摘要
生态城市作为未来城市发展模式,有利于解决城市化进程中的生态问题,因此它已成为我国21世纪城市发展的目标。城市土地利用的空间配置直接影响到城市生态环境质量的优劣。城市土地定级作为一种特定的经济行为,在社会主义市场经济条件下,可利用城市土地定级这个经济杠杆,提高生态保护区的土地级别和地价,从而优化城市用地结构,科学合理地导向城市容量与发展规模,达到加强生态安全和促进生态城市可持续发展的目的。
本项研究根据生态城市土地定级的理论依据和定级原则,以兼顾土地资源的经济价值和生态价值的土地定级理念为基础,对包头市万水泉地区进行了生态城市的土地定级研究,并提出了定级因素选取、权重测定的解决方法。选取土地定级因素为切入点,尝试着将基于保护生态基础设施的生态规划因素纳入到土地定级因素中,结合地区商服繁华程度、交通条件、基础公用设施状况等定级因素,用多因素综合评定法建立了不同于其它城市的土地定级体系。
本项研究建立了三种定级因素和权重不同的土地定级方案:其中方案一采用了传统的土地定级方法,没有考虑生态定级因素;方案二和方案三增加了生态规划定级因素,权重值分别取0.2和0.5左右,对三种方案的土地定级分布规律及特点进行了分析得出结论:商业用地分为五级,住宅用地分为四级,工业用地分为三级。在方案一中黄河生态保护区位于各类用地的最低级别;当增加基于保护生态基础设施的生态规划因素后,方案二和方案三中各类用地Ⅰ级或Ⅱ级用地均明显向四道沙河生态保护区偏移,四道沙河和黄河生态保护区的土地级别均有明显的提高,而且权重值越高,生态保护区的级别提升的也越高;各类用地级别面积构成特点也有所变化:最高级别面积最小,中间级别面积占绝大部分,并以四道沙河和黄河走向呈有规律的线性分布特征。方案二和方案三的定级结果具有明显的生态特征,并进一步说明基于保护生态基础设施的生态规划因素是生态城市土地定级过程中重要因素。
Eco-city as a new model of urban ecological development is conducive to resolve the ecology problems. So it had become the main target of China's 21st century urban development.
City land-use space allocation directly impact on the city's ecological environment quality. Urban land grading is a particular economic activity. Under the condition of the socialist market economy, using the urban land grading as the economic lever to improve the land grade and the land price level in the ecological protection zone, to optimize the structure of urban land-use, to direct at a scientific and reasonable way the capacity and scale of urban development in order to strengthen ecological protection and promotion of ecological sustainable urban development.
According to the theoretical basis of eco-city land grading and the grading principles, The paper took the concept of the economic value of land resources and ecological value of the land grading as the base to study the eco-city land grading of Wanshuiquan District in Baotou City to post a the solution which select grading factor and weight evaluation. Selecting the land grading factors as the breakthrough points and trying to step the ecological planning factors which are based on the protection of the ecological infrastructures into the land grading factors. And then with the grading factors such as the level of the service areas, the traffic conditions, the public facilities to use multiple factors evaluation to establish a land grading system which is different from other cities.
This paper established three land grading schemes whose factors and weight are different. The first scheme which used the traditional method of the land grading did not consider the ecological factors. The second scheme and the third scheme increased the ecological planning factors based on the ecological infrastructures. The weights are about 0.2 and 0.5 respectively. Through the analysis the land grading discipline and characteristics of the three schemes can conclude that: The commercial land was divided into five, the residential land was divided into four, the industrial land is divided into three. In the first scheme the Yellow River ecological protection zone is at the lowest-level in various lands. When increasing the ecological planning factors which based on protect of the ecological infrastructure. The three types of the first scheme and the third scheme had a significant excursion to the Sidaoshahe ecological protection zone, whose land grading was improved significantly. More higher the weight is, more higher the level of the ecological protection zones land-use got. The features of various types of land-use level also had a change: The highest level is the smallest area. The middle-level accounted for the vast majority and presented a regular linear distribution along Sidaoshahe and the Yellow River. The results of the first scheme and the third scheme had obvious ecological characteristics. And the ecological planning factors which based on protect of the ecological infrastructure is the important factors.
引文
[1]国家土地管理局.GB/T18507-2001.城镇土地分等定级规程[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2002:13.
[2]全国土地估价师资格考试委员会编.土地估价理论与方法[M].地质出版社,2004:45.
[3]乔欣.将生态优先原则引入城市用地评价初探[J].重庆建筑,2004年增刊:33-36.
[4]楼江.城市化过程中的土地管理方法和实物[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2004:5一11.
[5]厉伟.城市化背景下的土地持续利用问题[J].城市问题,2003,(4):40-44.
[6]朱传保.基于生态城市的广州市郊区土地生态利用研究[D].广州,广州工业大学,2004:15.
[7]温华特.城市建设用地适宜性评价研究--以金华市区为例[D].杭州,浙江大学,2006:27.
[8]Mortberg,B.Balfors,W.C.Knol.Landscape ecological assessment:A tool for integrating biodiversity issues in strategic environmental assessment and planning[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2007,82:457-470.
[9]Thilak Mallawaarachchi,Mark D.Mon'ison,Russell K.Blamey.Choice modelling to determine the significance of environmental amenity and production alternatives in the community value of peri-urban land:Sunshine Coast[J],Australia.Land Use Policy,2006,23:323-332.
[10]杜宏茹.生态城市建设进程中土地利用变化趋势[J].国土与自然资源研究,2004,1:9-10.
[11]白晓飞,陈焕伟.土地利用的生态服务价值--以北京市平谷区为例[J].北京农学院学报,2003,18(2):109-111.
[12]Irene Ring.Integrating local ecological services into intergovernmental fiscal transfers:The case of the ecological ICMS in Brazil[J].Land Use Policy,2007,11(001):1-12.
[13]Irene Ring.Ecological public functions and fiscal equalisation at the local level in Germany[J].Ecological Economics,2002,42:415-427.
[14]孟星.城市土地的政府管制研究[M].上海,复旦大学出版社,2005:158.
[15]陈立定.冯洪山.我国城镇地价评估方法发展回顾及趋势研究[J].浙江工业大学学报,2002,30(1):90-94.
[16]蔡兵备,欧阳安蛟.城市地价评估方法一发展与创新[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2002:16.
[17]邱道持.重庆市城区土地定级方法探讨经济地理[J].1993,13(6):33.
[18]欧阳安蛟.山地城市土地评价的研究[J].地理科学,1993,13(3):288
[19]任志远.我国西部城镇土地定级估价的特点一以西宁市为例[J].人文地理,1997,1.
[20]欧阳安蛟等.分区基准地价评估方法应用于我国基准地价评估的可行性研究[J].浙江大学学报(理学版),1999,26(3):105-111.
[21]郭爱请.城乡结合部土地估价探讨-以石家庄市为例[J].资源科学,2004,26(1):9-13.
[22]郭海燕.城市新兴开发区土地定级与基准地价评估的研究一以广州市南沙开发区为例[D].武汉,武汉大学,2004.
[23]肖峰,李雪燕,邵战林.论城镇土地定级网格法合理运用[J].新疆农业大学学报,2006,29(4):93-97.
[24]伍世代,翁清光.综合评价法在城镇土地级别划分中的应用[J].太原师范学院学报(自然科学版),2006,5(3):112-116.
[25]王霖琳,朱海坤.模糊综合评判法在小城镇土地定级中的应用[J].吉林农业大学学报,2004,26(2):192-196.
[26]刘陶琨.模糊聚类分析在土地定级估价商服中心类型划分中的应用[J].测绘信息与工程,2004,29(3):9-11.
[27]王海军,张德礼.基于空间聚类的城镇土地定级方法研究[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2006,31(7):628-631.
[28]张菁,陈智高.基于神经网络的城镇上地分等定级评价[J].科技管理研究,2006,11:52-55.
[29]蔡继祥.土地定级估价中地图的应用与编制[M].西安,陕西师范大学出版社,1993:78.
[30]李佩武等.机助制图在土地定级中的应用研究-以塘沽为例[J].人文地理,1994,9(1):74-78.
[31]何建农等.城镇土地定级计算机辅助系统[J].福州大学学报(自然科学版),1997,25(2):1-5.
[32]贾泽露.智能化土地定级估价信息系统设计与实现[J].测绘科学,2007,32(4):152-154.
[33]原华君,司马慧.生态城市的概念与发展回顾[J].国土与自然资源研究2005,4:17-19.
[34]黄光宇等.论城市生态化与生态城市[J].城市环境与城市生态,1999,12(6):28-31.
[35]孙玲.生态城市研究[D].长春,吉林大学,2004:2-3.
[36]曹凤中等.当代热点--建设可持续发展城市[J].环境科学动态,1997.(4):5-8.
[37]景星蓉等.生态城市及城市生态系统理论[J].城市问题,2004,6:20-23.
[38]王正新.城镇土地定级的理论方法初探[J].浙江师大学报(自然科学版),1999,22(1):83-86.
[39]严星等.城市地产评估[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999:55-56.
[40]毕宝德.土地经济学(第五版)[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2007:319-347.
[41]范怀超等.县域城镇土地定级估价的理论与方法[J].四川师范学院学报(自然科学版),1997,18(1):75-79.
[42]刘彦随.城市土地区位与土地收益相关分析.陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版)[J],1995,Ol:96-100.
[43]陈伟.城市规划对地价空间分布规律的研究[J].上海城市规划,2005,3:5-7.
[44]黄亚平等.城市规划对地价的作用机制研究[J].城市发展研究,1998,4:16-18.
[45]姚敏.我国城镇土地定级与基准地价评估研究[D].成都,四川师范大学资源与环境学院,2001.
[46]俞孔坚,李迪华,刘海龙.“反规划”途径.中国建筑工业出版社,2005:20-26.
[47]冯国利.包头市万水泉生态城区建设规划研究[D].北京,中国农业科学院.2006:17-20.
[48]王文福.城镇土地定级方法研究[D].武汉,武汉大学,2004:26.
[49]丁安民.城市土地定级方法研究[J].焦作工学院学报,1998,17(4):290-293.
[50]陈海燕,杨立国,周国华.基于GIS的城镇土地定级研究--以益阳市为例[J].云南地理环境研究,2007,19(1):47-50.
[51]花强,都金康,李谦.土地定级中定级因子扩散算法研究[J].南京大学学报.2006,42(6):636-642.
[52]张艳,郭新城,李世平.基于GIS的城镇土地定级因素因子定量化模型研究[J].资源环境与工程,2005,19(3):225-230.
[53]刘卫东,罗吕榕,陈武斌等.城市土地价格调查、评价及动态监测[M].科学出版社,2002:79-82.