摘要
以Ga、Al等无磁性原子替代Fe后形成的Fe基合金具有较大的磁致伸缩和饱和磁化强度以及较低的饱和磁场和磁晶各向异性,并且具有较高的硬度和良好的机械加工性能,同时由于不含有稀土元素,因而价格相对较低,因此,Fe基新型磁致伸缩材料在致动器和换能器等领域具有广阔的应用前景。本文选择了"Fe-Ga-Al磁致伸缩材料及其在致动器中的应用研究”这一既具有科学价值又具有工程实际意义的课题,以期对新型磁致伸致动器的开发及应用提供技术指导。本文的主要工作如下:
采用合金熔炼方法制备Fe_(98-x)Ga_xAl_2、Fe_(96-x)Ga_xAl_4、Fe_(94-x_Ga_xAl_6、Fe_(100-y)(Ga_(0.75)Al_(0.25))_y和Fe_(98-z)Ga_2Al_z五个系列共21个合金样品,研究了合金样品的显微结构和磁性,确定合金的成分、结构与热处理工艺之间的变化关系。在研究合金样品的成分和显微结构的关系基础上,建立了Fe-Ga-Al三元系富Fe区合金的650℃等温截面和Fe-(Ga_(0.75)Al_(0.25))垂直截面,发现当少量Al替代Fe-Ga合金中Ga时,D0_(19)单相区快速减小,与Fe-Ga二元系相图相比A2和L1_2单相区右移,D0_(19)单相区消失。根据相图研究结果和磁致伸缩理论,预测了磁致伸缩性能最优化成分区域。
采用磁致伸缩测试仪器,研究了Fe_(82)Ga_(18-x)Al_x(3≤x≤13.5)合金的磁致伸缩性能,确定磁致伸缩性能最佳成分的合金。发现Fe_(82)Ga_9Al_9合金磁致伸缩系数最大,达到88ppm;经过磁场热处理后,磁致伸缩系数达114ppm,为目前电弧炉熔炼Fe基合金中磁致伸缩系数最大值。采用定向凝固方法制备取向Fe_(82)Ga_9Al_9磁致伸缩棒状样品,研究了取向磁致伸缩棒状样品的结构、磁致伸缩等性能,发现Fe_(82)Ga_9Al_9磁致伸缩棒状样品在不加压力条件下磁致伸缩为135ppm,在53MPa预应力条件下磁致伸缩为221ppm,高于美国犹他大学N.Srisukhumbowornchai的磁致伸缩数值。
应用研制的Fe_(82)Ga_9Al_9磁致伸缩棒设计、制作了新型的磁致伸缩致动器。在对磁致伸缩致动器的磁路、水冷系统、预压机构等方面的设计基础上,制作了Fe-Ga-Al新型磁致伸缩致动器。测试了致动器的位移输出特性,结果表明驱动电流较小时,Fe-Ga-Al材料新型磁致伸缩致动器的输出位移具有较好线性度。与稀土超磁致伸缩致动器相比,Fe-Ga-Al材料磁致伸缩缩致动器具有更高的精度。
设计并制作了高真空磁场热处理装置。该装置由直流磁场发生装置、真空系统和加热系统三部分组成。测试表明研制的高真空磁场热处理装置的炉腔内真空度最高为104~(-4)Pa数量级,最大磁场可达240kA/m,最高加热温度为800摄氏度,达到了设计的要求。利用自行研制的磁场热处理装置对Fe-Ga-Al合金和Terfenol-D材料进行了磁场热处理,结果表明磁场热处理装置工作良好,通过处理可显著的提高材料的磁致伸缩性能。
Fe alloys with nonmagnetic elements in which there are no d-shell electrons(Al) or the d-shell is full(Ga),are known to have appreciable low field magnetostriction,good mechanical properties,low magneto-crystalline anisotropy and relatively low cost.Therefore,the new magnetostrictive materials,Fe based alloys can be widely applied in the actuator.In this paper, Fe-Ga-Al magnetostrictive materials and the application in the actuator has been researched,as follows.
The 21 ingots were prepared from high purity elements using a high vacuum arc melting system.The isothermal section at 650℃and the vertical section Fe-(Ga_(0.75)Al_(0.25)) of the Fe-rich portion in the Fe-Ga-Al ternary system were determined using optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy,energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analysis.It was found that the A2 phase region remains almost unchanged with increasing Al content.However,the D0_(19) single-phase region rapidly reduces when a small amount of Al is substituted for Ga in Fe-Ga alloys.Compared to the Fe-Ga binary phase diagram, the A2 and L1_2 single-phase regions move toward the right of the vertical section,and the D0_(19) single-phase region disappears.According to the results of the research and the magnetostriction theories,the area of the optimization composition has been forecasted.
Fe_(82)Ga_(18-x)Al_x(3≤x≤13.5) alloys has been researched.It was found that the magnetostriction value of the e_(82)Ga_9Al_9 alloy increased from 88×10~(-6) before magnetic heat treatment to 114×10~(-6) after magnetic heat treatment.Up to now,the magnetostriction is the highest value of the alloys using the arc melting.The directional solidification Fe_(82)Ga_9Al_9 alloy was prepared using a directional solidification furnace.We measured the magnetostriction under compressive stresses ranging.Tests showed that the magnetostriction increased from 135ppm to 221ppm with the increasing value(0-53MPa) of compressive stresses.And the magetostriction is higher than the value in the N.Srisukhumbowornchai's study.
The new magnetostrictive actuator has been designed and made with the directional solidification Fe_(82)Ga_9Al_9 alloy rod,which based on designing magnetic circuit,the water-cooling system and the pre-stress mechanism.The investigation to the Fe-Ga-Al magnetostrictive actuator indicates its output displacement has good linearity.Comparing with Terfenol-D giant magnetostrictive actuator,the Fe-Ga-Almagnetostrictive actuator has better precision.
Including the DC magnetic field,the vacuum system and the heating system,the magnetic field heat treatment furnace has been designed and made.The furnace chamber can be vacuumized in this equipment,which will simplify magnetic field heat treatment.Measuring and controlling of temperature in the furnace chamber will be more accurate by using double temperature controllers.The furnace has high magnetic field(H_(max)=3 kOe) and temperature (T_(max)=800℃),meanwhile,its size is not too large.The two actual applications,indicating the function of the furnace is fine,was listed.
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