could be the absence of any training program in culture shock whether in their home countries or in China, the absence of structures in each University and college in their host country that could help them dealing with culture shock phenomenon and probably most importantly the lacking of enough communication between Chinese people and international students leading them to a life in enclave instead of an integration in the Chinese culture. Based on these finding, we put forward some suggestions, hoping to be useful in solving the problems. Some problems left for future discussion are dressed at the end of the dissertation.
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