摘要
本文以形式语言学及Culicover和Jackendoff的更简句法、认知语言学，尤其是Goldberg的构式语法为理论框架，对具有一定熟语性的英语虚化动词结构（DVC）如give a sigh,give someone a kick,have a swim, take a walk作了全面探讨。本研究主要采用描写和解释、演绎和归纳相结合的方法。以下是本文的主要内容和观点：
一、英语give+Vn、have+Vn、take+Vn的句法语义分析
采取实验的方法，考察了英语里的三个高频动词give，have，take与行为抽象名词（Vn）形成的DVC。结论是：最简give结构的自足性条件主要取决于Vn的语义特征。单及物give结构里Vna的语义特征可以概括为：[+动态性，+无结局，+/-可控性，+可重复]；双及物give结构里Vnb的语义特征可以概括为[+动态性，+无结局，+可控性，+可重复]。对于have和take结构，探讨了影响最简have/take结构的自足性因素。其中影响have结构自足性的因素有：静态/动态因素、语体因素和地域因素。影响take结构自足性的因素有：静态/动态因素和地域因素。三个动词形成的DVC一般可以通过添加单词、词组、非限定分句右向扩展。DVC通常不允许通过Vn移动作被动转换。双及物give结构的语序一般是：Dv+Obj+Vn。该结论支持Cattell（1984）、Dixon（1991，2005）的观点。
二、英语DVC的形成机制和使用动因
从认知语言学的角度观察，DVC的形成机制与非范畴化、隐喻连接、压制都有关系。非范畴化使得动词的部分语法属性发生变化，隐喻连接使抽象的概念具体化，为行为抽象名词以宾语身份进入DVC提供了前提，而压制保证DVC的可接受性。
影响选用DVC的动因，我们认为主要有以下因素：尾重原理、修饰语的影响以及词语的指称性因素。由于尾重原理的作用，英语句子一般要避免头重脚轻，这样单个不及物动词作谓语很少见，这使得说话人趋向选用DVC。不定冠词和其它修饰语使DVC和SVC的语义出现细微差异。此外，DVC中以Vn为核心的NPs具有某种指称性，便于输出长而复杂的结构。
三、英语DVC和COC的比较
围绕非词汇化、句法特征、信息焦点等要素，对英语DVC和COC作了比较。两类结构的共性是，信息分布一样，DVC和COC在句中都作谓语，表示新信息；两种结构在某种程度上都有熟语性。不同点是：Dv经历了非词汇化，而COC的谓语动词没有。另外，两种结构的信息焦点位置不同。
最后指出了本文的不足和对今后研究的展望。
Based on Culicover and Jackendoff’s Simpler Syntax and cognitive linguistics,especially Goldberg’s Construction Grammar, the dissertation aims to make thoroughresearches on idiomatic English delexicalized verb constructions (DVC) like give a sigh，give someone a kick, have a swim, take a walk etc. The research is carried out by acombination of deduction and induction, together with description and explanation. Themain content and points are as follows:
Ⅰ. The syntactic and semantic analysis of give+Vn、have+Vn、take+Vn
Having applied experimental method, the dissertation has studied DVCs withdelexicalized verbs of high frequency: give，have and take. We come to the conclusionbelow. To ensure the grammaticality and acceptability of the most simplex DVC, the Vn ofmost simplex DVCs with give must possess some semantic features. The features of Vn formonotransitive DVC with give are:[+dynamic,+atelic,+/-controllable,+repeatable]. Thefeatures of Vn for ditransitive DVC with give are:[+dynamic,+atelic,+controllable,+repeatable]. Besides, the thesis has explored the factors which may exert influence uponthe autonomy of the most simplex DVC with have and take. Among the factors thatinfluence have+Vn are as follows: dynamic/stative, stylistic features and regional factor.The factors affecting take+Vn are: dynamic/stative, regional factor. In general, EnglishDVC may be stretched rightwards by the addition of words, phrases and non-finite clauses.DVC does not permit passivization by moving deverbal nouns to the initial position of asentence. As for ditransitive give+Vn, the normal order is Dv+Obj+Vn. The conclusionsupports the views of Cattell (1984) and Dixon (1991,2005).
Ⅱ. The mechanism of English DVC’s formation and reasons for the use of DVC
From the viewpoint of cognitive linguistics, the formation of DVC is related todecategorization, IM-Links and coercion. Decategorization partially alters the grammaticalproperties of verbs, IM-Links causes abstract concept to become relatively concrete,henceforce verbal abstract nouns are eligible to act as objects. To some degree coercionensures the semantic acceptability of DVC. The reasons for the use of DVC are associated with three factors, namely, the principle of end weight, modifiers and the referentiality ofwords. Due to the principle of end weight, speakers/writers are not inclined to produceheavy-headed sentences by avoiding using single intransitive verbs as predicates.Therefore, the DVC becomes their best choice. Indefinite articles and other modifiers maygive rise to the shades of difference in meaning between DVC and SVC. In addition, theNPs with heads ‘Vn’ possess certain referentiality facilitate speakers/writers to producelong complicated structures.
Ⅲ. The comparison between DVC and COC
The thesis has also made a comparison between DVC and COC from the viewpointsof delexicalization, syntactic features and information focus, etc. The common property ofDVC and COC can be represented by the same information structure, i.e. both of themserve as predicates and express new information. Both are characteristic of idiomaticity tosome extent. The different properties of the two constructions are as follows: the predicateverbs in DVC are delexicalized, but verbs in COC are not. Besides, the difference may bedemonstrated by the position of information focus in DVC and COC.
Finally, the thesis points out the deficiency in the current research and discusses theprospect in future research relative to the subject.
引文
28见Jackendoff（2010：145）。
29译文引用王寅（2011：50-51）。
49该句出自陆谷孙（1989：1936）。我们认为（11）的looks与have a look里的look含义不同。根据《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》（第四版），look至少有两层意思。一表示‘看，瞧，望（act of looking）’（C通常作单数）：例Have/Take a look at this letter.还有一个意思‘样子，表情，外貌（way of looking, expression or appearance）’：例alook of pleasure, fear, relief, etc。I knew something was wrong: everyone was giving me funny looks, ie looking at mestrangely（怪模怪样地看着我）。因此（11）的give更接近典型的‘传递’意义，虚化程度不高。
50张今（1981：386）认为及物动词指分化出直接宾语的动词，不及物动词指没有分化出直接宾语的动词。从动词
51单斜线/表示相互可替换关系。本例说明，give意义虚化，因为其他动词可代替它。
52本节时段短语的说法，沿用徐烈炯（2009：295）。
67原载《外语学刊》2009年第1期。
68转引自束定芳（2011，ⅩⅩ）。
71采用王寅（2011：338）的译文。
72转引自王寅（2011：349）。
73夹注转引自Jackendoff（2010：119）。
74原文是maximum duration。
75原载《外国语》1991年第5期。
76根据《现代汉语词典》（第5版）。
77该文“英语的‘抽象’与汉语的‘具体’”原载连淑能著《英汉对比研究》，高等教育出版社，1993年出版。也见《外语学刊》1993年3月。
82语法化较早的定义可见Kurylowicz（1965：69），参见胡壮麟（2003：86）。但语法化的概念最早是中国在十三世纪提出来的（沈家煊，1994：17）。
89引自《新牛津英汉双解大词典》第2332页。该词典采用原型理论为理论基础，原型义排在第一个义项里。utter的词义排列即如此，因此可信度较高。
90类似的观点还可见Iwasaki（2007：12）。Iwasaki认为被动转换与宾语的及物性有关，根据Langacker（1999），被动转换涉及参与者的互动，换句话说，被动的前提是宾语要被识解为受到影响。
101如何区分这两类信息，见张今（1998：6），此不赘述。
102沿用劳允栋（2005：240），信息焦点用英语表述是‘focus’。‘focus’也表示‘信息中心’，即句子里表示新信息的部分。从二者的内容看，‘信息焦点’和‘信息中心’是异名同实，本文取前者。
116转引自Iwasaki（2007：13）。
117转引自Nakajima（2006：680）。
118Hiroe（2006：12）认为John had a good cough for5minutes可以被接受，因为修饰语good暗示一段时间，此外have是状态动词，无时间终点。如，可以说John had a swim in the river.但不可说*John had a swim across the river.以上说明in the river（无界）与DVC的无界性匹配，而后一句across the river（有结局），语义上与DVC的无结局冲突。
119take breath表示‘歇歇’、‘歇息’，见《英华大辞典》第143页。
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