摘要
品质改良是近来水稻的研究重点。尽管各地食用习惯有所差异，软而不粘的中等AAC品
种为消费者普遍所喜爱。我国水稻食用品质改良已取得了明显进展，但由于育种技术尚未取得
突破，目前存在两大突出问题：很多常规早稻新品种、杂交水稻不育系和恢复系表观直链淀粉
含量偏低，不适应市场要求；很多中等AAC品种食用品质仍较差。本研究通过研究反映淀粉
外观、分子和理化三方面特性的标记或指标，旨在建立一套综合辅助选择技术为食用品质改良
提供技术保障。主要结果如下：
1．云雾性状是低表观直链淀粉含量（Apparent amylose content，AAC）育种材料特有的胚乳
外观，其形成的生理基础与胚乳内淀粉粒的形态和结构关联。极端老化试验表明，降低种子水
分和加速种子老化是快速识别云雾性状的两条重要途径。采用高温保湿预处理、变温烘干、太
阳晒干和室内阴干等处理，发现在40℃下随处理时间的增加，低AAC品种的胚乳外观由透明
状变为云雾状；45℃烘干和40℃保湿预处理有利于云雾性状的快速显现。综合考虑处理时间和
种子发芽率，初步认为40℃保湿4h+40℃烘16h是识别胚乳云雾性状的最佳处理。以建立的方
法处理，发现中低AAC杂交群体中呈现乳白色、云雾状、透明状和混合状的各类胚乳表现型。
AAC与胚乳表型间关系密切：云雾状和乳白色的AAC一般较低，云雾状与低AAC早籼亲本相
仿；透明状的AAC变幅较大，部分与中等AAC亲本相仿。遗传研究表明，胚乳云雾性状为一
隐性性状，受单一隐性基因控制，与其相关的低AAC由一主效基因和若干微效基因控制。上
述结果表明，在育种早期分离世代，可以云雾性状为外观标记特异性剔除低AAC育种材料。
2．采用粘度速测仪（Rapid Visco Analyzer，RVA）分析，发现以消减值和崩解值等RVA谱
特征值为指标，不仅可区分品种AAC的高低，也可鉴定水稻食用品质的优劣。对影响RVA测
定的主要干扰因子研究，发现高温烘干前处理和粉样虽影响测定结果，但并不影响对品种品质
的评价，水质干扰效应轻微，样品量严重影响测定结果和品种鉴定。利用简化实用的分析体系，
分析调查了低AAC品种（浙辐504）与中等AAC品种（IR64）杂交后代的RVA谱变异性。为探索
亚种间或品种间淀粉粘滞性转移的可行性，对早籼稻与粳稻、爪哇稻、中籼杂交后代进行了评
价。结果表明，由三类供体衍生的低AAC材料间淀粉品质类似，但中等AAC品系的淀粉粘滞
性因亲本间遗传距离不同存在显著差异：釉／舢杂交后代，易选择到与IR64相仿淀粉粘滞性的
新品系；枷爪杂交后代，尽管频率较低，但仍可入选到与Lem。nt淀粉粘滞性相似的新品系；
釉l粳杂交，因遗传障碍未筛选到与供体秀水 11淀粉特性相似的新品系。以 RVA辅助选择为手
段，从龙特甫B／Lemollt和密阳46／Lemont回交群体筛选出淀粉品质改良的杂交水稻保持系和恢
复系。
3．以WX UpZN85为引物，发现Wx基因微卫星标记不仅能区分出中低＊＊C的亲本或品种，
也可测定新品系AAC类型和鉴定品系的遗传稳定性。遗传研究表明。Wx微卫星标记为共显性标记，
在釉爪遗传背景下按孟德尔规律分离。采取综合辅助选择技术，对中低AAC杂交后代
（295－Z10／Lemo叫按先控制直链淀粉含量后确定淀粉分子、理化特性的原则加以筛选，成功鉴定出
与Lemont淀粉品质相仿的早舢新品系。以辐射当代为材料，研究发现在幼苗期可利用微卫星标记
预测潜在的WX突变，并在随后的M。和M3胚乳突变得到了证实。
4．以胚乳外观标记研究空间技术诱发产生的水稻早熟突变体，成功筛选出几个云雾状突变体。
对转基因Bt抗虫水稻鉴定发现，转基因品系的品质性状和成分未发生显著的变化，但个别品系的淀
粉粘滞性完全不同，并在不同TRO来源的品系间发现TJ3NA插人的位置效应；采用相仿AAC的不
同类型水稻和不同AAC的早舢稻为材料，研究了辐照对淀粉粘滞性、理化品质和淀粉粒的影响，
结果表明辐照可产生改性的米粉和食用品质。以早舢糯稻品种越糯1号为轮回亲本，与粳稻秀
水 11和爪哇稻 Lemont后代，凭借标记辅助选择成功构建 Wx近等基因系。
Breeding for rice grain quality is receiving more and more attentions lately. Rice with intermediate amylose content that cook moist and tender and retain a soft texture upon cooling is generally preferred in most of rice-growing areas, although consumers' preferences vary greatly due to the regional differences in eating habits. Obvious advances in improvement of rice eating quality have been achieved in China. Currently, there are two major problems due to a lack of breakthroughs in breeding techniques. Many recently released conventional early indica rice varieties, cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines or restorers of hybrid rice have a low apparent amylose content (AAC) and fail to meet the demand of the rice market, and many varieties with intermediate AAC still have a poor cooked rice texture. The objective of current study is to develop a combined assisted-selection method in support of rice eating quality breeding programs, by examining the "mist" trait, the Wx microsatellite marker, and starch pasting viscosity. These three properties reflect exterior, molecular and physical/chemical properties of starch quality, respectively.
The "mist" trait is a distinct endosperm specific to breeding materials with low AAC roughly ranging from 9% to 15%. Physiologically, the formation of the mist trait is related to the morphology and structure of starch granules in the endosperm. The extreme aging experiment (100% RH at 40癈) indicated that there might be two feasible ways to quickly identify the mist trait via decreasing seed moisture and an aging treatment. Based on this information, the methods for rapid identification of low AAC varieties were tentatively explored. Endosperm appearance of low AAC varieties would change from transparent to misty as the treatment time at 40癈 increases. At 40癈 for 40h, all low AAC varieties expressed the mist trait, however they kept transparent endosperm when exposed to sunshine or were kept in room conditions. Higher temperature (45癈) and maintaining moisture pretreatment at 40癈 significantly accelerated the expression of the mist trait. A 40癈 for 4h pretreatment plus 40 for 16h was preliminarily
regarded as the optimal treatment for the detection of the mist trait, depending on treating time and seed germination rate. Using this method, endosperm phenotypes such as milky white (white), mist, transparency and mixtures were observed in the segregating populations, which were derived from different crosses between low amylose early indica and intermediate amylose rice. AAC was closely related to endosperm phenotypes. Generally, milky white (white) endosperm was very low in AAC, and mist endosperm was basically similar to the low amylose early indica parent. However, transparent endosperm had a variable AAC with some being similar to the intermediate AAC parent. Genetic studies revealed that the mist trait was controlled by a single recessive gene, and its related low AAC was regulated by a major gene with slight modifications by minor gene(s). The results above suggested that the mist endosperm be used as phenotypic marker to assist in the elimination of low AAC materials at an early breeding generation.
Starch pasting viscosity indicates changes in rice texture during cooking. During the heating, higher temperature, and cooling processes, rice flour has a pasting viscosity profile, which can be determined by Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA). RVA analysis can be used to distinguish low AAC varieties from intermediate AAC varieties and evaluate eating quality based on the major characters of an RVA profile, the setback value (SBV) and breakdown value (BDV). Studies on major interfering factors indicated that higher temperature pretreatment and rice flour power types did not affect the evaluation of rice quality, although they influenced RVA results to a great extent. Water resources had a slight impact on RVA testing, while sample quantity had serious effects on the final result and subsequent assessment of rice eating quality. A simplified protocol for RVA determination was f
引文
1．丁声俊．1998．跨世纪的粮改举措．粮食科技与经济，(4)：6～7
2．王守海，李泽宫，吴李君．1990．灌浆成熟期气候条件对早籼稻米加工品质的影响．安徽农业科学，(4)；293～297
3．王宗阳，武志亮，刑彦彦等．水稻蜡质基因的全序列分析．1990．中国科学院上海植物生理研究所，植物分子遗传国家重点试验室，1989／1990年报，3～5
4．王建林，熊振民，朱旭东，严学强，罗玉坤．1992．籼粳亚种间杂种一代米质性状的优势表现及性状间的相关分析．水稻育种通讯，(12)：20～26
5．王建军，石守筠等。1999．优质细胞质不育系浙农8010A．中国农业科学，9(1)：54
6．王德仁，卢婉芳，温怀南，杨志根．1995．水稻高产、高效、高氨基酸含量及营养价的施氮量优化．中国农学通报，11(2)：24～27
7．中国人民共和国农牧渔业部部标准 NYl22-86．1986．优质食用稻米．北京：中国标准测定出版社，1～4
8．中国人民共和国农业部部标准 NYl47-88．1988．米质测定方法．北京：中国标准测定出版社，4～6
9．中国人民共和国农业部部标准 NYl35-99．1999．米质测定方法．北京：中国标准测定出版社
10．尹华奇，袁隆平，尹华觉．1995．香型水稻两用核不育系(香125S)的选育和利用研究．湖南农业科学，(1)：8～9
11．尹华奇，尹华觉，曾海清．1998．优势杂交早稻香两优68的选育与应用．杂交水稻，(3)：6～7
12．石春海．1992．水稻突变育种的研究进展．核农学通报，13(2)：85～90
13．石春海，朱军．1994．籼稻稻米蒸煮品质的种子和母体遗传分析．中国水稻科学，8(3)：129～134
14．石春海．1999．优质早籼稻浙农8010．舒庆尧和夏英武主编：长江中下游优质早籼稻育种及推广应用．杭州：浙江大学出版社，139
15．马国辉．1998．环境生态对中国稻米品质的影响．农业现代化研究，19(3)：146～150
16．卢荣禾，余辉，唐宗钎，刘丽娜，匡廷云，屠曾平，Black，C．C．1998．水稻品种Lemont和七桂早的光抑制特性的比较研究．中国水稻科学，12(2)：125～128
17．申岳正，闵绍楷，熊振民，罗玉坤．1990．稻米直链淀粉含量的遗传的测定方法的改进．中国农业科学，23(1)：60～68
18．包劲松．1998．基因工程改良作物淀粉品质．上海农业学报，14(1)：90～96
19．包劲松．1999．食用籼米淀粉品质遗传与改良研究．浙江大学博士论文，浙江杭州
20．包劲松，夏英武．1999．用淀粉粘滞性变化检测粮食辐照及其剂量的可性性研究．浙江农业大学学报，25(3)：321～323
21．包劲松，徐冀骥，夏英武，舒庆尧。2000．早稻异地异季育种中稻米食用品质变化特征的研究。浙江大学学报，(1)：103～106
22．刘巧泉，王宗阳，陈秀花．1999．21世纪水稻育种展望：水稻遗传育种国际学术讨论会文集．北京：中国农业科技出版社，206～213
23．刘宜柏，黄英金．1989．稻米食味品质的相关性研究．江西农业大学学报，11(4)：1～5
24．刘宜柏，黄英金．1990．稻米食味品质的相关性研究．江西农业大学学报，12(2)：55～59
25．刘弈田，伍时照．1996．几个籼稻良种胚乳蛋白营养组分的生化研究．作物学报，22(4)：448～457
26．孙义伟，刘宜柏．1989．稻米胚乳淀粉含量的基因剂量效应．江西农业大学学报，11(1)：1～6
27．孙平，1998．蛋白质含量多会降低稻米食味吗?中国稻米，(5)：31～34
28．孙义伟．1993．水稻灌浆成熟期气温对稻米品质的影响．水稻文摘，12(2)：6～8
29．朱立煌，何平．1998．水稻分子连锁图谱及重要性状的基因定位．复旦学报，37(4)：509～512
30．朱立煌，徐吉臣，陈英，凌忠专，陆朝福，徐云碧．1994．用分子标记定位一个未知的抗稻瘟病基因．中国科学(B辑)，24：1048～1052
31．朱旭东，熊振民，罗玉坤，孔繁林，曹立勇，闵捷．1993．异季栽培对稻米品质的影响．中国水稻科学，7(3)：172～174
32．庄杰云，郑康乐．1998．水稻高产性状遗传机理及分子标记辅助高产育种．生物技术通报，(1)：1～9
33．伍时照，黄超武，欧烈才．1986．水稻籼型品种胚乳淀粉粒性状的扫描电镜观察．植物学报，28(2)：145-149
34．何平．1998．真核生物的微卫星及其应用．遗传，20(4)：42～47
35．何平，李仕贵，李晶火召，马育清，钱前，王文明，陈英，朱立煌．1998．影响稻米品质几个性状的基因座位分析．科学通报，43(16)：17～1750
36．何光存．1985．稻米品质和品质育种．湖北农业科学，(2)：35～38
37．何予卿，吕志仁．1993．籼稻米直链淀粉含量的遗传及其基因剂量效应．华中农业大学学报，12(5)：414～420
38．李太贵，沈波，陈能，罗玉坤．1997．Q酶在水稻籽粒垩白形成中作用的研究．作物学报，23(3)：338～344
39．李天真．1998．大米食用品质及改良．粮食与饲料工业，(5)：7～9
40．李庆青，王文真，张玉良．1992．近红外漫反奢光谱分析法(NIRDRSA)在作物品质育种中的应用．作物学报，18(3)：235～240
41．李军，顾德法，李林峰．1997．环境和栽培因子对稻米品质影响的研究进展．上海农业学报，13(1)：94～97
42．李林，沙国栋，陆景淮．1989．水稻灌浆期温光因子对稻米品质的影响．中国农业气象，10(3)：33～38
43．李欣，顾铭洪，潘学标，1987．常见水稻晶稻米品质的研究，江苏农学院学报，8(1)：1～8
44．李欣，顾铭洪，潘学标．1989．稻米品质研究 Ⅱ．灌浆期间环境条件对稻米品质的影响。江苏农学院学报，10(1)：7～12
45．李欣，顾铭洪，潘学彪，陈宗祥，董桂春．1990．稻米直链淀粉含量的遗传及选择效应的研究．谷类作物品质性状遗传研究进展，南京：江苏科技出版社，68～74
46．沈波，陈能，李太贵，罗玉坤，1997．温度对早籼稻米垩白发生与胚乳物质形成的影响．中国水稻科学，11(3)：183～186
47．汤圣祥．1987．我国杂交水稻蒸煮与食用品质的研究．中国农业科学，20(5)：17～22
48．汤圣祥，Khush，G．S．1993．籼稻胶稠度的遗传．作物学报，19(2)：119～12
49．汤圣祥，张云康，余汉勇．1996．籼粳杂交稻米胶稠度的遗传．中国农业科学，29(5)：51～55
50．吴平．1999．稻米品质性状的环境调控及其机理．国家自然科学基金重点项目．
51．吴秀琴，梁东生，吴燕凤．1993．应用NIR测定菜豆嫩荚的粗蛋白和纤维含量．作物品种资源，(1)：28～29
52．吴殿星，夏英武．1999．稻米食用品质研究进展及其改良策略。中国农学通报，15(3)：36-39
53．吴殿星，舒庆尧，夏英武．1999．空间技术诱发的水稻变异及育种价值．核农学报，13(3)：175～178
54．林音，李香玲．1994．大米商业化有关技术的研究．核农学报，8(3)：177～179
55．陈弈，黄林，欧海．1991．稻米直链淀粉含量微量测定方法的研究．广东农业科学，(5)：7～9
56．陈远芳，蒋兴钝，卢升安，易小平，杨存义，李金国．1994．高空环境对水稻遗传性的影响，中国水稻科学，8(1)：1～8
57．陈建国，朱军．1998．籼粳杂交稻米外观品质性状的遗传及基因型x环境互作效应分析．中国农业科学，31(4)：1～7
58．陈叶坚，2000，稻米热水不溶性直链淀粉含量的研究．浙江大学硕士学位论文，浙江杭州
59．陈能，罗玉坤，朱智伟，谢黎虹．1999．通过实验仪INSTRON评价米饭质地及适口性的研究。舒庆尧和夏英武主编：长江中下游优质早籼稻育种及推广应用．杭州：浙江大学出版社，116～120
60．季军，顾德法，李林峰．1997．环境和栽培因子对稻米品质影响的研究进展．上海农业学报，13(1)：94～97
61．孟亚利，周治国．1997．结实期温度与稻米品质的关系．中国水稻科学，11(1)：51～54
62．闵绍楷．1985．稻米品质鉴定与改良．稻米品质及其理化分析．杭州：中国水稻研究所，1～23
63．武小金．1989．稻米蒸煮品质性状的遗传研究．湖南农学院学报，15(4)：6～9
64．武时照，黄超武，欧烈才，孔宪扬，鸿鸣，林瑜钊．1986．水稻籼型品种胚乳淀粉李性状的扫描电镜观察．植物学报，28(2)：145～149
65．杨尧城，1999．优质早籼嘉育948的基本特征特性，浙江农业科学，增刊：54
66．杨仁崔，梁康迳，陈青华．1986．稻米垩白直感遗传和杂交稻垩白遗传分析．福建农学院学报，15(1)： 51～54
67．杨金华．1992．单(半)粒稻米直链淀粉含量测定研究．作物品种资源，(1)：33～35
68．易小平，陈芳远．1992．籼型杂交水稻稻米蒸煮品质米品质及营养品质的细胞质遗传效应．中国水稻科学，6(4)：187～189
69．张文明，倪安丽，王昌初．1998．杂交水稻种子活力的研究．种子，94(2)：7～10
70．张云康，闵捷，罗玉坤，葛进平．1991．浙江省“七五”水稻良种区试品种的稻米品质研究．浙江农业科学，(6)：269～272
71．张云康，李尧生，王永昭等．1997．酿酒籼米胚乳淀粉粒的扫描电镜观察．作物学报，23(2)：237～241
72．张名位，彭仲明．1996．色稻直链淀粉含量的遗传研究．作物学报，22(4)：430～43
73．张祖建，王志琴，朱庆森．1998．水稻胚乳细胞增殖动态分析及其与籽粒生长的关系．作物学报，24(3)：257～264
74．国家技术监督局—农作物种子检验规程 GB／T3543-1995．北京：中国标准出版社
75．罗玉坤，申岳正，闵绍楷．1988．单粒稻米直链淀粉含量测定方法的研究．中国水稻科学，2(3)：136～140
76．罗孝和，邱趾忠，李任华．1992．导致不育临界温度低的两用不育系培矮64S．杂交水稻，(1)：27～29
77．罗科．1987．水稻灌浆成熟过程中籽粒淀粉的积累及糊化温度的变化．广西农学院学报，(1)：9～12
78，陆朝福，朱立煌．1995．植物育种中的分子标记辅助选择．生物工程进展，15(4)：11～17
79．赵式英．1983．灌浆期气温对稻米食用品质的影响．浙江农业科学，(4)：178～181
80．姚海根．1999．优质早籼嘉早935的基本特征特性．浙江农业科学，增刊：55
81．郑康乐，沈波，钱慧荣，王建林．1992．应用RFLP标记研究水稻的光亲和基因．中国水稻科学，6(4)：145～150
82．郑康乐，黄宁．1997．标记辅助选择在水稻改良中的应用前景．遗传，19(2)：40～44
83．周广洽，谭周磁．1987．关于稻米直链淀粉含量的研究．湖南农业科学，12～16
84．周惠明，张弈．1998．大米品质改良的现状与思路．粮食于饲料工业，(4)：10～11
85．莫惠东．1993．我国稻米品质的改良．中国农业科学，26(4)：8～14
86．莫惠栋．1995．谷类作物胚乳品质性状的遗传研究．中国农业科学，28(2)：1～7
87．莫惠栋．1995．谷类作物胚乳性状遗传控制的鉴别．遗传学报，22(2)：126～132
88．曹立勇，罗玉坤，朱旭东，陈能，严学强．1996．籼粳交稻米糊化温度遗传分析．浙江农业学报，8(3)：188～190
89．钱前，熊振民，闵绍楷．1995．米成分育种研究的现状及其展望．种子，(2)：30～33
90．唐湘如，余铁桥．1991．灌浆成熟期温度对稻米品质及有关生理生化特性的影响．湖南农学院学报，17(1)：1～8
91．徐辰武，莫惠栋，顾铭洪等．1990．谷类作物品质性状遗传研究进展．南京：江苏科学技术出版社
92．徐辰武，莫惠栋．1998．籼稻糊化温度的质量-数量遗传研究．作物学报，22(4)：385-291
93．徐建龙，林怡滋，奚永安，蒋兴村，李金国．1997．水稻空间诱变育种的研究．核农学报，11(1)：9～14
94．龚利强，曹利丰，邵达孚．1998．优质早籼杭931的特征特性及栽培要点．浙江农业科学，(3)：101-103
95．高如蒿，张蒿午，1994．稻米品质气候生态基础研究，西安：陕西科学技术出版社
96．郭益全，刘清，张德梅，谢顺景．1985，籼稻调与食用品质及谷粒性状之遗传．中华农业研究，34(3)：243～257
97．郭银燕，张云康，王忠明，胡秉民，陈昆荣．1997．浙江省早籼稻近期区试品种(系)蒸煮品质研究．作物学报，23(5)：573～579
98．黄发松，孙宗修，胡培松，唐绍清．食用稻米品质形成研究及其展望．中国水稻科学，1998，12(3)：172～176
99．黄发松，罗玉坤，庞乾林．1998．我国优质稻米的生产现状和发展对策．中国稻米，(6)：3～8
100．黄超武，李锐．1990．水稻杂种直链淀粉含量的遗传分析．华南农业大学学报，11(1)：23～29
101．贾志宽，高如嵩，张嵩午，朱碧岩．1991，水稻齐穗后温度对稻米垩白影响途径研究．西北农业大学学报，19(3)：27～30
102．梁世荣，吴汉林，溻绮琳．杂交籼稻米蒸煮食用品质性状的分析研究，广西农业科学，1～4
103．屠曾平．1996．水稻光合特性研究与高光效育种，中国农业科学，30(3)：28～35
104．程方民，张嵩午，吴永常．1996．灌浆结实期温度对稻米垩白形成的影响．5(2)：31～34
105．程方民，朱碧岩．1998．气象生态因子对稻米品质影响的研究进展．中国农业气象，19(5)：39～45
106．董世君，董彦君．1995．浙38A选育．杂交水稻，17(4)：67～70
107．董彦君．1998．日本新性状稻米研究进展．中国稻米，1；36～38
108．舒庆尧．1996．稻米蒸煮与食用品质研究．浙江农业大学博士学位论文，浙江杭州
109．舒庆尧，吴殿星，夏英武，高明尉，Anna McClung．1998．籼型杂交水稻稻米表观直链淀粉含量和淀粉粘滞性研究．浙江农业大学学报，24(4)：621～626
110．舒庆尧，吴殿星，夏英武，高明尉，Anna McClung．1998．稻米淀粉RVA谱特征与食用品质的关系．中国农业科学，31(3)：25～29
111．舒庆尧，吴殿星，夏英武，高明尉，Anna McClung．1999．稻米RVA谱特征的亚种间差异初析．作物学报，32(4)：92～96
112．舒庆尧，吴殿星，夏英武，高明尉，Anna McClung，1999．籼稻和粳稻中蜡质基因座位上微卫星标记的多态性及其与表观直链淀粉含量的关系．遗传学报，26(4)：350～358
113．蒋雅光，潘重光．作物品质改良，北京：农业出版社，1998，242～272
114．彭桔松，郑志仁，刘涤，胡之壁．1997．淀粉的生物合成及其关键酶．植物生理学通讯，33(4)：297～303
115．黎用朝，李小湘．1998．影响稻米品质的遗传和环境因素研究进展．中国水稻科学，12(增刊)：56～62
116．熊振民，朱旭东，罗玉坤，黄发松．1993．稻米品质研究进展．水稻文摘，12(3)：1～6，64
117．薛庆中，张能义，熊兆飞，李羽中，朱立煌．应用分子标记辅助选择培育抗白叶枯病水稻恢复系．浙江农业大学学报，24(6)：581～582
118．戴平安，周坤泸，黎用朝，刘进明，张玉烛，马国辉，易国英．1998．土壤条件对优质食用稻米品质及产量的影响．中国水稻科学(增刊)，51～57
119.Adoracion, P., Resurreccion, T., Hura, B., Juliano B.O., Shouichi, Y. 1977. Effect of temperature during ripening on grain quality of rice. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 23(1): 109-112
120.Abraham, T.E., Malfait, J.L., White, A.J. 1990. Process for producing instant parboiled rice. U.S. Patent 4952, 416
121.Ahn, S.N., Bollich, C.N., Tanksley, S.D. 1992. RFLP tagging of a aroma in rice. Theor. Appl. Genet., 84:825-828
122.Ahn, S.N., Bollich, C.N., McClung, A.M., Tanksley, S.D. 1993. RFLP analysis of genomic regions associated with cooked-kernel elongation in rice. Theor. Appl. Genet., 87:27-32
123.Akai, H., Yokozeiki, Y., Inagaki, A., Fujimura, T. 1996. Microsatellite DNA markers for rice chromosomes. Theor. Appl. Genet., 93:1071-1077
124.Akai, H., Yokozeiki, Y., Inagaki, A., Fujimura, T. 1997. Highly polymorphic micro-satellite of rice consists of repeats and a classification of closely related cultivars with these microsatellite loci. Theor.Appl. Genet., 94:61-67
125． American Association of Cereal Chemists (AACC). 1995． General pasting methods for wheat or rye flour using the Rapid Visco Analyser. AACC Method 76-21, 9th Edition, Amer. Assoc. Cereal Chem., St. Paul MN
126． Andeson, J.M., Larson, R., Laudencia, D. 1991． Molecular characterization of the gene encoding rice endosperm-specific ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase subunit and its developmental pattern of transcription. Gene, 97: 199-205
127． Aryes, N.M., McClung, AM., Larkin, P.D., Bligh, H., Jones, C.A., Park, W.D. 1997． Microsatellites and a single nucleotide polymorphism differentiate apparent amylose classes in an extended pedigree of US rice germplasm. Theor. Appl. Genet., 94: 773-781
128． Asaoka, M., Okunom, K., Sugimoto, Y., Kawami, J., Fuwa, H. 1984． The effect of environmental temperature during development of rice plants (Oryza sativa L) on some properties of endosperm. Starch/Starke 36: 189-193
129． Asaoka. M., Okuno, K., Fuma, H., 1985． Effect of environmental temperature at milky stage on amylose content and fine structure of amylopectin on waxy rice nonwaxy endosperm starches of rice (Ores sativa L). Agric. Biol. Chem., 49: 373-379
130． Bao, J.S., Xia, Y.W. 1999． Genetic control of the paste viscosity characteristics in indica rice (Oryza sativa L.). Theor. Appl. Genet., 98 (6/7) : 1120-1124
131． Bao, J.S., Zheng, X.W., Xia, Y.W., He, P., Shu, Q.Y.. Lu, X., Chen, Y, Zhu, L.H. 2000． QTL mapping for the pasting viscosity characteristics in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Theor. Appl. Genet., 100(2) : 280-284
132． Banks, W., Greenwood, C.T. 1975． Starch and its components. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
133． Bhattacharya, K.R., Sowbhagya, C.M., Swamy, Y.MI.. 1978． Importance of water-insoluble amylose as a determinant of rice quality. J. Sci. Food Agri., 29: 359-364
134． Blair, M.W., McCouch, S.R. 1997． Microsatellite and sequence-tagged site markers diagnostic for the bacterial blight resistance gene Xa-5． Theor Appl. Genet., 95: 174-185
135． Blakery, A.B., Welsh, L.A., Martin, M. 1992． Reproducibility of rice and starch RVA curves. In: Humphrey Taylor, V.J. ed: Proc. 42nd Aust. Cereal Chem. Conf, 180-182
136． Blakeney, A.B., Welsh, L.A. 1993． The relationship between stirring speed ans setback in RVA paste curves. In Wrigley C.W. ed: Proceeding of the 43rd Australian Cereal Chemistry Conference, Royal Australian Chemical Institute, Parkville, Victoria, 261-263
137． Blakery, A.B., Welsh, L.A., Martin, M., Booth, R.I., Turner, N.E. 1997． RVA viscograms of flours prepared from cooked rice. RVA World. 10: 2-3
138． Bligh, HFJ., Hill, RL., Jones, C.A. 1995． A microsatellite sequence closely linked to the waxy gene of Ores sativa. Euphytica, 86: 83-85
139． Bogyo, T. P., Lance. R.C Chevalier, P., Nilan, R.A. 1988． Genetic models for quantitatively inherited
endosperm characters. Heredity, 60: 61-67
140． Bollich, C.N., Web, B.D. 1973． Inheritance of amylose in two hybrid populations of rice. Cereal Chem., 50(6) : 631-636
141． Burton, RA., Bewley, JD., Smith, AM., Bhattacharyya, MK., Tatge, H., Ring, S., Bull, V., Hamilton, WDO., Martin C. 1995． Starch branching eneymes belonging to distinct enzyme families are differentially expressed during pea embryo development. Plant J., 7: 3-15
142． Gausses, M.A., Fulton, T.M., Cho, Y.G., Ahn, S.N., Chunwongse, J., Wu, K.S., Xiao, J.H., Yu, Z.H., Ronald, P.C., Harrington, S.E., Second, G., McCouch, S.R., Tanksley, S.D. 1994． Saturated molecular map of the rice genome based on an interspecific backcross population. Genetics, 138: 1251-1274
143． Cagampang, G., Perez, C., Juliano B.O., 1973． A gel consistency test for eating quality of rice. J. Sci. Food Agric., 24: 1589-1594
144． Chair, H., 1995． Selectable marker genes and transformation strategy as key factors of rice protoplast transformation efficiency. 114
145． Chang, T.T., Somrith, B. 1979． Genetic studies on the grain quality of rice. In: IRRI, Chemical aspects of rice grain quality, 49-58
146． Chauhan, J.S., 1981． Studies on correlation and path analysis of some physical and chemical grain quality components of amylose content in rice (Ores sativa L.). Thesis Abstracts, 7(1) : 76-77
147． Chauhan, J.S., Nanda, J.S. 1983． Inheritance of amylose content and its association with grain yield and yield contributing characters in rice. Oryza, 20: 81-85
148． Chen, S., Lin, X., Xu, C., Zhang, Q. 1998． Marker-assisted selection to improve bacteria blight resistance of Minghui63, an elite restorer of hybrid rice. Abstracts. 18th Intl. Gen. Cong. 10-15 August 1998． Beijing, 158
149． Chen, S., Lin, X., Xu, C., Zhang, Q. 2000． Improvement of bacteria blight resistance of Minghui63, an elite restorer of hybrid rice by molecular marker-assisted selection method. Crop Sci., 40: 239-244
150． Cheng, X., Savinder, R., Kaplan, H., Altosaar I. 1998． Agrobacterium-tiansformed rice plants expressing synthetic crylAb and crylAc genes are highly toxic to striped stem borer and yellow borer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 95: 2767-2722
151． Ciesla, K., Zoltowski, T., Mogilevsky, L.Y. 1991． Detection of starch transformation under gamma irradiation by small-angle X-ray scatting. Starch/Staerke, 43: 11
152． Ciurczak, E.W., 1995． Use of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Cereal Products. Food Testing and Analysis, (5) : 35-39
153． Cui, HR., Shu, QY., Xiang,YB., Ye, GY, Xie, JH., Wu, DX., Xia, YW., Gao, MW, Cheng, XY, Altosaar, I. 1998． Field Performances of transgenic rice with a crylAb gene In: Zhu MQ and Li YN (eds). Exploration and Investigation on Life Sciences, Hangzhou University Press, Hangzhou, 810-815
154． Datta, S. K., Datta, D. K., Soltanifar, N., Donn, G., Potrykus, I. 1992． Herbicide resistant indica rice plants from IRRI breeding line IR72 after PEG-mediated transformation of protoplasts. Plant Mol. Biol., 20:619-629
155． Deffenbaugh L B et al., 1989． Comparison of starch pasting properties in the brabender visco-amylograph and the Rapid Visco-Analyzer. Cereal Chem., 66:393-399
156． Deivedi, J.L., Nanda, J.S. 1979． Inheritance of amylose content in three crosses of rice. India J. Agri. Sci., 49(10) : 753-755
157． Delwiche, S.R., Bean, M.M., Miller, R.E., Webb, B.D. 1995． Apparent amylose content of milled rice by near-infrared reflectance spectrometry. Cereal Chem., 72:182-187
158． Delwiche, S.R., Mckenzie, K.S., Webb, B.D. 1996． Quality characteristics in rice by near-infrared reflectance analysis of whole grain milled samples. Cereal Chem., 73(3) :231-234
159． Denyer, K., Clarke, B., Hylton, C., Tatge, H., Smith, A.M., 1996． The elongation of amylose and amylopectin chains in isolated starch granules. Plant J., 10: 1135-1143
160． Desxherider, A.R., 1960． Changes in starch and its degradation products on irradiating wheat flour with gamma rays. Starch/Staerke, 12: 197
161． Dhaliwal H.S., Uchimiya, H. 1999． Genetic engineering for disease and pest resistance in plants. Plant Biotechnology, 16:255-261
162． Downey, G., 1995． Grain analysis by NIR: is the harvest in? Batten G.D., ed: Leaping ahead with Near Infrared Spectroscopy, Yanco, 136-147
163． Duan X., Li X., Xue Q., Abo-El-Saad M., Xu D., Wu R. 1996． Transgenic rice plants harboring an introduced potato proteinase inhibitor п gene are insect resistant. Nature Biotechnology, 14: 494-498
164． Dwivedi, J.L., Nanda, J.S., 1979． Inheritance of amylose content in three crosses in rice. Indian J. Agri. Sci., 49(10) : 753-755
165． Efferson, J.N. 1985． Rice quality in world markets. In Rice grain quality and marketing. Manila, IRRI, 1-13
166． Eggum, B.O., Juliano, B.O. 1975． Higher protein content from nitrogen fertilizer application and nutritive value of milled rice protein. J. Sci. Food Agric., 26: 425-427．
167． Eliasson, A.C., Finstad, H., Liumger, G.A., 1988． Study of strach-lipid interactions for some native and modified maize starch. Starch, 40: 95-100
168． Escarpa, A., Gonzalez, M.C., Mora, M.D. 1997． An approach to the influence of nutrients and other food constituents on resistant starch formation. Food Chem., 60(4) : 527-532
169． Faust, M., Massey, L.M., Jr. 1966． The effects of ionizing radiation on starch breakdown in barley endosperm. Rad. Res., 29: 33
170． Fujimoto, H., Itoch, K., Yamamoto, M., Kyozumoto, K. 1993． Insect resistance rice generated by introduction of a modified delta-endotoxin gene of Bacillus thuringiensis. Biotechnology, 11: 1151-1155
171． Gahakwa, D., Maqbool, S.B., Fu, X., Sudhakar, D., Christou, P., Kohli, A. 2000． Transgenic rice as a system to study the stability of transgene expression: multiple heterozygous transgenes show similar behavior in diverse genetic background. Theor. Appl. Genet., 101: 388-389
172． Ghareyazie, B., Alinia, F., Menguita, C.A., Rubia, L.G., Palma, J.M., Liwanag, E.A., Cohen, MB., Khush, G.S., Bennett J. 1997． Enhanced resistance to two stembores in an aromatic rice containing a synthetic crylA(b) gene. Mol. Breed., 3: 401-404
173． Gomez, KA., 1979． Effects of environment on protein, and amylose content of rice. In: Chemical aspects of rice grain quality. IRRI Los Banos, Phillippines, 59-68
174． Goto, F., Yoshihara, T., Shigemoto, N., Toki, S., Takaiwa, F. 1999． Iron fortification of rice seed by the soybean ferritin gene. Nature Biotechnology, 17(3) : 282-286
175． Grant, L.A, D'Appolonia, B.L. 1991． Effect of low-level gamma radiation on water-soluable non-starchy polysaccharides isolated from hard red spring wheat flour and bran. Cereal Chem., 68: 651
176． Gravois, K.A, Webb, B.D. 1997． Inheritance of long grain rice amylograph viscosity characteristics. Euphytica, 97:25-29
177． Gupta, M.P., Gupta, P.K., Singh, I.B., Singh, P. 1988． Genetic analysis for quality characters in rice. Euphytica, 20(2) : 141-146
178． Harrington, S.E., Bligh, H.F.J., Park, W.D., Jones, C.A., McCouch, S.R. 1997． Linkage mapping of starch branching enzyme Ⅲ in rice (Oryza saliva L.) and prediction of location of orthologous genes in other grasses. Theor. Appl. Genet., 94(5) : 564-568
179． He, P., Si, G.L., Qian O., Zhu, L.H. 1998． Genetic analysis of rice grain quality. Theor. Appl. Genet., 98: 502-508
180． Hemavathy, J., Prabhakar, J.V. 1987． Lipid composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) bran. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 64: 1016-1019．
181． Hizukuri, S., Takeda, Y., Maruta, N. & Juliano, B.O. 1989． Molecular structures of rice starch. Carbohydr. Res., 189: 227-235．
182． Horino, T., Haraki, T. 1983． Phosphorus, potassium and magnesium contents and their balance in cereal grain. Japan. J. Crop Sci., 53(Suppl.): 226-227
183． Horino, T., Fukuoka, T., Wakimoto, K. 1984． Characteristics of palatability of cooked rice in relation to the mineral components of brown rice. Japan. J. Crop Sci., 53(Suppl.): 226-227
184． Horino, T., Saikusa, T., Onoda, A. 1994． Tasty components in water extract of the powder abraded from out-most layer of milled rice. Japan. J. Crop Sci. 63(Suppl.): 281-282
185． Hiranno, H.-Y., Tabayashi, N., Matsumura, T., Tanida, M., Komeda, Y., Sano, Y. 1995． Tissue-dependent expression of the rice wx + gene promoter in transgenic rice and petunia. Plant Cell Physiol., 36: 37-44
186． Hopkins, D.T. 1981． Effect of variation in protein digestibility. In C.E. Bodwell, J.S. Adkins & D.T. Hopkins, eds. Protein quality in humans: assessment and in vitro estimation. Westport, CT, USA, AVI Publishing Co., 169-193．
187． Hospital, F., Charcosset, A. 1997． Marker-assisted introgression of quantitative trait loci. Genetics, 147: 1469-1485
188． Huang, N., Sutliif, T.D., Litts, J.C. 1990． Classification and characterization of the rice a-amylase multigene family. Plant Mol. Biol., 14: 655-688
189． Huang, J.F. 1990． The relation between soil nutrients and rice qualities. Trans. 14th Int. Congr. Soil Sci., Kyoto, 12-18 Aug. 1990,4: 170-175．
190． Huang, N., Parco, A., Mew, T., Domingo, J., Magpantay, G., Singh, S., Zhang, G., Kumaravadivel, N., Bennett, J., Khush, G.S. 1997． Pyramiding of bacterial blight resistance genes in rice: marker-assisted selection using RFLP and PCR. Theor. Appl. Genet., 95: 313-320
191． Huebner, F.R., Bietz, J.A., Webb, B.D. & Juliano, B.O. 1990． Rice cultivar identification by high-perforrnance liquid chromatography of endosperm proteins. Cereal Chem., 67: 129-135．
192． Hussain, A.A., Maurya, D.M., Vaish, C.P. 1987． Studies on quality status of indigenous upland rice (Oryza sativa L.). Indian J. Genet. 47(2) : 145-152
193． Ichikawa, N., Kishimoto, N., Inagaki, A., Nakamura, A., Koshino, Y., Yokozeki, Y., Oka, M., Samoto, S., Akagi, H., Higo, K., Shiniyo, C., Fujimura, T., Shimada, H. 1997． A rapid PCR-aided selection of a rice line containing the Rf-1 gene which is involved in restoration of the cytoplasmic male sterility. Mol. Breed., 3: 195-202
194． Institute of Food Sciences and Technology (IFST). 1999． Genetic modification and food. 5 Cambridge Court, 210 Shepherd's Bush Road, London W6 7NJ
195． Ishi, T., Brar, D.S., Second, G., Tsunewaki, K., Khush, G.S. 1995． Nuclear genome differentiation in Asia cultivated rice as revealed by RFLP analysis. Japan. J. Genet., 70: 643-652
196． Iwamoto, M., Suzuki, T., Uozumi, J. 1986． Analysis of protein and amino acid contents in rice flour by near-infrared spectroscopy. Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkai-Shi, 33: 846-854
197． Iwasaki, T., 1993． Eating quality of the cooked rice. In: T. Matsuo and K. Hoshkawa ed. Sciences of the rice plant. Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery. Tokyo Japan, 298-404
198． Jane, J.L., Chen, J.F. 1992． Effect of amylose molecular size and amylopectin branch chain length on paste properties of starch. Cereal Chem., 69(1) : 60-65
199． Jia T., Liu, I., Cui, H. 1995． Determination of nutritive constitutes in Chinese cabbage by near infrared
spectroscopy (NIRS). In: Batten, G.D. ed. Leaping Ahead with Near Infrared Spectroscopy, Yanco, 227-230
200． Juliano, B.O., Bautista, G.M., Lugay, J.C., Reyes, A.C., 1964． Studies on the physicochemical properties of rice. Agric. Food Chem., 12(2) : 131-138
201． Juliano, B.O. 1979． The chemical basis of rice grain quality. In Proceedings, Workshop on Chemical Aspects of Rice Grain Quality. Los Baflos, Laguna, the Philippines, IRRI, 169-193．
202． Juliano, B.O., Pascual, C.G. 1980． Quality characteristics of milled rice grown in different countries. In: IRRI res. Paper Ser., 48: 25
203． Juliano, B.O., 1982． An international survey of methods, used for evaluation of the cooking and eating quality of milled rice. IRRI Research paper No. 77
204． Juliano, B.O. 1985． Factors affecting nutritional properties of rice protein. Trans. Natl. Acad. Sci. Technol. Philippine, 7:205-216．
205． Juliano, B.O., Perez, C.M., Kaushik, R. & Khush, G.S. 1990． Some grain properties of IR36-based starch mutants. Starch, 42:256-260．
206． Juliano, B.O., Perez, CM. & Kaosaard, M. 1990． Grain quality characteristics of export rices in selected markets. Cereal Chem., 67: 192-197．
207． Juliano, B.O., Villareal, C.P. 1991． Grain characteristics of milled rices grown in rice-producing countries. Manila, IRRI.
208． Juliano, B.O., 1996． Rice quality screening with the Rapid Visco Analyser. In: C.E.,Walker and J.L. Hazelton (ed). Applications of the Rapid Visco Analyser. Sydney: Newport Scientific, 19-24
209． Kahlon, P.O., 1965． Inheritance of alkili digestion index and iodine value in rice. Dissert. Abstr. 25: 5512-5513
210． Kang, I, Byun, M.W. 1996． Development of modified starch by gamma irradiation. Korean J. Food Sci. Technol., 28: 514
211． Kang, I.J., Byunm, M.W., Yook, H.Y., Bae, C.H., Lee, H.S., Kwon, J.H., Chung C.K., 1999． Production of modified starches by gamma irradiation. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 54, 425-530
212． Karrer, E.E., Rodriguez, R.L. 1992． Metabolic regulation of rice a-amylase and sucrose synthase gene in plant. The Plant J., 2(4) : 517-523
213． Koklwey, D.E., 1994． New methods for the evaluation of rice quality and related terminology. Marshall Derker Inc., New York, 113-137
214． Krattiger AF, 1997． Insect resistance in crops: a case study of Bacillius thuringiensis (Bt) and its transfer
to developing countries. ISAAA Briefs No.2: ISAAA, Ithaca, NY
215． Krishnan, Hari B. 1999． Characterization of high-lysine mutants of rice. Crop Sci., 39: 825-831
216． Krisham, H.B., Okita, T.W. 1986． Structural relationship among the rice glutelin polypeptides. Pant physiology, 81(3) : 748-753
217． Kubo, S., Surveying on some inorganic consistent of rice produced in Japan (1) . Inorganic constituents of "hard" and "soft" rice. 1959． Bull. Natl. Food Res. Inst. 14: 83-85
218． Ku, MSB., Agaric, S., Nomura, M., Fukayama, H., Tsuchida, H., Ono, K., Hirose, S., Toki, S., Miyao, M., Matsuoka, M. 1999． High level expression of maize phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in transgenic rice plants. Nature Biotechnology 17: 76-80
219． Kumamaru, T., Satoh, H., Iwata, N., Omura, T., Ogawa, M. 1986． Mutants affecting storage protein in rice seed. Rice Gen. Newl., 3: 101-103．
220． Kumamaru, K., Yamamoto, M., Satoh, H., Iwata, N., Omura, T., Ogawa, M., Tanaka, K. 1987． Genetic analysis of mutants for storage protein in rice endosperm. Japan. J. Breed., 37 (Suppl.): 336-337．
221． Kumamaru, T., Satoh, H., Iwata, N., Omura, T., Ogawa, M. & Tanaka, K. 1988． Mutants of rice storage proteins. 1． Screening of mutants for rice storage proteins of protein bodies in the starchy endosperm. Theor. Appl. Genet, 76: 11-16．
222． Kumamaru, T., 1991． Mutants for rice storage proteins. In: Rice Genetics II: IRRI, 201-209
223． Kumar, I., Khush, G.S. 1987． Genetics analysis of different amylose levels in rice, Crop Science, 27: 1167-1172
224． Kumar, I., Khush, G.S.& B.O. Juliano.1988． Genetic analysis of waxy locus in rice (Oryza sativa L), Thero. Appl. Genet., 3: 481-488
225． Kuo, Yih-Chuan, Webb, BD., Stansel, JW. 1997． Genetic studies on amylose content and amylographic beakdown viscosity of milled rice by means of generation mean analysis. J. Agric. Res. China. 46(2) : 99-115
226． Lai, S.P., Finney, K.F, Miner, M., 1959． Treatment of wheat with ionizing radiations, 4 Oxidative, physical and biochemical changes. Cereal Chem., 36: 401
227． Larkin, PD., Park, WD., 1999． Transcript accumulation and utilization of alternative and non-consensus splice sites in rice granule-bound starch synthase are temperature-sensitive and controlled by a single nucleotide-polymorphism. Plant Mol. Biol., 40(4) : 719
228． Lebail, P., Bizot, H., Buleon, A. 1993． B-type to A-type phase transition in short amylose chains. Carbohydrate Polym., 21(2) : 99
229． Linscombe, S.D., Oard, J.H. 1997． Evaluation of glufosinate on rice (Oryza sativa) transformed with the bar gene and red rice (Oryza sativa). Weed Technology, 11: 70-75
230． Little, R., Hilder, G., Dawson E., 1958． Differential effect of dilute alkali on 25 varieties of milled white rice. Cereal Chem., 35: 111-126
231． Mackill, D.J., 1995． Classifying japonica rice cultivars with RAPD markers. Crop Sci., 35: 889-894
232． Manner, D.J., 1989． Recent development in our understanding of amylopectin strutcure. Carbohydrate Polym., 11:87-91
233． Maqbool S Bano, and Christou P. 1999． Multiple traits of agronomic importance in transgenic indica rice plants: analysis of transgene integration patterns, expression levels and stability. Mol. Breed., 5:471-487
234． Maekawa, M., 1985． Location of a floury endosperm gene in the second linkage group. Rice Genet. Newls., 2: 57-58．
235． Martin, C., Juliano, A., Newbury, H.J., Lu, B.R., Jackson, M.T., Ford,-Lloyd, B.V. 1997． The use of RAPD markers to facilitate the identification of Oryza species within a germpasm collection. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol., 44: 175-183
236． Masuyuk, I., Morino, K., Nakajima, M. 1999． Rice Biotechnology Quarterly, 37: 22
237． Masumura, T.,Shibata D, Hibino T,Kato T.Kawabe KJakeba G,Tanaka K,Fujii S. 1989． cDNA cloning of an mRNA encoding a sulfur-rich 10kDa prolamin polypeptide in rice seeds. Plant Mol. Biol. 12: 123-130
238． Masumura, T..,Hibino T.Kidzu K,Mitsukawa N.Tanaka K,Fujii S. 1990． Cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding a rice 13kDa prolamin. Mol. Gen. Genet., 221: 1-7
239． Matsuo, T., Yano, M., Satoh, H., Omura, T. 1986． Location of gene shr-1 on chromosome 3． Rice Genet. Newls., 3:60-61．
240． Matsuo, T., Satoh, H., Omura, T. 1987． Newly obtained mutants of shrunken and sugary in rice. Japan. J. Breed. 37 (Suppl.): 204-205．
241． McCouch, S.R., Nelson, R.J., Tohme, J., Zeigler, R.S. 1994． Mapping of blast resitance genes in rice. In: Rice Blast Diease. R.S. Zeiger, S.A. Leong and P.S. Teng (eds). CAB Intl. Willingford, UK, 167-186
242． McCouch, S.R., Chen, XL., Panaud, O., Temnykh, S., Xu, YB., Cho, Y.C., Huang, N., Ishii, T. And Blair, M. 1997． Microsatellite marker development, mapping and applications in rice genetics and breeding. Plant Molecular and Breeding, 35: 89-99
243． Mckenzie, K.S., Rutger, J.N. 1983． Genrtic analysis of amylose content, alkili spreading score, and grain dimensions in rice. Crop Sci., 23(2) : 306-319
244． Mercier, C., Feillet, P., 1975． Modification on carbohydrate components by extrusion cooking of cereal products. Cereal Chem., 52: 283
245． Maluszynski, M., Beant, S., Ahloowalia, Sigubjornsson, B. 1995． Application of in vivo and in vitro mutation techniques for crop improvement. Euphytica, 1-13
246． Milner, M., 1961． Technological effects of gamma irradiation of wheat. In: Proceedings of the fifth International Congress of Biochemistry 8． Pergamon Press Lth, Moscow, 108
247． Mossman, A.P., Fellers, D.A., Suzuki, H. 1983． Rice stickness: I: Determination of rice stickness with an instron tester. Cereal Chem., 60: 286-292
248． Morrison, W.R., Milligan, T.P., Azudin, M.N. 1984． A relation between the amylose and lipid contents of starches from diploid cereals. J. Cereal Sci., 2: 257: 271
249． Nakagahara, M., T. Nagamine and K. Okuno, 1986． Spontaneous occurrence of low amylose genes and geographical distribution of amylose content in Asian rice, Rice Genet. Newls., 3: 46-48．
250． Normita, D., Cruza, L., Kumar, 1． , Rajendra, P., kaushik, Gurdev, S., Khush, S. 1989． Effect of temperature during grain development on stability of cooking quality components in rice. Japan. J. Breed., 39: 299-306
251． Nayak, P., Basu, D., Das, S., Ghosh, A., Ramakrishnan, N.A., Ghosh, M., Sen, S.K. 1997． Transgenic elite rice plants expressing CryLAc-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis are resistant against yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulans). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 94: 2111-2116
252． Nishizawa, Y., Nishio, Z., Nakazono, K., Soma, M., Nakajima, E., Ugaki, M., Hibi, T. 1999． Enhanced resistance to blast (Magnaporthe grisea) in transgenic rice by constitute expression of rice chitinase. Thero, Appl, Genet., 99: 383-390
253． Ogawa, M., Kumamaru, T., Satoh, H., Iwata, N., Omura, T., Kasai, Z., Tanaka, K. 1987． Purification of protein body-1 of rice seed and its polypeptide composition. Plant Cell Physiol., 28: 1517-1527．
254． Ogawa, M., Kumamaru, T., Satoh, H., Omura, T., Park, T., Shintaku, K. & Baba, K. 1989． Mutants of rice storage proteins. 2: Isolation and characterization of protein bodies from rice mutants. Theor. Appl. Genet, 78: 305-310．
255． Okamoto, M., 1994． Studies on effect of chemical components on stickiness of cooked rice and their selection methods for breeding. Bull. Chugoku Natl. Agric. Exp. Stn. 14: 1-68
256． Okuno, K., 1978． Gene dosage effect of waxy alleles on amylose content in endosperm starch of rice. Japan J. Breed., 39:299-306
257． Okuno, K., Fuwa, H., Yano, M. 1983． A new mutant gene lowering amylose content in endosperm starch of rice, Oryza sativa L. Japan. J. Breed., 33: 387-394．
258． Omura, T., Satoh, H. 1984． Mutation of grain properties in rice. In S. Tsunoda & N. Takahashi, eds. Biology of Rice, Tokyo, Japan Scientific Societies Press, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 293-303．
259． Ong, MH., Blanshard, MV. 1995a. Texture determinants in cooked parboiled rice I: rice starch amylose and the fine structure of amylopectin. J. Cereal Sci., 21: 251-260
260． Ong, MH., Blanshard, MV. 1995b. Texture determinants in cooked parboiled rice II: physicochemical properties and leaching behavior of rice. J. Cereal Sci., 21:261-269
261． Osborne, B.G., 1995． MR analysis of grain: Past, present and future. In: Batten, G.D. ed. Leaping Ahead with Near Infrared Spectroscopy, Yanco, NSW, Australian, 133-135
262． Paule, C.M. 1977． Variability in amylose content of rice. MS thesis, University of Philippines: Los Banos, Philippines.
263． Paterson, A.H., 1998． QTL mapping in DNA marker-assisted plant and animal improvement. In: Paterson A.H. (ed) Molecular dissection of complex traits. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 131-143
264． Perez, C.M., Cagampang, G.B., Esmama, B.V, Monserrate, R.U. & Juliano, B.O. 1973． Protein metabolism in leaves and developing grains of rices differing in grain protein content. Plant Physiol., 51: 537-542．
265． Pooni, H.S., Kumar, I., Khush, G.S. 1993． Genetic control of amylose content in a diallel set of rice crosses. Heredity, 71: 603-613
266． Puri, R.P., Siddip, E.A. 1983． Studies on cooking and nutritive qualities of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.). IV: quantitative genetic analysis of gelatinization temperature. Genetica Agraria, 37(3/4) : 335-343
267． Rao, KV., Rathore, KS., Hodges, TK., Fu, X., Stoger, E., Sudhakar, D., Williams, S., Christou, P., Bharathi, M., Brown, DP., Powell, KS., Spence, J., Gatehouse, AMR., Gatehouse, J.A. 1998． Expression of snowdrop lectin (GNA) in transgenic rice plants confers resistance to rice brown planthopper. The Plant J., 15:469:477
268． Reddy, KR., Subramanian, R., Ali, SZ., Bhattacharya, KR. 1994． Viscoelastic properties of rice flour pastes and their relationship to amylose content and rice quality. Cereal Chem., 71: 548-552
269． Redona, E.D., Mackill, D.J., 1998． Quantitative traits locus analysis for rice panicle and grain characteristics. Theor. Appl. Genet., 96: 957-963
270． Reilly, A. 1990． Grain quality as affected by microorganisms in tropical regions. Food Lab. Newl., 21: 3235．
271． Resurrection, AP., 1977． Effect of temperature during ripening on grain quality of rice. Soil Sci. and Plant Nutrition, 23(1) : 109-112
272． Rivai, I.F., Koyama, H. & Suzuki, S. 1990． Cadmium content of rice and its daily intake in various countries. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 44: 910-916
273． Rogols, S., 1986． Starch modifications: A view into the future. Cereal Foods World, 31: 869
274． Roushdi, M., Harras, A., El-Meiligi, A., Bassim, M., El-Sheikh, K., 1983． Effect of high doses of gamma rays on corn grains. Starch/Staerke, 35: 15
275． Sakai, A., Yano, M., Satoh, H., Iwata, N., Omura, T. 1987． Intragenic analysis of waxy mutants in rice. Japan. J. Breed., 37 (Suppl): 162-163．
276． Satoh, H., Omura, T. 1981． New endosperm mutations induced by chemical mutagens in rice,Oryza sativa L. Japan. J. Breed., 31: 316-326．
277． Satoh, H., 1985． Genetic mutations affecting endosperm properties in rice. Gamma Field Symp., 24: 17-37．
278． Sabularse, V.C., Liuzzo, J.A., Rao, R.M., Grodner, R.M., 1991． Cooking quality of brown rice as influenced by gamma-irradiation, variety and storage. J. Food Sci., 56,96
279． Sano, Y., Makekawa, M., Kikuchi, H. 1985． Temperature effects on Wx protein level and amylose content in the endosperm of rice. Heredity, 76: 221-222
280． Sano, Y., Katsumata, M., Okuno, K. 1986． Genetic studies of speciation in cultivated rice. 5: Inter-and intra-specific differentiation in the waxy gene expression of rice. Euphytica, 35: 1-9
281． Schaeffer, G.W., Sharpe, F.T. Jr. 1983． Improved rice proteins in plants regenerated from S-AEC-resistant callus. In Proceedings of a Workshop on Cell and Tissue Culture Techniques for Cereal Crop Improvement, Beijing. Science Press, Beijing, 279-290．
282． Schaeffer, G.W. and Sharpe, F.T. 1997a. Electrophoretic profiles and amino acid composition of rice endosperm proteins of a mutant with enhanced lysine and total protein after backcrosses for germplasm improvements. Theor. Appl. Genet., 95: 230-235
283． Schaeffer, G.W. and Sharpe, F.T. 1997b. Free and bound amino acids and proteins in developing grains of rice with enhanced lysine/proteins. Theor. Appl. Genet., 94: 878-881
284． Seetharaman, R., 1959． The inheritance of iodine value in rice and its association with othe characters. Dissert. Abstr. Int., 20: 856
285． Shi, CH., Zhu, J., Zang, R.C., Chen, G.L. 1997． Genetic and heterosis analysis for cooking quality traits of indica rice in different environments. Theor. Appl. Genet., 94(1-2) : 294-300
286． Shimada, H., Tada, Y. 1993． Antisense regulation of the rice Waxy gene expression using PCR-amplified fragement of the rice genome reduced the amylose content in grain starch. Theor. Appl. Genet., 86: 665-772
287． Shu QY., Ye GY, Cui HR., Cheng XY, Xiang YB., Wu DX., Gao MW., Xia YW., Hu C., Savinder R., Altosaar I. 2000． Transgenic rice plants with a synthetic crylAb gene from Bacillus thuringiensis were highly resistant to eight lepidopteran rice pest species. Mol. Breed., 6: 433-439
288． Shubashi, KDG., Mosina, SB. 1987． Inheritance of the amylose content of the grain of components of variability. Heredity, 29: 237-245
289． Singh, N.B., Singh, H.G.1982． Gene action for quality components in rice. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 52(8) : 485-488
290． Siscar-Lee, J.J.H., Juliano, B.O., Qureshi, R.H., Akbar, M. 1990． Effect of saline soil on grain quality of rices differing in salinity tolerance. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr., 40: 31-36．
291． Sood, B.C., Siddiq, E.A., 1986． Possible physico-chemical attributes of kernel influencing kernel elongation in rice. Indian J. Genet., 46(3) : 456-460
292． South, JB., Morrison, W.R., Nelson, O.E. 1991． A relationship between the amylose and lipid contents of starches from various mutants for amylose in maize. J. Cereal Sci., 14: 267-268
293． Srinivas, T., Bhashyam, M.K. 1985． Effect of variety and environment on milling quality of rice. In Rice grain quality and marketing, Manila, IRRI, 51-59
294． Srinivasa, R.P. 1976． Nature of carbohydrates in red rice varieties. Plant Foods Man., 2: 69-74．
295． Stansel, J.W., 1966． The influence of heredity and environment on endosperm characteristics of rice (Oryza saliva L.). Dissert. Abstr., 27:456-460
296． Stuber, C.W., Lincoln, S.E., Wolff, D.W., Helentjaris, T., Lander, E.S. 1992． Identification of genetic factors contributing to heterosis in a hybrid from two maize inbred lines using molecular markers. Genetics, 132: 823-839
297． Su, J., Shen, Q., Ho, T-H. D., Wu, R. 1998． Dehydrated-stressed-regulated transgene expression in stably transformed rice plants. Plant Physiol., 117: 913-922
298． Sudhakar, D., Fu, X., Stoger, E., Williams, S., Spence, J., Brown, DP., Bharathi, M., Gatehouse, JA., Christou, P. 1998． Expression and immunolocalzation of the snowdrop lectin, GNA in transgenic rice plants. Transgenic Res., 7: 371-378
299． Sugimoto, T., Tanaka, K., Kasai, Z. 1986． Molecular species in the protein body II (PB-II) of developing rice endosperm. Agric. Biol. Chem., 50: 3031-3035．
300． Sutliff, T.D., Huang, N., Litts, J.C. 1991． Characterization of an a-amylose multigene cluster in rice. Plant Mol. Biol., 16: 579-591
301． Taira, H., Nakagahra, M., Nagamine, T. 1988． Fatty acid composition of indica, sinica, japonica, and japonica groups of nonglutinous brown rice. J. Agric. Food Chem., 36:45-47．
302． Taira, T., 1998． Influnce of low air temperature in 1993 and high air temperature in 1994 on palatability and physiochemical characteristcs of rice varieties hi Fukushima prefecture. Japan. J. Crop Sci., 67(1) : 26-29
303． Tan, Y.F., Yu, S.B., Li, J.X., Xu, C.G., Zhang, Q.F., 1999． The three traits of cooking and eating quality of rice are controlled by a single locus in an elite rice hybrid, Shanyou63． Theor. Appl. Genet., 99(3-4) : 642-648
304． Tanaka, K., Sugimoto, T., Ogawa, M., Kasai, Z. 1980． Isolation and characterization of two types of protein bodies in the rice endosperm. Agric. Biol. Chem., 44:1633-1639．
305． Takeda, Y., Hizukuri, S., Juliano, B.0． 1987． Structures of rice amylopectin with low and high affinities for iodine. Carbohydrate Res., 168: 79-88．
306． Tanaka, K., Ogawa, M. 1988． Storage protein genes and their expression control: specially focusing on the improvement of PB-I digestibility. Abstracts Annual Meeting Rockefeller Foundation Program on Rice Biotechnology. 20-22 January 1988． Manila, IRRI.
307． Tanaka, K., 1990． Improvement of digestibility and nutritive quality of rice storage protein genetic engineering. In: The abstracts of the 5th Annual Meeting of the Rockefeller Foundation.
308． Tang, K., Tinjuangjun P., Xu Y., Sun X., Gatehouse JA., Ronald PC., Qi H., Lu X., Christou P., Kohli A. 1999． Particle bombardment-mediated co-transformation of elite Chinese rice cultivars with genes conferring resistance to bacterial blight and sap sucking insect pests. Planta, 208: 552-563
309． Tang, S.X., Khush, G.S., Juliano, B.O. 1989． Diallel analysis of gel consistency in rice (Oryza. sativa L.). SABRAOJ., 21: 135-142．
310． Tester, R.F., Morrison, W.R. 1992． Swelling and gelatinization of cereal starches. Cereal Chem., 69: 654-658
311． Tollier, M.T., Guilbot, A., 1970． Development of certain physicochemical properties of the starch granule as a function of irradiation conditions. Starch/Staerke, 22: 296
312． Tu, J., Datta, K., Alam, MR, Fan, Y., Khush, G.S., Datta, S.K. 1998． Expression and function of a hybrid Bt toxin gene in transgenic rice conferring resistance to insect pest Plant Biotechnology, 15: 195-203
313． Uchimiya, H., Iwata, M., Nojirl, C., Samarajeewa, P.K., Takamatsu, S., Ooba, S., Anzai, H., Christensen, A.H., Quail, P.H., Toki, S. 1993． Biolaphos treatment of transgenic rice plants expressing a bar gene prevents infection by the sheath blight pathogen (Rhizoctinia Solani). Biotechnology, 11(7) : 835-836
314． Vakil, U.K., Arvindaksahn, M., Srinivas, H., Chauhan, P.S., Sreenivasn, A. 1973． Nutritional and wholesomeness studies with irradiated foods: India program, IAEA, SM-166/12． Vienna, 673
315． Villareal, C.P., Juliano, B.O. 1989． Comparative level of waxy gene product of endosperm starch granules of different rice ecotypes. Starch, 41: 369-371．
316． Villareal, C.P., Dela, M.N., Juliano, B.O. 1994． Rice amylose analysis by Near-Infrared Transmittance Spectroscopy. Cereal Chem., 71 (3) : 292-296
317． Visscher, P.M., Haley, C.S., Thompson, R. 1996． Marker-assisted introgression in backcross breeding programs. Genetics, 144: 1923-1932
318． Vos, P., Hogers, R., Bleeker, M., Reijans, M., van de Lee, T., Homes, M., Frijters, A., Pot, J., Peleman, J., Kuiper, M., Zabeau, M. 1995． AFLP: A new techniques for DNA fingerprinting. Nucleic Acids Res., 23:
4407-4414
319． Wang, Z.Y., Tanksley, S.D.,1989． Restriction fragment length polymorphism in Oryza sativa L. Genome, 32: 1113-1118
320． Wang, Z., Zheng, R, Shen, G., Gao, J., Snusted, D.P., Li, M, Zhang, J., Hong, M. 1995． The amylose content in rice endosperm is related to the post-translational regulation of the waxy gene. Plant J., 7: 613-622
321． Williams, C.E., Ronald, P.C. 1994． PCR template-DNA isolated quickly from monocot and dicot leaves without tissue homogenization. Nucleic Acids Res., 22: 1917-1918
322． Wu, C., Fan, Y., Zhang, C., Oliva, N., Datta, S.K. 1997． Transgenic fertile japonica rice plants expressing a modified cry1Ab gene resistant to yellow stem borer. Plant Cell Report, 17: 129: 132
323． Wu P., Zhang, G., Huang, N. 1996． Identification of QTLs controlling quantitative characters in rice using RFLP markers. Euphytica, 89: 349-354
324． Wu, P., Luo, A., Zhu, L., Yang, J., Huang, N., Senadhira, D. 1997． Molecular markers linked to genes underlying seedling tolerance for ferrous iron toxiciry. In: Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Food Production and Environment. T. Ando et al., (eds), kluwer Academic Publishers, Japan.
325． Wu, X.Q., 1995． Application of NIR to the analysis of feed and agricultural products in China. In: Batten, G. D. ed. Leaping Ahead with Near Infrared Spectroscopy, Yanco, 189-193
326． Xiang, Y.B., Cheng, X., Liang, Z., Shu, Q.Y., Ye, G.Y., Gao, M.W., Altosaar, I. 1999． Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of insecticide Bacillus thuringenesis crylAb and crylAc genes and their expression in rice. Chin J Biotechnology, 15: 494-500
327． Xiao, J.H., Grandillo, S., Ann, S.N., McCouch, S.R., Tanksley, S.D., Li, J., Yuan, L. 1996． Genes from wild rice improve yield. Nature, 384: 223-224
328． Xiao, J.H., Li, J.M., Grandillo, S., Ahn, S.N., Yuan, L.P., Tanksley, S.D., McCouch, S.R. 1998． Identification of trait-improving quantitative trait loci alleles from a wild rice relative, Oryza rufipogon. Genetics, 150: 899-909
329． Xu, D., Duan, X. Wang,B., Hong, B., Ho, T. H.D.. Wu, R. 1996． Expression of a late embryogenesis abundant protein gene, HVA1, from barley confers tolerance to water deficit and salt stress in transgenic rice. Plant Physiol., 110:249-257
330． Yadv, R., Courtois, B., Huang, N., Mclaren, G. 1997． Mapping genes controlling root morphology and root distribution in a doubled-haploid population of rice. Theor. Appl. Genet., 94: 619-632
331． Yano, M., 1985． Genetic and plant breeding studies on the mutant of amylose content in endosperm starch of rice. Ph. D. Thesis Kyushu University
332． Yano, M., Satoh, H., Omura, T. 1980． Gene analysis on the endosperm mutants induced by MNU treatment in rice. Japan. J. Breed., 30 (Suppl.): 260-261．
333． Yano, M., Isono, Y., Satoh, H., Omura, T. 1984． Gene analysis of sugary and shrunken mutants of rice, Oryza sativa L. Japan. J. Breed., 34:43-49．
334． Yano,M, Okuno, K., Kawakami, J., Satoh, H., Omura, T. 1985． High amylose mutants of rice(Oryza sativa L.). Theor. Appl. Genet., 69: 253-257．
335． Ye, X., Al-Babili, S., K16ti, A., Zhang, J., Lucca, P., Beyer, P., Potrykus, I 2000． Engineering the pro-vitamin A (-carotene) biosynthetic pathway into (carotene-free) rice endosperm. Science, 287: 303-305
336． Ye, G.Y., Shu, Q.Y., Cui, H.R., Hu, C., Gao, M.W., Xia, Y.W., Cheng, X.Y., Altosaar, I. 2000． A leaf-section bioassay for evaluating rice stem borer resistance in transgenic rice containing a synthetic crylAb gene from Bacillus thuringenesis Berliner. Bull. Entomol. Res., 90: 179-182
337． Yamagata, H., Sugimoto, T., Tanaka, K. & Kasai, Z. 1982． Biosynthesis of storage proteins in developing rice seeds. Plant Physiol., 70:10941100．
338． Zhang, Y.K., Li, Y.S., Wang, R.Z., 1997． Scanning observation of starch granule in the endosperm of waxy rice. Crop Agron. Sinica, 23:237-24
339． Zhang, Q., Gao, Y., Yang, S., Ragab, R.A., Saghai, Maroof, M.A., Li, Z. 1994． A diallel analysis of heterosis in elite hybrid rice based on RFLPs and microsatellites. Theor. Appl. Genet., 89: 185-192
340． Zhang, Q., Gao, Y., Saghai, Maroof, M.A., Yang, S., Li, J. 1995． Molecular divergence and hybrid performance in rice. Mol. Breed., 1: 133-142
341． Zhang, Q., Zhou, Z., Yang, G., Xu, C., Liu, K., Saghai, Maroof, M.A. 1996． Molecular marker heterozygosity and hybrid performance in indica and japonica rice. Theor. Appl. Genet., 93: 1218-1224
342． Zhang, Q.F., Yu, S.B. 1998． Molecular marker-based gene tagging and its impact on rice improvement. In: Rice Breeding and Gebetics: Research Priorities and Challenges, 231-270
343． Zhang, Z.Y., 1993． China Agricultural Scientech Press. 27-28
344． Zheng, K., Shen, P., Qian, H., Wang, J. 1992． Tagging genes for wide compatibility in rice via linkage to RFLP markers. Chinese J. Rice Sci., 6:145-150
345． Zheng, K., Qian, H., Zhuang, J., Lu, J., Lin, H., Kochert, G. 1995． Tagging rice blast resistance genes via DNA markers. Acta Phytopathologica Sinica, 25: 307-313
346． Zhuang, J., Lin, H., Lu, J., Qian, H., Hittalmani, S., Zheng, K. 1997． Analysis of QTL x environment interaction for yield components and plant height in rice. Theor. Appl. Genet, 95:799-808