代位权制度研究
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摘要
债的保全,是民事法律中的一项重要制度,也是债法的重要内容,对于债权的保障具有重要作用,也称作债的对外效力。它是指法律为防止债务人财产的不当减少给债权人权利带来损害而设置的债的一般形式。债的保全法律制度的基本内容,是使债权人依据一定的程序或方法,保全债务入的财产,防止其不当处分而损害债权,以增加债务入履行债务的财产保障。考察我国《合同法》制定以前的我国民商法,不能不说我国的民商立法在债的保全方面存在重大的立法漏洞。我国《合同法》第七十三、七十四、七十五条,规定了债的保全制度即债权人代位权制度和债权人撤销权制度,最高人民法院《关于适用<中华人民共和国合同法>若干问题的解释(一)》(以下称《合同法解释》)更对债权人的代位权和撤销权制度做出了详尽的解释,确立了我国的债的保全制度。该制度的确立是对债的相对性规则的突破,是债的对外效力的体现,也是保护债权人利益的重要规则和制度。债的保全制度在我国的确立,使其与债的担保制度及违约责任制度一起,共同构成了保护债权人债权的稳固的三角架。然而,抽象、概括、静止的立法条文,在应对千变万化、形态各异的现实情况时,难免有时照顾不全。以现行合同法中合同保全制度的规定,存在着明显的局限性,无法解决司法实践中许多问题,从而给我们留下了探讨的空间。债的保全,其方法有二:债权人的代位权和债权人的撤销权。本文试就债权人的代位权谈谈自己的理解。
     保全债权是债权人代位权制度的基本价值取向。本文主要围绕代位权的本质、代位权的性质与特点、代位权的成立要件、以及代位权的行使五个大方面的基本理论与实践问题加以探讨。代位权制度从诚实信用原则出发,突破传统的债的相对性原则,以牺牲某些个人自由为代价,换取商品交换秩序的安全与稳定。它具有保全债权的功能、弥补原有法律不足的功能以及引导各方当事人正确行事的功能。它是类似于形成权的管理权;是法定的、实体的、独立的权利。其成立,理论上要把握其法定的要件,实践中掌握此问题要基于代位权的保全债权的基本目的,协调好确保债权人地位平等与充分鼓励债权人行使代位权之间的矛盾;债务人有财产的自主权与限制债务人对其
    
    财产的处分权之间的矛盾。主要观点有:当事人向法院提起代位权诉讼时只需向法院
    提供一般的证据证明债权的存在,不应仅限于经法院或仲裁机构审理或仲裁确认的合
    法债权;可以作为代位权行使客体的权利不应只限制为具有金钱给付内容的债权:在
    债权人对债务人的债权尚未到期,债务人对次债务人的债权的时效即将届满时,应当
    允许债权人行使代位权,但行使的结果归于债务人;在把握“怠于”行使的标准上,
    作者主张仅根据债务人未行使权利的事实即得出其怠于行使的结论依据是不充分的,
    还必须考察债务人主观上是否消极到本认定为懈怠的程度。另外,必要的程序性规定
    是保证该制度具有强大生命力的重要内容。作者根据代位权的行使,对债权人行使代
    位权的方式、行使的范围、行使的效力等实务问题进行了探讨并提出了自己的主张。
    作者认为代位权的行使既可用诉讼方式进行,也可以直接行使;以诉讼方式行使,本
    文就代位权诉讼是否适用撤诉、庭外和解以及法庭调解,是否适用调解程序、能否通
    过仲裁方式以及行使的费用问题展开了讨论;代位权的行使对债务人、债权人均产生
    法律拘束力,特别是论及了债权人的代位受偿与传统的“入库规则”之间的关系。最
    后,作者试图通过对代位权制度局限性的认识,希望通过今后的立法及有权机构的司
    法解释来增强该制度的操作性。
The attachment of debts, a major policy in civil law and the key contents in debts act. plays an important role in the protection of the creditor's rights and is thus called the external effect of debts. In law it refers to a general guarantee given to prevent debtors from illegal disposing of property and causing the damage of the creditor's rights. The main purpose of the attachment of debts is to seize the property of the debtors according to certain procedures and methods in case some illegal accidents which will damage the creditor's rights happen. It will increase the debtor's financial capacity of paying the debts. Having a survey of the civil commercial acts before the Company Act, we have to confess that in those acts loopholes can easily be found in the attachment of debts. Article 73,. 74 and 75 of the Company Act provides the system of the attachments of debts (the system of the right of subrogation) and the system of the creditor's rights of setting aside the debt attachments. <    some problems in the Contract Act of People's Republic of China >> (called <> below) published by the Supreme People's Court explains the creditor's rights of subrogation and the system of the creditor's rights of setting aside the debt attachments in details and establishes the system of the attachments of debts in our country. Its establishment is a breakthrough to the relative regulations on debts, the embodiment of the external effect of debts and important regulations and systems to protect the creditor's benefits. The establishment of system of the attachments of debts, together with the system of the guarantee of debts and the system of the responsibility of breaking an engagement, has formed a stable triangle to protect the creditor's rights. But the abstract, broad and still legislation cannot always deal with various situations; some of its limitations appear and we are left the chance to do some research work on how to solve the problems in judicial practice. Ther
    e are two ways to the attachments of debts: the creditor's rights of subrogation and abandonment. The writer intends to give some personal opinions on this problem.
    
    
    The attachments of debts are what the system of the right of subrogation is mainly for. This essay inquires into some basic theories and practical problems about the essence of the right of subrogation, its character, the prerequisite of its existence and its exercise. According to the principle of honesty and credit, the system of the right of subrogation breaks the traditional relative regulations on debts. It sacrifices some people's freedom for the safe and stable order of the commercial exchange. Having the functions of attaching the creditor's rights, remedying the shortage of law and guiding parties' adequate behavior, it's something like the right of management and it's legal, substantive and independent rights. To perform it, its legislative key points must be grasped in theory; in practice the main purpose is to coordinate the conflicts between ensuring the equal rights of the creditors and fully encouraging the creditors' rights of subrogation. The debtors also have the conflicts between deciding the usage of their property on their own and limiting the creditors' disposing of their property. Here is the main focus: while suing for the rights of subrogation in court a party just needs to present a general proof to identify the existence of debts instead of lawful rights of debts confirmed in courts or judged /arbitrated by an arbitration organization: the rights of debts can be used as the rights of objects but not just owning the contents of satisfying the debts; in cases while time isn't up for the creditor to own the property of the debtor or time has been up for the debtor to have the ownership of the second debtor's rights of debts, the creditor should be allowed to subrogate his rights but the results should be on the debtor; as to the definition of "indolence", the author thinks it's inadequate to draw the conclusion j
引文
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    1、佟强:《代位权制度研究》,载《民商法学》2002年第8期。
    2、崔建远、韩世远:《合同法中债权人代位权制度》,载《中国法学》1999年第3期。
    
    
    3、曹守晔:《代位权的解释与适用》,载《法律适用》2000年第3期。
    4、谭玲:《债权人代位权性质辨析》,载《当代法学》2002年第3期。
    5、杨立新:《关于合同法中的债的保全问题》,载《法学前沿》1999年第2辑。
    6、戚兆波:《代位权诉讼主体》,载《人民法院报》,2000年8月11日第3版。
    7、丁建明:《也谈代位权诉讼主体》,载《人民法院报》,2000年8月11日第3版。
    8、周美艳:《代位权:能否成为解决三角债的良方》,载《中国律师》2000年第3期。
    9、吴英姿:《代位权确立了,民诉法怎么办》,载《法学》,1999年第4期。
    10、赵刚、刘学在:《论代位权诉讼》,载《法学研究》,2000年第6期。