摘要
我国地处欧亚地震带和环太平洋地震带之间,地震活动频繁,是世界上最大的大陆浅源强震活动区,具有分布广、强度高、危害大等震害特点,特别是20世纪以来,我国已经经历了4个地震活跃期,现在正在进入第5个地震活跃期。与地震灾害频繁、严重这一基本国情相对应的是,我国当下已经成为世界上铁路隧道建设数量最多、规模最大、发展最快的国家。随着铁路干线进一步向西部山区或重丘地区的延伸,以及高速铁路线路标准的进一步提高,使得铁路干线的隧线比日益增大,隧道工程建设的数量不断增多,其地位越来越重要。由于大量建成、在建和拟建的隧道工程都位于我国高地震烈度区,且隧道作为国家生命线工程的主体结构之一,因此必须对其抗震计算和设计方法给予高度重视。论文依托铁道部重点科技项目：“铁路隧道工程抗震设计标准与方法研究”,以及四川省科技支撑计划“高烈度地震区隧道结构抗震减震关键技术研究”,结合我国《铁路工程抗震设计规范GB50111-2006》的规定和我国隧道抗震设计工作的特点,开展了铁路隧道抗震计算方法的研究,主要工作和研究成果如下。
(1)隧道震害实例与分析
在广泛收集5.12汶川大地震隧道震害及其它地震隧道震害实例的基础上,对隧道的震害模式、震害机理及影响因素进行分析和总结。
(2)隧道抗震计算方法及其特点
对地震系数法、反应位移法、时程分析法三种目前国内外常用抗震计算方法的特点和适应性,进行了归纳、对比分析及系统研究,就隧道抗震计算方法提出相应的评价和建议。
(3)铁路隧道地震响应振动台模型试验
实施了不同衬砌结构形式、不同地震动参数、不同激振方向、不同围岩条件、不同埋深、偏压及非偏压等工况的大型振动台模型试验,对地层和衬砌结构的地震响应特征与规律进行了系统研究,并对衬砌结构设置减震层措施开展了振动台试验,验证其减震效果。
(4)铁路隧道简明实用的抗震计算方法
结合我国隧道抗震设计工作的特点,通过典型工况的数值计算和振动台模型试验验证,对《铁路工程抗震设计规范GB50111-2006》规定采用的地震系数法进行了合理修正,提出了根据不同围岩级别和隧道不同跨度,选取不同计算埋深进行抗震计算的简明实用的铁路隧道抗震计算方法,以适应工程设计的需要,并为铁路隧道工程抗震规范的修正提供基础研究支撑。
论文结合我国高地震烈度区铁路隧道建设中亟待解决的问题和需要,利用资料调研、理论分析、数值模拟、振动台模型试验等综合手段,揭示了隧道场地和衬砌结构在不同工况下的地震动力响应特征及规律；并结合我国隧道抗震设计工作的特点,对《铁路工程抗震设计规范GB50111-2006》规定采用的地震系数法进行了合理修正,取得了一定的技术成果,以期为《铁路工程结构物抗震设计规范》的修正和实际工程提供基础研究支撑。
Located between the Eurasia seismic zone and the circum-Pacific seismic belt, China is the largest continent shallow earthquake area around the world by the frequent earthquake activities. The seismic damage in China has the characteristics of wide distribution, high intensity and great harmfulness. Since the20th century, having experienced four seismic active periods, China is in the fifth period at the present. Despite of serious earthquake disaster by the frequent earthquake activities, China has become a country of the largest number, the largest scale and the fastest growing in tunnel construction. As the main railway lines are further extended to the western mountainous or hilly area, and the standards of high-speed railway are improved, the ratio of tunnel in trunk railway lines will be greatly increased. The tunnel project in railway engineering will become more and more important. And great quantities of tunnels being completed and under construction are located in high earthquake intensity area of China. As one of the main structure of the national lifeline, tunnel seismic calculation and design must be paid high attention. This dissertation is supported by Ministry of Railways key technology projects " Research on aseismic design standard and methods of railway tunnel", and Sichuan province scientific support plan " Key technology research of tunnel in high seismic intensity region ", and has carried out the research on the seismic calculation method of railway tunnel in combination with "Railway engineering aseismic design specification GB50111-2006" and the characteristics of the tunnel seismic design in China. The main work and research results are as follows.
(1) Seismic damage examples and analysis of tunnels
On the basis of tunnel damages at5.12Wenchuan earthquake and abundant seismic damage examples of tunnels at home and abroad, the earthquake damage models, the damage mechanisms and the influence factors of the tunnel are analyzed and summarized.
(2) Tunnel seismic calculation method and their characteristics
The characteristics and adaptabilities of earthquake coefficient method, seismic deformation method and dynamics time-history analysis of three commonly used seismic methods are concluded and comparatively analyzed as well as systematically studied. The corresponding evaluations and suggestions of tunnel seismic calculation methods are put forward.
(3) Shaking table tests of tunnel earthquake responses
The shaking table tests for different structure forms, different earthquake parameters, and different vibration directions, as well as different rock conditions, different buried depths, unsymmetrical loaded and symmetrical loaded tunnels are carried out. The earthquake response characteristics and rules of tunnel and surrounding rock are systematically studied. In addition, the shaking table tests for the isolation seism layer are completed to verify the shock absorption effect.
(4) The brief and practical seismic calculation method of railway tunnel
In combination with the characteristics of the tunnel seismic design in China, earthquake coefficient method proposed by "Railway engineering aseismic design specification GB50111-2006" is reasonably modified by a large number of numerical calculations and validations of shaking table tests at typical working conditions. The brief and practical seismic calculation method of railway tunnel is proposed according to the different surrounding rock grade and different tunnel widths to adapt to the need of tunnel design and support the revision of the aseismic design specification of railway tunnel.
To solve the railway tunnel construction problems in high earthquake intensity area of China, taking advantage of the data collection, theory analysis, numerical simulation, and shaking table test, the earthquake response characteristics and rules of tunnel and surrounding rock is ascertained. The earthquake coefficient method proposed by "Railway engineering aseismic design specification GB50111-2006" is reasonably modified in combination with the characteristics of the tunnel seismic design in China. The results will be useful to revise the aseismic design specification of railway engineering structures as well to provide support for actual project construction.
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