不同分布区蒜头果叶的比较研究
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摘要
蒜头(malaniaoleifera)果属铁青树科蒜头果属,为我国特有单种属树种。在我国仅自然分布于云南东南部至广西西部的狭长地带。由于其种子富含油脂,是合成麝香酮(muscone)的理想原料,因而具有较大的开发价值。但是由于受到当地群众的乱砍滥伐,加上分布区域狭窄,现已处于濒危状态,被列为国家二级保护植物。
     本文通过外部形态观察,扫描电子显微镜、光学显微镜和同功酶技术,对广西境内的龙虎山、巴马、乐业等地的三个蒜头果自然分布区的蒜头果叶在形态学特征、解剖学特征及同功酶酶谱等方面进行了比较研究,叶的形态指标包括叶片长度、宽度、叶柄长度和叶面积;叶的解剖特征包括角质层厚度,上、下表皮细胞数量、大小和厚度,气孔数量、大小及开度,栅栏组织、海绵组织厚度,角质乳突细胞数量、大小、长度,木质部、韧皮部面积,导管数量、大小等;同功酶测定过氧化物酶和细胞色素氧化酶。通过研究,探讨蒜头果叶的形态构造与环境间的关系以及蒜头果种群差异,为挽救该树种及营造蒜头果工业人工林提供科学依据。
     研究初步结果表明:(1)三个分布区的蒜头果在叶的外部形态以及同功酶酶谱等方面存在一定的差异。蒜头果存在着卷叶和展叶两种类型,两种类型的蒜头果在各分布区均有分布;(2)叶在解剖构造上表现出蒜头果对石灰岩石山
    
     硕士学位论文;不同分布区蒜头果叶的比较研究
    的干旱生境具有一定的适应能力,如上、下表皮均有较发达的角质层及措质,
    下表皮还具有发达的角质乳状突起;气孔器下陷,有孔下室;叶为二面叶,但
    海绵组织排列较紧密,无较大的气室,并在海绵组织与下表皮间存在下皮层结
    构;雄口束及本质部较发达等;o)不同分布区蒜头果在叶的形态特征及构造
    特征方面存在奢一定的差异,分析表明这种差异主要是由于水分因子的变化而
    引起的。这说明蒜头果具有一定的表型可塑性,主要表现在环境饰变方面,即
    它对环境条件的变化具有一定的“响应”能力,就这点而言,叶的形态构造不
    应成为蒜头果的致濒因素。
Malania oleifera was one of rare spermatophyte endemic to China. With the changes in environment and ecosystems,the total number of individuals had decreased rapidly and it was considered an endangered plant on the brink of extinction.
    In this paper,the morphological characters and anatomic structures of the leaves of Malania oleifera which distributed in Longhushang, Bama and Leye of Guangxi Zhuang National Autonomous Region of China were observed by using scanning electron microscope and light microscope.The morphological indexes were length and width of leaves, length of petiolus, area of leaves.The anatomic indexes were thickness of cuticle, thickness and number of upper epidermis, thickness and number of lower epidermis, number of stomatal appratus, length and width of stoma,thickness of palisade,thickness of spongy tissue,number of cutin papilla,length and width of cutin papilla,area of xylern,area of phloem,number and diamiter of vessels.The enzyme bands of hydrogen peroxidase and cytochrone oxidase were tested for the leaves in three distribution and only in Longhushan .
    The preliminary results showed following points:(l) According to the leaves of Malania oleifera in three natural distribution rolled or not, Malania oleifera was divideded into two types,"roll leaf' and "unruffled leaf'.The length and width of leaves, the length of petiolus, and the area of leaves were different each other . Their enzyme bands of hydrogen peroxidase and cytochrone oxidase of leaves in three distribution were different, and those of in Longhushan only were different too.(2) The leaves of Malania oleifera were commonly characterzed of xerophyte. The outer wall of the epidermis covered thicker cuticula with wax. The lower epidemal cells produced many and long cutin papilla to protecting the water in the
    
    
    
    leaves loss excessively. The stommatal apparatus existed under the surface of lower epidemis.The mesophyll contained more layer palisade tissue. The cells of spongy tissue arranged closely. The hypoderm existed between the lower epidemis and the spongy tissue. The vein had higher developed xylem and vascular.(3)The morphological and anatomic characters of the leaves were different among distribution.Through analyzing the effect of environmental factors of three distribution,we found one of main limite factor affecting the growth and develop of Malania oleifera was lack of water,which lead to the difference in these morphological and anatomic characters among distribution. The morphological and anatomic characters of the leaves of Malania oleifera adapted to the arid environment. From this point, The morphologic and anatomic characters of the leaves of Malania oleifera had some drought-resistant characters and was not the factor leading to Malania oleifera in the state of endanger.
引文
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