摘要
实验研究了玄武岩纤维的物理化学特性，探索了由玄武岩纤维和植物纤维制备复合型体材料的工艺、助剂、产品的微观结构和宏观物理特性，以及它们之间的关系，参照国家标准对产品进行了性能测试，表明了这种应用于包装容器等方面的新型复合材料可以节省大量植物纤维，有利于保护生态环境。
由广角度X射线散射(WAXS)实验结果对玄武岩纤维的微观结构进行了计算分析，结果表明玄武岩纤维是一种以非晶组分为主、在纤维方向较有序的中间序性物质。构成玄武岩纤维的结构单元是四面体[MO_4](M=Si~(4+)，Al~(3+))和八面体[MO_6](M=Al~(3+)，Mg~(2+)，Fe~(3+))。近邻四面体共顶连接构成链状骨架结构，四面体与八面体之间共棱连接，八面体与八面体主要以共项方式连接。金属阳离子Ca~(2+)、K~+、Na~+等位于多面体堆积产生的空隙中，以平衡电价，稳定结构。采用漫反射红外光谱(DRIFT)测定了玄武岩纤维的表面羟基振动。研究了玄武岩纤维在有机酸、无机酸及模拟人体体液中的溶解性能。
测定了复合浆料的Zeta电位。分别测定了润湿剂为油和水时玄武岩复合纤维材料试片的润湿角。实验探讨了打浆度、玄武岩纤维含量、助剂添加量等因素对复合纤维型体材料性能的影响。采用正交实验法确定了满足快餐盒性能要求前提下的最低成本配方、有利于生物降解的最佳配方及低酸溶出物配方和农用育苗盒及果袋纸配方。
研究了复合纤维型体材料的物理结构，认为该材料具有拓扑无序结构。可以近似用“无规网络模型”描述材料的结构。探讨了复合纤维型体材料的界面作用机理。玄武岩纤维与植物纤维之间的界面结合力主要包括：纤维之间的氢键结合力、纤维与助剂分子之间的氢键结合力、助剂大分子在纤维之间的“网络连接”作用力等。
进行了热氧化降解及生物降解实验。导出了玄武岩纤维复合型体材料热老化降解的动力学模型。提出了复合纤维型体材料的降解机理。
本研究的主要创新点：1．由WAXS实验结果对玄武岩纤维的微观结构进行了探讨；2．采用DRIFT测定了玄武岩纤维的表面羟基振动；3．实验确定了快餐盒、农用育苗盒及果袋纸的原料配比及主要工艺条件；4．研究了复合纤维型体材料的物理结构模型、界面作用机理和其微观结构与宏观物理性质之间的关系；5．研究了生物降解复合纤维型体材料的影响因素，提出了复合纤维型体材料的降解过程和机理。
The physical and chemical characteristics of basalt fiber are experimentally studied. The technology, agents, microstructure, macro-physical properties as well as the relationships of these factors in preparing basalt and plant fiber composite materials are investigated. According to the GB standards, qualities of the materials products when they are used as packing containers are tested. The results show that the new composite materials applied in the fields of packing containers etc can save great amount of plant fibers and therefore will bring about significant ecological environmental protection effects.
Analyses on the microstructure of basalt fiber by using wide-Angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) verify that basalt fiber is mainly composed of non-crystalline phase and in order at the fiber direction. The construction units of basalt fibers are mainly tetrahedron [ MO4] ( M= Si4+. Al3+) and octahedron the ( M= Al3+, Mg2+, Fe3+). The connecting of the neighbor's tetrahedron with vertex in chain forms the framework. Tetrahedron and octahedron are connected in edges, and between octahedrons the connecting is formed by vertex also. The metal ions Ca2+, K+, Na+ etc. are at the gaps between the tetrahedrons and octahedrons for maintaining the equilibrium of the valence and for the stable structure. The hydroxyl vibrations on the basalt fibers are determined by DRIFT. The solubility of the basalt fiber in the organic and inorganic acid and in simulating human body fluid is also tested.
Zeta potential of the composite pulp and the wetting angle of the material sample wetted by oil and water are measured. The factors influencing material properties such as pulping degree, the contents of basalt fibers and agents etc are experimentally studied and theoretically explained. Based on orthogonal- experiment, the optimum contents of basalt fiber and agent are given. The cheapest prescription of fast-food box, the optimum prescription for the biodegradability of the fast-food box and the choice prescriptions of fast-food box with less dissolved matter, formulations of planting containers and of fruit coat paper are also provided.
The physical structure of the composite material is assumed forming a kind of topological random structure and dry material forms the "double pore" system. Then the model of random meshwork is adopted to describe approximately the material's physical structure. The studies on functionary interfacial mechanism of this material show that the interfacial binding forces among the plant fibers and the basalt fibers are the hydrogen bonds among the molecules of fibers, the hydrogen bonds among the molecules of agents and fibers, and the meshwork binding forces of agent's macromolecules among fibers.
Thermal and oxidative degradation test and biodegradation test of shaped basalt fiber composite material are carried out by weight loss method and by degradation degree method. The degradation mechanism of the shaped basalt fiber composite material is putted forward.
The new points of the research: 1. According to the WAXS, the microstructure of basalt fiber is studied. 2. The hydroxyl vibrations on the basalt fibers are determined by DRIFT. 3. The optimum contents of basalt fiber and agents are found for the fast-food box, planting-cup and fruit coat paper. 4. The physical structure, the functionary interfacial mechanism of the shaped basalt fiber composite material and the relationship between the microstructure and macro-physical properties are formulated. 5. The factors affecting the biodegradation of shaped basalt fiber composite material are experimentally studied and theoretically explained and the degradation process and mechanism of the composite material is putted forward.
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