摘要
信息技术日新月异,新技术出现的速度越来越快,正如摩尔定律描述的一样,IT新技术的不断出现超出了一般企业的专业能力范围,对IT技术的追逐也正成为累赘,而分散了其业务经营精力；另外,IT技术与经营业务结合的越来越紧密,整合IT应用与业务运营已成为企业打造竞争优势的重要手段。因此,业务运营商逐渐将内部的IT服务外包给外部的专业IT服务商,以获取外部的规模经济性和专业性。
在价值不断模块化的今天,IT外包服务需求也正在加速释放,IT服务外包企业通过提供IT外包服务,逐渐替代掉客户企业原来由内部提供的IT服务模块,嵌入到客户的原有价值创造系统中；然而国内的IT服务外包商大多数却规模较小,发展缓慢,与国外企业差距也很大,如印度的Infosys,中国的IT服务外包企业如何抓住增长机遇,缩小竞争差距,成为IT服务外包企业迫切需要解决的问题。彼得·德鲁克曾说,当今企业之间的竞争是商业模式之间的竞争,基于此,探索和构建有竞争力的商业模式将对IT服务外包企业的快速增长和发展有重大裨益,因此本文研究IT服务外包企业的商业模式。
由于商业模式的研究历史并不长,理论的整合性不高,因此,本文对商业模式的基础理论进行了概括性的梳理,并对研究历史也进行了简要概述,在此基础上结合IT服务外包企业的特点：因嵌入而体现出的价值网络特性,提出了更适合IT服务外包企业的商业模式分析框架,认为价值网络和价值创造对IT服务外包企业来说同等重要；同时为了满足不同的管理目的,认为商业模式各要素在基础层、特有层和规则层有不同的具体体现,也是指导商业模式从规划走向执行的一种分析框架。
在构建了IT服务外包企业商业模式分析框架的基础上,重点分析了IT服务外包企业的价值网络要素,阐述了IT外包服务由于需求的多样性和能力的差异性导致从事不同业务的IT服务外包企业网络化的协作,向客户交付IT外包服务。
在价值网络的平台基础上,各IT服务外包企业具有不同的资源能力和价值诉求,因此本文基于商业模式要素分类思想,从网络策略和价值模块两方面,对现有IT服务外包企业的原型商业模式进行分类,提出了四种原型商业模式：代工模式、平台模式、研发模式和服务模式；描述各原型商业模式的特点,并加以分析对比,为IT服务外包企业进行识别、分析和能力建设提供参考和借鉴。
在分类的基础上,通过研究具有代表性的IT服务外包企业——东软(Neusoft),分析商业模式在企业成长历程和实践运营中具体体现,认为IT服务外包企业的商业模式是原型商业模式组合的结果,并且在发展过程中需要不断的探索和创新；一个企业可以探索多种商业模式,同时在一个企业成长的过程中,会伴随着商业模式的不断调整、完善和成熟,甚至可能会出现抛弃原有商业模式的可能；通过对价值网络平台的合理和整合运用,可以使IT服务外包企业快速获取相关能力要素,使商业模式更具嵌入性和盈利性,IT服务外包企业应该重视价值网络平台的构建和运用。
Information technology advances, new technologies appear faster and faster, as Moore's Law described, IT continual emergence of new technologies is beyond the scope of general business expertise, the pursuit of IT technology is becoming redundant, and scattered its business focus; addition, IT technology and the combination of business has become increasingly close integration of IT applications and business operations have become an important means to create competitive advantage. Therefore, the service operators gradually within outsource the IT services to external professional IT service providers, to obtain the external economies of scale and professionalism.
Today in the value of constantly modular, the demand for IT outsourcing services is accelerating the release, IT service outsourcing enterprises through the provision of IT outsourcing services to corporate customers gradually replace the original swap provided by the internal IT service module, embedding into the customer's existing system of value creation; However, most of the domestic IT outsourcing enterprises are small and develop slowly, existing a large gap with foreign enterprises, such as India's Infosys, how do China's IT service outsourcing enterprises seize the growth opportunities and narrow competitive gap becomes IT service outsourcing enterprises urgently problem needed to address. Peter Drucker once said that the current competition among enterprises is the competition between business models, based on this, exploring and establishing a competitive business model will of significant benefits to IT service outsourcing enterprises in rapid growth and development, so this paper focuses on IT services outsourcing business model.
The research history of business model is not long, the theory is not highly integrated, therefore, this paper studies and sorts the general theory on business model, and provide a brief overview of its research history, then combine the characteristics of IT services Outsourcing Enterprises:the value network characteristics because of embedding, further propose more suitable business model analysis framework for outsourcing IT services, which believes that the value network and value creation of IT service outsourcing enterprises are equally important; in order to meet different management purposes at the same time, propose that the elements in the basic business model layer, layer-specific layers and rules of different specific embodiment, providing an analytical framework for guiding the business model from the planning to the implementation.
Based on the analytical framework of IT service outsourcing business model, focus on analysis of the elements of value network of IT service outsourcing enterprises, describe that the diversity in needs of IT outsourcing services and the differences in ability lead to networking collaboration among IT outsourcing services enterprise based on different business, delivering IT outsourcing services to customers.
Based on the platform of value network, the IT service outsourcing enterprises possess different resources, capabilities and value proposition, so based on classification ideology of business model elements, in terms of strategy and value module from the network, this paper classifies existing IT service outsourcing enterprises into four prototype business model:OEM model, platform model, R & D model and service model; describes the characteristics of each prototype business model, and analyze the comparison, providing reference for the IT service outsourcing enterprises to identify, analyze, and capacity building.
On the basis of the classification, by studying a representative IT service outsourcing enterprises-Neusoft, analyzes of concrete embodiment of business models in the growth process and in business operations practices of that enterprise; shows that IT service outsourcing business model is the results of combination of prototype business model; and experiences constant exploration and innovation in the development process. A company is able to explore a variety of business models, while in the process of growing a business, the business model will continue to adjust, improve and mature Paralleled, and even probably abandon the original business model; by integrating and operating the platform of value network, IT service outsourcing enterprises can quickly obtain the ability relevant factors, leading business model more embedded and profitability, IT service outsourcing enterprises should focus on value Construction and use of network platform.
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