摘要
人际信任与人际互动是影响个体与群体适应的重要因素,而人际信任与人际互动会受到各种内在与外在因素的影响。在各种影响人际信任与人际互动的内在因素中,情绪是影响人际信任与人际互动的一个重要内在因素。目前,大量研究探讨了不同效价情绪对于人际信任与人际互动的影响,研究发现消极情绪会降低人际信任等,而积极情绪会增进人际信任(Dunn&Schweitzer,2005),积极情绪有益于友谊的发展(Harker&Keltner,2001),增加了与关系密切他人的一致感(Fredrickson, Cohn, Coffey, Pek,&Finkel,2008),增加了对熟悉人的信任感(Dunn&Schweitzer,2005)。研究发现积极情绪对人际信任的影响会受背景线索的制约,产生线索效应(何晓丽,王振宏,王克静,2011)。研究发现,积极情绪对人际信任的影响会受到积极情绪内外控性质的影响,外控的积极情绪如感激对人际信任具有增进效应(Dunn&Schweitzer,2005).另外,根据动机维度,积极情绪存在高趋近动机与低趋近动机的积极情绪,研究发现不同趋近动机积极情绪对认知的影响不同(Fredrickson&Branigan,2001,2005; Fredrickson,2003; Gable&Harmon-Jones,2008).因此,积极情绪对人际信任等社会资源的影响可能是复杂的,会受到各种外在与内在因素的制约。积极情绪对于人际信任与人际互动的影响是否会受到情境因素、目标线索等外部线索的制约,需要进一步研究的支持,尤其是积极情绪对人际信任与人际互动的影响是否会受到积极情绪的自我卷入性质、积极情绪的动机性质等积极情绪本身信息线索即内部线索的影响,目前还缺乏实证研究的探讨。本研究通过创设两种不同情境因素(合作与竞争情境、高风险与低风险情境)与熟悉／陌生等受信者目标线索,考察一般积极情绪下对人际信任与人际互动影响的线索效应；采用成功-失败操纵(success-failure manipulation, SFM)范式诱发高自我卷入积极情绪和Mishrat和Lalumiere的刚性需要探查的生态化决策任务(The ecological decision task,ECO)范式,结合金钱延迟任务诱发被试高趋近动机积极情绪,从不同自我卷入性质与不同趋近动机强度两种积极情绪的具体性质入手探讨积极情绪的具体性质对人际信任与人际互动的影响。
研究一：考察了积极情绪在合作与竞争情境、高风险情境与低风险情境下对人际信任与人际互动影响。通过分析积极情绪在不同情境下对人际信任与人际互动的影响,从而研究积极情绪对人际信任与人际互动影响的线索效应。
研究二：从积极情绪的具体性质出发,考察不同自我卷入积极情绪对人际信任与人际互动的影响。采用成功-失败操纵(success-failure manipulation, SFM)范式诱发自豪情绪,采用直接书写任务诱发感激、愉快与中性条件,探讨不同自我卷入积极情绪对人际信任与人际互动的影响。
研究三：从积极情绪的具体性质出发,考察不同趋近动机强度积极情绪对人际信任与人际互动的影响。通过Mishrat和Lalumiere的刚性需要探查的生态决策任务(The ecological decision task,ECO)创设高需求情境,高需求情境结合金钱延迟范式,诱发被试在高需求情境下的渴望情绪和低需求情境下的低动机趋近积极情绪,采用直接书写任务诱发愉快与中性条件,探讨不同动机趋近强度积极情绪对人际信任与人际互动的影响。
基于以上研究,本论文得到以下研究结论：
(1)合作与竞争情境下积极情绪具有对熟悉人人际信任的增进效应,低风险情境下积极情绪对熟悉人的人际信任具有促进效应。受外部情境线索和内部信息线索的影响,积极情绪对人际信任具有情境线索与受信者目标线索效应。
(2)在不同的情境下,积极情绪对人际互动的影响作用不同。积极情绪对人际互动的影响不具有普遍的增进效应。积极情绪对熟悉人的人际互动水平普遍高于对陌生人的人际互动水平,但在合作竞争情境下,积极情绪对陌生人的人际互动具有增进效应,在高低风险情境下,积极情绪对熟悉人的人际互动水平具有增进效应。
(3)研究发现自豪、感激和愉快情绪条件下对熟悉人的人际信任均具有增进效应,感激与愉快情绪条件对陌生人的人际互动具有增进效应。研究表明情绪的不同自我卷入特性对人际信任与人际互动的影响与一般积极情绪在社会认知领域的作用即有一致性也有不同,当考虑积极情绪的具体性质时,不同自我卷入积极情绪在社会认知领域的影响与一般积极情绪存在差异。
(4)研究发现渴望与愉快情绪条件下对熟悉人的人际信任具有增进效应,渴望情绪条件下对陌生人的人际互动具有增进效应。研究表明不同动机趋近动机积极情绪对人际信任与人际互动的影响与一般积极情绪在社会认知领域的作用具有一致性但也存在差异,研究发现渴望对陌生人的人际互动具有促进效应而一般积极情绪条件下并没有表现出对陌生人的人际互动促进效应。
总之,通过考虑积极情绪对人际信任与人际互动影响过程中内在与外在因素的影响,我们发现积极情绪对人际信任与人际互动的影响并不具有普遍的增进效应,而是受到内外在因素的制约,情绪对社会认知及人际行为的影响受多种内外在复杂因素的共同制约。对情绪在社会认知领域的研究需要一种更为整合的观念来考虑情绪的影响,今后的研究需要更进一步考虑积极情绪的具体性质在不同的外部背景因素的影响下是否会表现出不同的特点,从而丰富积极情绪在社会认知领域的研究。
With the development of positive psychology, the influence of positive emotions on social cognitive domains such as interpersonal trust and interpersonal interactions gets more and more attention.Reviewing the study of positive emotions in social cognition domains, the results generally suggest that positive emotions have construction effect on individual resources, are beneficial to the development of friendship (Harker&Keltner,2001), increase the consistent with close people (Fredrickson, Cohn, Coffey, Pek,&Finkel,2008), add trust to familiar people (Dunn&Schweitzer,2005), and impact on interpersonal trust with a clue effect (He Xiao-li,&Wang Zhen-hong,2011).However, the previous researches mainly focused on triggered by video or pictures of positive emotions influence on trust in interpersonal and interpersonal interactions., for according to the specific nature of emotions of research on the effects of trust in interpersonal and interpersonal interactions were relatively small.There is a lack of empirical support about the influence of situational factors on trust in interpersonal and interpersonal interactions in positive emotions, at the same time, a lack of positive emotions intervention studies.Therefore, this study aimed to explore the context cuing effect of positive emotions influence on interpersonal trust and interpersonal interactions through two different situation factors (cooperation and competition situation, high-risk and low-risk situation). The success-failure manipulation(SFM) paradigm induced pride and gratitude emotions, exploring the impact of different self-involved positive emotions on trust in interpersonal and interpersonal interactions.Using Mishrat and Lalumiere's ecological decision task(ECO) paradigm, combined with money delayed satisfied task, participants were induced high desired emotions in high demand situation, exploring the impact of different motivation-towards level positive emotions on trust in interpersonal and interpersonal interactions.By loving-kindness meditation intervention experiment, explore the promoting effect of positive emotions on interpersonal interactions and complex understanding to others.
In all, the content in this paper included four studies,discussing the impact of different positive emotions on trust in interpersonal and interpersonal interactions.
Study1mainly explores in two different situations(cooperation and competition situation, high-risk and low-risk situation) the impact of positive emotions on trust in interpersonal and interpersonal interactions, analyzing its context cuing effect.This part contains two experiments.
Experiment1:focusing on whether positive emotions have a promotional effect on the interpersonal trust in cooperation, though cooperation and competition situation.
Experiment2:focusing on whether positive emotions have a promotional effect on trust in interpersonal and interpersonal interactions in low-risk situation, though return on investment in high-risk and low-risk situation.
Study2explores the impact of different self-involved positive emotions on trust in interpersonal and interpersonal interactions, though the success-failure manipulation(SFM) paradigm inducing pride and gratitude emotions.
Study3explores the impact of different motivation-towards level positive emotions on trust in interpersonal and interpersonal interactions, though modified Mishrat and Lalumiere's ecological decision task(ECO) paradigm combined with money delayed satisfied task, inducing participants'high desired emotions in high demand situation.
According to the studies above, we make conclusions as below:
(1) Positive emotions don't have an universal promotional effect on trust in interpersonal and interpersonal interactions.There exists situational clues and target clues effect.
(2) Pride and gratitude have different effects on trust in interpersonal and interpersonal interactions, proud has enhancing effects of interpersonal trust of strangers, gratitude to interpersonal interactions with enhancing effect to strangers.
(3) Desire to familiar people's interpersonal trust has a promotional effect, interpersonal interactions with enhancing effect to strangers.
引文
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