摘要
近岸浅水海域沉积物-水界面物质交换迅速,能够对水体营养盐浓度起到重要的调节作用。但近岸沉积物中底栖动物丰度高,生物扰动作用强烈,因此要准确定量沉积物-水界面营养盐交换通量,就必须了解并评估生物扰动作用的影响。
本研究以我国三个典型近岸海域为调查区域——清澜港红树林区(热带红树林潮间带)、崇明东滩(超大型河口潮滩湿地)和胶州湾(半封闭海湾),采用实验室培养法,测定了各海域生物扰动条件下的沉积物-水界面营养盐交换通量,及优势底栖动物生物扰动作用对沉积物-水界面营养盐交换的影响,探讨了生物扰动机理,评估了生物扰动条件下沉积物对水层营养盐的调节作用。
模拟实验证明,清澜港红树林中优势底栖动物秀丽长方蟹(Metaplax elegans)能够通过两种不同的方式改变沉积物-水界面营养盐交换通量:1.通过生物灌溉作用加速沉积物-水界面的分子扩散速率。尽管蟹类底栖动物洞口面积在沉积物-水界面面积中所占比例小于5%,洞穴的生物灌溉作用却能够大大加速沉积物-水界面的分子扩散速率。2.通过改变沉积物中的生物地化过程影响沉积物-水界面营养盐交换。秀丽长方蟹洞穴内的生物地化过程与表层沉积物相比有很大差异。表层沉积物中生物地化过程表现为对上覆水中NO_3~-、NH4~+和SiO_3~(2-)的截留,而洞穴内生物地化过程则表现为促进沉积物释放NO_3~-和SiO_3~(2-)。因此,生物扰动并非单纯促进沉积物与上覆水间的营养盐交换过程,而是能够通过多种方式影响沉积物-水界面营养盐交换。
虽然清澜港不同群落结构的红树林对水体中营养盐的调节作用存在差异,但所有站位沉积物均表现为截留水体中的DIN和PO_4~(3+)。其中,河岸形红树林沉积物-水界面间DIN的交换通量达到-3.84～-1.44mmol/d/m~2,远高于海岸形红树林(-0.19mmol/d/m~2)。三个站位沉积物-水界面间PO_4~(3+)的交换通量在-0.51～-0.05 mmol/d/m~2范围内变动。
崇明东滩中潮滩优势种谭氏泥蟹(Ilyrplax deschampsi)生物扰动对沉积物-水界面营养盐交换通量的影响存在季节差异。冬季生物扰动促使DIN和SiO_3~(2-)由水层向沉积物方向迁移,而秋季却减缓了DIN和PO_4~(3-)由水层向沉积物方向的迁移速率,加速了沉积物中SiO_3~(2-)的释放速率。
崇明东滩不同植被覆盖类型下沉积物-水界面营养盐交换通量存在较大差异,但总体而言,崇明东滩在冬季和秋季均为DIN和PO_4~(3-)的汇。依据崇明东滩沉积物-水界面营养盐交换通量推算,整个长江口潮滩湿地枯水期对水层营养盐的吸收占到长江入海通量的0.70%(DIN)和3.7%(PO_4~(3-)),丰水期对营养盐的吸收占到长江入海通量的0.064%(DIN)和2.2%(PO_4~(3-))。潮滩湿地对水层SiO_3~(2-)的影响则很小。长江口潮滩湿地截留PO_4~(3-)的效力强于DIN和SiO_3~(2-),因此潮滩在一定程度上增大了长江口邻近海域中的N/P和Si/P比。
胶州湾优势底栖动物菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)能够直接排泄NH4~+和PO_4~(3-),但其生物扰动改变了沉积物中生物地化过程,部分抵消了排泄过程中释放的营养盐。在生物扰动作用下沉积物-水界面营养盐交换通量仅占菲律宾蛤仔排泄总量的37%(DIN)和34%(PO_4~(3-))。对菲律宾蛤仔参与的生源要素收支计算表明,在考虑生物扰动作用的影响后,养殖菲律宾蛤仔每年从水体滤食的生源要素中仅有19%的氮和17%的磷以无机营养盐形态完成再生过程返回到水层中,其余部分以渔获量、生物难于利用形态或埋藏的沉积颗粒形态从水层中清除。菲律宾蛤仔生物扰动条件下沉积物向水层释放Si:N:P的速率比约为5:18:1,其中Si:N和Si:P比远低于Redfield比,因此菲律宾蛤仔养殖能够加速生物硅沉积,加剧胶州湾水体中Si限制。
综上所述,我国三个典型近岸海域都观察到生物扰动对沉积物-水界面营养盐交换通量的强烈影响,但不同底栖动物的扰动作用存在较大差异。在测定近岸底栖动物高生物量区域沉积物-水界面营养盐交换通量时,必需考虑生物扰动的作用。
Benthic nutrient fluxes can modify the nutrient concentrations of water column in shallow coast markedly. But the influence of bioturbation on benthic nutrient fluxes must be assessed while a high abundance of macrofauna emerged in the sediment.
The effects of bioturbation by dominant macrofauna on benthic nutrient fluxes were investigated by sediment-water incubation at three typical areas in Chinese coast: Qinlan mangroves (tropical intertidal zone), Eastern intertidal zone of Chongming (wetland at large estuary) and Jiaozhou Bay (semi-close bay).
The bioturbation of Metaplax elegans, dominant species of macrofauna at Qinlan mangroves, was separated into two pathways: enhancing benthic molecular diffusion by bioirrigation and changing the biochemical processes in sediment. The contributions of the two pathways were evaluated by incubation experiments. The results showed that M. elegans bioirrigation promoted molecular diffusive fluxes considerably at sediment-water interface, though apparent area of burrow was neglectable comparing to total sediment-water interface area. The biogeochemical processes in M. elegans burrow were significantly different to surrounding or surface sediment. Biochemical processes in M. elegans burrow enhance nutrients release from sediment, whereas biochemical processes in the surface sediment accelerates the DIN (dissolved inorganic nitrogen) and Si(OH)4 uptake from water column in mangrove forest of Qinglan. Our results highlight that bioturbation may play an important role to modify the function of mangrove system, but the contribution of bioturbation as a whole may be obscure due to that the effects by different pathways may be offset with each other.
Seasonal difference of bioturbation was evident by measuring the effects of Ilyrplax deschampsi, dominant benthos at Eastern intertidal zone of Chongming, on benthic nutrient fluxes. Bioturbation accelerated the DIN and Si(OH)4 uptake to sediment in winter, whereas cut down the DIN and PO_4~(3-) uptake in autumn. The sediments of Yangtze estuary intertidal zone are net sinks of DIN and PO_4~(3-) in winter and autumn, though the differences among areas were significant. Based on benthic nutrient fluxes in Eastern intertidal zone of Chongming, we estimate estuary intertidal zone can remove 0.70% (DIN) and 3.7% (PO_4~(3-)) of the nutrient transport fluxes from Yangtze river in dry season, 0.064% (DIN) and 2.2% (PO_4~(3-)) in wet season. Comparing to transport fluxes from Yangtze river, benthic flux of Si(OH)4 is neglectable.
Nutrient excretion rates and the impact of Ruditapes philippinarum, dominant aquaculture species in Jiaozhou bay, on benthic nutrient fluxes were measured by incubation experiments, and these results were used to assess the effect of R. philippinarum aquaculture on nutrient recycling in Jiaozhou bay. Our research indicates that the bioturbation of R. philippinarum would modify biogeochemical progresses in sediment, and restrain nutrients excreted by R. philippinarum releasing to overlying water. Only 37% DIN and 34% PO_4~(3-) excreted by R. philippinarum were released to water column across the sediment-water interface due to bioturbation of R. philippinarum. According to the reduction of nutrient exchange across the sediment-water interface by bioturbation, only 19% (N) and 17% (P) of biogenic elements fed by R. philippinarum can be recycled and return to water column, while the others would be removed from water column in Jiaozhou Bay. The ratios of Si:N and Si:P of nutrients released from sediment to water column with bioturbation of R. philippinarum were about 5:18 and 5:1, which were far less than Redfield ratios. Therefore, aquaculture of R. philippinarum should promote BSi biodeposition to sediment and reduce the nutrient ratios of Si:N and Si:P in seawater of Jiaozhou bay.
引文
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