摘要
本论文主要描述了内燃机油的发展过程和趋势,介绍车辆内燃机油随着汽车发动机技术的发展而提高,特别是汽车工业的设计水平、制造工艺有了质的飞跃。内燃机设计趋向于高热效率、高比功率的动力性能方向发展,并不断满足车辆向大功率、重载、高速的发展需求。制造商对内燃机不断改进以符合环保要求,同时节约燃料和延长使用寿命,为了满足汽车技术的不断提高与发展,对车用润滑油质量提出了更高的要求。润滑油加工工艺流程最长,润滑油生产过程视其原料、终端产品的不同及生产工艺本身的特点而有很大的差别,同时润滑油具有不同精制深度、粘度级别的基础油与多种添加剂调合的特点。现代润滑油的研发必须具备基础油、添加剂测试评定手段三个基本点。它们的技术水平,反映了一个国家整体润滑油工业的水平。润滑油的质量水平主要取决于基础油的质量及其稳定性,添加剂的质量及其配方的科学性、评定手段的全面及其权威性。加深对润滑油中使用添加剂的发展过程和对新添加剂的认识,其中添加剂的一个重要变化是直接或间接地根据新法规的变化。为更有效的利用现有能源和开拓新的能源领域,车辆的燃料向多样化方向发展。汽车使用的发动机也向多结构发展,并出现了装车的多转子发动机、陶瓷发动机以及采用相应的电喷、废气涡轮增压的技术手段的发动机,特别是环境保护的意识增强,相应的排放法规标准的提高都对内燃机油提出更高的要求。研制油适应全天候,无须按季、按地域换油。
为满足上述的需求和大型车队、工程施工机械的需求,提出了多燃料多级环保内燃机油研制。它主要从基础油和添加剂两个方面着手。在基础油方面主要使用加氢处理的基础油。论文中描述了加氢处理的基础理论包括工艺特点、工艺流程,以及国内外技术比较和实际的应用过程的工艺。当然还有为研制油进行工业化生产的某厂工艺,也描述了植物油的应用和处理工艺,确保植物油适合内燃机使用,并能通过相关的降解试验,并通过相应对比试验选择合理配比。另一方面介绍内燃机油使用的功能添加剂从基础理论和实际产品的相关性能,以及复合配比,提高协同和效应,提出研制油的技术难点在于减少灰分和高碱值的主要矛盾以及它与基础油的配合协同效应问题,以及提高研制油的降解率。通过对研制油相应使用粘度指数改进剂、降凝剂、抗氧抗腐剂和功能添加剂的描述和分析,从中掌握相关的特性,并研发出相应的添加剂复合配方,根据复合基础油来组织生产。因此,研制油具有适应于多燃料、多结构发动机,全天候通用的特点,是环保节能的绿色内燃机润滑油。
描述介绍了研制油如何组织测示和实车试用情况、如何分析试车的油样,同时介绍了研制油的工业化生产工艺和关键调合设备。在实车试验中,根据不同的工况条件而进行,它是评定车用润滑油性能最直接最可靠的方法,能较为全面地反映油品的使用性能。主要从两方面进行考虑,首先是油品的衰变情况做基本理化指标分析。其次主要针对发动机各润滑部位的磨损情况和沉积物综合评定,从做金属含量、石油醚不溶物的分析来判断研制油的变质过程以及添加剂配方的合理性。
研制油是广西省科技厅、南宁市科技局、南宁市经贸委三方于2002年先后立项进行的科研项目。通过国家有关部门高新科技产品的认证,并已获得国家发明专利。
The dissertation mainly describes about development histories, present status and trend of automobile engine lube oils, introduces the development of automobile engine oil with the technology of automobile engine develops rapidly, and vehicle internal-combustion engine oil keep on satisfying the needs of high-power, heavy-duty and high-speed. R&D of modern lubricating oils are based on three fields - base stock, lubricating additives and analysis & evaluation. The Level of them reflects the level of lubricating oils trade in their country directly. In order to made good use of the existing energy sources and exploit the new sources, fuel which automobile use have to develop diversify. The automobile engine oil which vehicle use have to develop diversely too, and give rise to muti-rotor engine, ceramic internal-combustion, extraordinary engine (otherwise jet), and another new engine technology of electric spray, fume compressor of turbine, environment protection consciousness strengthen and strict emission standard raising promote to the change of technology of engine oils.For the sake of large-size motorcade and working on large engineering machines' needs, muti-fuel & grade, all-weather, environment protection automobile engine oil are being researched. R&D start with two fields which are base oil and additives. In the respect of base oil, the base oil mainly hydrogenation for maximum quality and purity. This dissertation describes the fundamental theory of hydrogenation processed base oil, including technological process, technological features and standard. Besides, it describes process of deal with plant oils are fit for automobile engine oils, pass biodegradation test and choice proportion of them. On the other hand, it introduces the function of additives for automobile engine in the respect of fundamental theory. The key of this research is relational capacity and compound proportion to main contradiction of reducing ashes and high-basicity value, technology and application technological process of compare foreign company with domestic company. Therefore, the developing lubricating oil may fit for all-weather, muti-fuel & structure automobile engine, and it is a kind of environmental protection & energy conservation, green lube lube oil with pollution, low emission, long life.In addition, the dissertation introduces how to organize the developing oil analysis & evaluation, road test and vehicle using situation, and describes how to analysis oil sample. Meanwhile, it describes the developing oil's industrialization technological process and the main mix equipment.This research is Guangxi Science & Technology Departmant, Nanning Science & Technology Department and Nanning Economy & Trade Committee had established scientific research project in the developing oil one after another in 2002, and has acquired the authentication of Hi-Tech Production and National invention Patent.
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