摘要
用12种杀菌剂对黄瓜枯萎病[Fusarium oxysporum Schl.f.sp.Cucumerirum Owen.]进行室内毒力测定,从中筛选出福星、世高和福美双三种不同作用机制的杀菌剂,进行二元混合配比、室内联合毒力测定、种子包衣剂配方选定、对黄瓜安全性、黄瓜枯萎病药效、药剂对病菌毒理、种衣剂稳定性进行了研究。得出以下结论:
1.不同药剂对黄瓜枯萎病的室内毒力测定结果表明:供试的12种化学农药中,40%福星EC、10%世高DG和50%福美双DC对黄瓜枯萎病菌有良好的抑制作用,其抑菌率分别为90.8%、82.9%、82.0%。
2.室内联合毒力测定结果表明:福星、世高和福美双两两合理混配,对黄瓜枯萎病菌均有较好的增效作用,其中以福星:世高配比为24:1、福星:世高配比为49:1、福美双:世高配比为40:10、福美双:福星配比为48:2、福美双:福星配比为49:1效果最优,其共毒系数分别为335.7、848.6、200.5、388.5、368.5。
3.扫描电镜观察结果表明:与空白对照相比,在含有单剂和混合制剂的培养基上的菌丝生长异常,其中含有世·福1.0μg/ml,福·福1.0μg/ml药剂培养基上主菌丝体大量膨胀,菌丝体表面局部向外突起;含有世高1.0μg/ml培养基上的部分主菌丝体上产生溶解孔;在含有福星0.2μg/ml的培养基上部分新生菌丝体顶端出现串状膨大;在含有世·福1.0μg/ml培养基上菌丝产生轻度缢缩。
4.经甘肃省农科院植保所农药室对种衣剂杀菌有效成分配比试验,确定三种种衣剂的剂型分别为2%福星·世高FS(福星含量0.04,世高含量1.96);10%福美双·世高FS(福星含量8.4,世高含量1.6);20%祸美双·福星FS(福美双含量18.8,福星含量1.2)。
5.室内种子发芽率试验测定结果表明:每1kg种子用20g～100g2%福星·世高FS、10%福美双·世高FS、20%福美双·福星FS拌种,其处理区的平均健苗数、平均发芽势、子叶鞘长度与三种单剂和空白对照处理间均无显著差异,说明在试验剂量内,三种供试种农剂对黄瓜安全。
6.盆栽试验中,每1kg拌2%福星·世高FS、20%福美双·福星FS、10%祸美双·世高FS60g～100g,对黄瓜枯萎病显示了良好的防治效果,防效分别为78.4%～88.4%、73.3%～83.8%、62.7%～77.8%;对比药剂50%福美双DC、10%世高DG、40%福星EC对黄瓜枯萎病的防效分别为44.9%～63.2%、49.8%～84.1%、49.3%～89.3%.经LSR法检验,三个种衣剂和对比药剂世高、福星高、福美双剂量间的防效均无显著差异,但均显著高于其它处理间的防效。
7.经低温稳定性试验和热贮稳定性试验,三种供试种衣剂无分层现象,说明供试种衣剂性质稳定。
Twelve kinds of fungicides were tested with Fusarium oxysporium in indoor toxicity,from which selected Flusilazole、difenoconazole and thiram which have different modes of action.Mix of any two kinds、test of indoor toxicity、selection of seed-dressing in formulation、safety to cucumber、effect to Fusarium oxvsporium、the toxic effect to fungi and the stability of seed-dressing were researched.The results are as following:
1.The results of indoor toxicity tested on the different fungicides against Fusarium oxysporium show that of the twelve tested pesticides,40%Flusilazole EC,10%difenoconazole DG and 50%thiram DC had better antifungal effect on Fusarium oxysporium,which inhibition reached to 90.8%,82.9%,82.0%respectively.
2.The results of indoor united toxicity test show that Flusilazole、difenoconazole and thiram had better effects on Fusarium oxysporium if we mixed with two kinds properly.When the formulation rates of Flusilazole and difenoconazole、Flusilazole and difenoconazole、thiram and difenoconazole、thiram and Flusilazole、thiram and Flusilazole are 24:1、49:1、40:10、48:2、49:1 and their CTC are 335.7、848.6、200.5、388.5、368.5 respectively.
3.Comparing with the contrast,the observed results show the hypha grew abnormally in the plate including single and mixed agents.There was a lot of main hypha expended and protruded outside on the plate including difenoconazole and Flusilazole 1.0μg/ml,thiram and Flusilazole 1.0μg/ml agents.Some main hypha on the plate including 1.0μg/ml difenoconazole produced melting holes.Part of new hypha on the plate including 0.2μg/ml Flusilazole produced expansion like string from the top.The hypha on the plate including difenoconazole and Flusilazole 1.0μg/ml shrank lightly.
4.Experiments were done on the antifungal compositions of seed-dressing in the Pesticide Room Plant Protection Department of Gansu Agricultural Academy of Sciences.The results show:the agents of three seed-dressings are 2%Flusilazole and difenoconazole FS (Flusilazole 0.04,Difenoconazole 1.96);10%thiram and difenoconazole FS(Flusilazole 8.40,difenoconazole 1.60);20%thiram and Flusilazole FS(thiram 18.80,Flusilazole 1.20)respectively.
5.The results of the experiment on germination rate of indoor seeds show:every 1kg seeds dressed with 20g to 100g 20%Flusilazole and difenoconazole FS,10%thiram and difenoconazole FS、20%thiram and Flusilazole FS.The average number of healthy seedlings、the average germination rate and the length of the leaf sheath of the control had no obvious difference with the control of the three single agents and contrast.The results show:three seed-dressings have safe effects on cucumber within experiment does.
6.In the experiment with potted plants,every 1kg seeds dressed with 2%Flusilazole and Difenoconazole FS、20%thiram and Flusilazole FS、10%thiram and difenoconazole FS 60g to 100g have better effects on Fusarium oxysporium.The effects are 78.4%to 88.4%,73.3%to 83.8%and 62.7%to 77.8%.However,the contrast chemicals are 50% thiram DC、10%difenoconazole DG、40%Flusilazole EC which have effects of 44.9%to 63.2%、49.8%to 84.1%、49.3%to 89.3%respectively on Fusarium oxysporium.By LSR test,there is no obvious different effects between the doses of three seed-dressings and the doses of contrast agents——difenoconazole、Flusilazole and thiram,but all are higher than the other controls.
7.In low temperature experiment and hot store experiment,three seed-dressings did not emerge layer.This shows that the nature of seed-dressing is stable.
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