摘要
遥感技术现已广泛应用于大范围乃至全球范围的资源调查与环境监测。中药资源的复杂性和多样性使得利用遥感技术进行中药资源不同品种的调查具有不同的难度,对于栽培和大面积分布的野生药用资源,调查相对容易,并且已有较多报道。为此,本课题主要针对较难调查的已是濒危的江苏茅山野生苍术资源进行遥感调查。同时,利用遥感的动态分析功能分析了银杏的资源动态变化。
苍术为菊科植物苍术Atractylodes lancea(Thunb.)DC.的干燥根茎。苍术在我国境内广泛分布。传统认为江苏茅山地区的苍术质量最好,中医称之为道地药材。但由于生态环境破坏严重,加之人为的掠夺性采挖,造成茅山苍术濒临枯竭,当地苍术历史年收购量最高达到6 000 kg,近年来几乎没有大宗商品收购。因此,了解茅山地区苍术的分布和资源量情况,对于茅山苍术的资源调查和品种保护具有重要意义。
一、茅山地区苍术的分布规律研究及原因分析
研究区域为江苏省茅山地区,它位于江苏南京附近。研究区域左上角经纬度为:119°14′05.31″E,31°55′04.33″N,右下角经纬度为:119°24′05.9″E,31°39′46.69″N。研究区南北长26.79公里,东西长16.41公里,研究区面积约440平方公里。
对茅山地区苍术的分布情况进行了实地调查,在40个50m*50m的样地内测定并记录了苍术资源量、经纬度、坡度、坡向、光量子辐射量、温度、湿度、植被分布情况、样方周围植被情况及伴生植物的优势种(短柄袍长势)等。进行了苍术生物量与海拔、坡度坡向、短柄袍长势的相关分析和逐步回归分析,结果显示苍术的生长与短柄袍的长势、坡向和湿度密切相关。利用arcgis软件对苍术样方进行显示,出图结果显示茅山苍术从北到南分布逐渐增多,由东到西逐渐增多。北部分布零散,南部有部分连片分布。
二、不同生境下茅山苍术的种群构件生物量分析
在茅山有苍术分布的区域建立50m*50m样地,分析苍术在乔木林,灌木林,灌木杂草混合林和杂草层中的分布情况。野外调查研究并记录了苍术的株数,株高,茎粗,叶片数,盖度值。割取样方内苍术地上部分,分别装入纸袋中,带回实验室,置烘箱中80℃烘至恒重,作为样方内地上部分苍术的干重。计算株生物量,株生物量=样方内地上部分苍术的干重/样方内苍术株数。计算不同生境下样方的苍术株生物量,株高,茎粗,叶片数,冠幅的最大值,最小值,平均值,标准差和变异系数。通过分析显示:苍术在各项指标的最大值和最小值以及平均值的变化是规律的,均表现为灌木丛中苍术的株生物量,株高,茎粗,叶片数,冠幅最大,灌木杂草林次之,杂草第三,乔木林最差。
三、茅山苍术居群植物分布与环境关系的典范对应分析
为了分析苍术生长与周围物种的关系和苍术居群与生态环境的关系,本课题在1m*1m的样方内,调查研究了物种数据和环境数据,记录了样方的海拔高度、坡度、样方内所有物种的密度、高度和盖度;测量了样方内的光量子辐射量、温度和湿度等。通过计算重要值,以样方内植被的重要值为指标,研究苍术与周围物种的关系和研究苍术居群植物分布与环境因子的相关关系。应用国际标准生态学软件CANOC04.5进行数据运算,并对运算结果进行作图,经CCA分析显示:海拔和光量子辐射量是影响茅山苍术居群植物分布的最主要的环境因子;短柄袍和苍术有较相似的生态环境。
四、茅山土壤中无机元素与苍术生物量关系的分析
为了分析苍术生长与土壤的相关关系,用DX-600型离子色谱仪测定土壤滤液中阴阳离子Na~+,NH_4~+,K~+,Mg~(2+),Ca~(2+),F~-,CL~-,NO_2~-,NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-)的含量;用法国JY-ULTIMA型ICP-AES光谱仪测定土壤中全Ca,全Cu,全Fe,全K,全Ni,全P,全Zn的含量;用法国JY-ULTIMA型ICP-AES光谱仪测定土壤滤液中有效Ca,有效Cu,有效Fe,有效K,有效Ni,有效P,有效Si,有效Zn的含量。分析结果显示:苍术生物量的大小和苍术吸收土壤中有效Fe,有效K,有效Ni,有效P,有效Si和有效Zn等有效态养分的多少密切相关。苍术生物量受土壤中无机元素有效量的影响大于土壤中无机元素全量的影响。茅山苍术分布样方土壤中无机元素含量的平均变异系数为0.50,其中全P为1.4,远远高于其他元素。K、Ca、Cr、Cu、Zn较小,均小于0.3。
五、茅山野生苍术的资源遥感监测
通过大量的野外调查数据和本实验室多年对苍术研究资料的分析,进行了苍术的资源遥感监测,首先通过聚类分析确定了苍术生物量的分级标准:(Ⅰ类)>47.643:(Ⅱ类)28.977～47.642,(Ⅲ类)15.949～28.976;(Ⅳ类)5.065～15.948,(Ⅴ类)0～5.064。然后建立苍术生物量与环境数据的相关模型,得到方程:Y=22.636+0.025X_1-0.03X_2-9.768X_3+0.001X_4-0.187X_5-0.077X_6Y=20.929-0.141X_(20)+1.043X_(23)-1.371X_(36)
其中,X_1表示海拔,X_2表示坡度,X_3表示坡向,X_4表示光量子辐射量,X_5表示温度,X_6表示湿度:X_(20)代表有效K;X_(23)代表有效Si;X_(36)代表土壤含水量。
对海拔,坡度,坡向,光量子辐射量,温度,湿度,有效K,有效Si,土壤含水量的kriging插值结果进行叠加。然后,对2006年4月2日的Landsat5的TM影像进行预处理,提取苍术信息,去除无苍术分布区。
叠加kriging插值结果与提取的苍术遥感图像,得到苍术分布的区域,按照分级结果进行计算,得到茅山地区野生苍术的资源量为42.5kg～80.5kg。进行精度评价,分类结果的误差矩阵像元总体精度为91.8%,资源量估算精度76.6%。
六、基于道地产区生境特征提取的苍术生产适宜性区划研究
为了克服以往中药适宜性区划存在的无主导因子筛选,各类因子不加权,模型不修正,只考虑单一因素等问题,本课题将气候适宜性区划与土壤、群落特征结合起来,分析苍术在气候适宜性和生态适宜性区划下的空间分布,建立了苍术的生产适宜性区划,更为客观和准确的研究苍术的分布情况。
实验结果表明苍术的气候适宜性呈现纬度地带性变化,气候条件从苍术分布区的最南端向北逐步从最适宜、适宜、较适宜到不适宜过渡。基于气候特征,生境特征和土壤特征下的苍术生产适宜性区划结果显示:苍术的最适宜区分布于长江流域中下游各省的交界部分,主要集中于与重庆接壤的四川、贵州、湖南、湖北和陕西的交界区及湖北、安徽、江苏和浙江四省的交界区;适宜区分布于四川与云南交界的金沙江流域和陕西与湖北境内的汉江流域;较适宜区分布于云南与黑龙江一线的狭长区域。
七、银杏资源动态变化的遥感监测
选取了2001年4月,2005年1月、2006年7月三期的landsat5 TM遥感图,利用RS和GIS的空间分析功能,分析2001年到2006年江苏邳州市银杏的动态变化。
在2006年9月的野外实地调查数据的支持下,利用差值植被指数(DVI)为判别函数,获取银杏在江苏邳州市的空间分布及多年动态变化规律。分析结果显示:2001年江苏邳州市银杏资源量为1.61万hm~2,2005年江苏邳州市银杏资源量为1.84万hm~2,2006年江苏邳州市银杏资源量为1.88万hm~2。说明江苏邳州市银杏资源量从2001年到2006年逐步增长。变化趋势是从2001年的1.61万hm~2增加到2006年的1.88万hm~2,增加了0.27万hm~2,这和相关的统计20万公顷相接近。
The remote sensing was used in resources investigation and the environmental monitoring in the wide range and even the global scope.The complexity and the multiplicity of Chinese medicinal resources cause that the investigation hase the different difficulty by using the remote sensing,the planted and the big area distribution wild medicinal resources which investe is raltive easy,and have much report.Therefore,this paper mainly invested the Jiangsu Maoshan wild dAtractylodes lancea resource which is in imminent danger.At the same time,using remote sensing analysis the resources dynamic change of gingko.
Cangzhu is the Dry rhizome of feverfew Atractylodes lancea(Thunb.) DC.Atractylodes lancea widespread distribution in our country.The tradition idear think that Atractylodes lancea quality is the best in Jiangsu Maoshan area,the Chinese medicines callsthe geoauthentic crude drug.But because the ecological environment destruction is serious,adds the artificial excavate,lead to the Maoshan Atractylodes lancea is in the border of depletion,the local place in history years of purchase is highest achieved 6 000 kg,but nearly years it did not have the large amount commodity purchase.Therefore,understooding the the distribution and the amount of resources situation on Atractylodes lancea in Maoshan,have the vital significance on resources investigation and the variety protection on Atractylodes lancea in maoshan.
1、The distributing rule and reason of Atractylodes lancea in Maoshan regions
The research region is in jiangshu maoshan district,near the jiangshu nanjing.the research top left comer longitude-lantitude is 119°14′05.31″E,31°55′04.33″N, down right corner longitude-lantitude is:119°24′05.9″E,31°39′46.69″N,the longth of researching region south to north is 26.79km,west-east is 16.41km,the total research area is 440km~2.
Combine the scientific invested plots with GIS technology,research the distribution of Atractylodes lancea and the effect factors on Atractylodes lancea.recorded resource of Atractylodes lancea,longitude latitude,grade,slope,photon radiazation,temperature,humidity,the distribution of plant,the plant situation surrounding the plots,etc,in 40plots.
The Atractylodes lancea,s biomass related with the growth of Quercus serrata var.brevipetiolata,slope and humidity.The distribution of Atractylodes lancea is less in north region,most in south region,least in middle region.
The leading factors affect the Atractylodes lancea,s biomass is Quercus serrata var.brevipetiolata and slope.The distribution of Atractylodes lancea graduately added from north region to south region,from east region to west region,graduately reduced.
2、Analyse biomass structure of different ecological environments on Atractylodes lancea
Set up the 50m*50m sample plots on Atractylodes lancea distribution regions in maoshan,analyzes the Atractylodes lancea distributed situation in the vegetation layer;the shrub layer and the shrub-weed layer.According to the native resourch,recorded the number,height,the stem is thick,number of leaves,coverage value.Shear aerial parts of Atractylodes lancea in plots,input the paper box and brought back the lab,set at in the drying oven 80℃and dry to the constant weight,which is called the toll weight in aerial parts.Calculate the biomass of one Atractylodes lancea in plot.biomass=dry weight aerial parts of Atractylodes lancea /number.Calculated the biomass,high,the stem is thick,number of leaves,crown maximum value,minimum value,mean value,standard deviation and coefficient of variation in plots.The research result showed:the several factors(ramet biomass, height,leaves and coverage of Atractylodes lancea)have the same change disciplinarian.Among maximum,minimum and average,the shrub layer is is biggest, the shrub and weed layer is bigger and the vegetation layer and the weed layer is worst.The conclusion display that the Atractylodes lancea tend to distribute the shrub layer and the shrub-weed layer。
3、Reaearch the ecological environment and the relationship of Atractylodes lancea populations based on Canonical Correspondence Analysis
In order to analyze the Atractylodes lancea growth relate with the polulations of surround polulations,Atractylodes lancea growth relate with ecological environments of Atractylodes lancea,this topic in the 1m*1m quadrat,the investigation and study species data and the environment data,has recorded in the quadrat altitude above sea level,the slope,the quadrat all species density,highly with the degree of cover;Has surveyed in the quadrat light quantum yield of radiation,the temperature and the humidity and so on.Through the computation important value,take the quadrat in vegetation's important value as the target,studies Atractylodes lancea and studies Atractylodes lancea with the periphery species relations.
Applies international standard ecology software CANOCO4.5 to carry on the data operation,and carries on the mapping to the operation result,demonstrated after the CCA analysis:the light quantum radiant quantity is the most impartant environmental factors,Qyercys serrata var.Brevipetiolata is associated plant of Atractylodes lancea.Conclusion:The Atractylodes lancea tend to distribute the gental climate in minor temperature and minor humidity,avoid the highlight and megatemperature;Atractylodes lancea and Qyercys serrata var.Brevipetiolata have the obvious associated.
4、The relation analysis between the soil inorganic element in maoshan with biomass of the Atractylodes lancea
In order to analyze Atractylodes lancea growth and the soil correlational dependence,use DX-600 iron chromatography instrument to determine the Na~+, NH_4~+,K~+,Mg~(2+),Ca~(2+),F~-,CL~-,NO_2~-,NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-);use JY-ULTIMA ICP-AES spectrum instrument to determine entire Ca,entire Cu,entire Fe,entire K,entire Ni, entire P and entire Zn;use JY-ULTIMA ICP-AES spectrum instrument to determinethe effective Ca,effective Cu,effective Fe,effective K,effective Ni, effective P,effective Si,effective Zn.The analysis result showed that the biomass of Atractylodes lancea Atractylodes lancea with the absorption soil effective Fe, effective K,effective Ni,effective P,effective Si and effective Zn effective condition nutrient.The biomass of Atractylodes lancea in the soil the inorganic element effective quantity influence is bigger than in the soil the inorganic element entire quantity influence,the average coefficient of variation soil in maoshan is 0.50,in which phosphorus is 1.4,is higher than other elements by far,the potassium,the calcium,the chromium,the copper,the zinc is small,is smaller than 0.3.
5、Remote rensing resource monitoring on Atractylodes lancea
Through massive open country investigation data and this laboratory many years to Atractylodes lancea research material analysis,have carried on Atractylodes lancea resources remote sensing monitor,first have determined Atractylodes lancea biomass standard through the cluster analysis:(Ⅰ)＞47.643;(Ⅱ) 28.977～47.642,(Ⅲ) 15.949～28.976;(Ⅳ) 5.065～15.948,(ⅤKind) 0～5.064.Then establishes Atractylodes lancea biomass and the environment data related model,equation is Y=22.636+0.025X_1-0.03X_2-9.768X_3+0.001X_4-0.187X_5-0.077X_6 Y=20.929-0.141X_(20)+1.043X_(23)-1.371X_(36)
Among them,X_1 expresses the elevation,X_2 expresses the slope,X_3 expressed the slope approaches X_4 expressed the light quantum yield of radiation,the X_5 probe temperature,X_6 expresses the humidity;X_(20) represents effective K;X_(23) represents effective Si;X_(36) represents the soil moisture content.Then,carries on the pretreatment to April 2,2006 Landsat5 TM image,withdraws Atractylodes lancea information,the elimination on-Atractylodes lancea distribution area.
Superimposes the kriging result and the extraction Atractylodes lancea remote sensing image,obtains Atractylodes lancea distribution region,carried on the computation according to the graduation result,obtains the Maoshan area wild Atractylodes lancea amount of resources for 42.5 kg～80.5 kg.Carries on the precision appraisal,the classified result error matrix element overall precision is 91.8%,amount of resources estimate precision 76.6%.
6、The Productive Adaptability Division of Atractylodes lancea Based on Extracting the Authentic Regions Ecological Characteristics
In order to overcome the former Chinese native medicine suitability regionalization existence non-leading factor screening,each kind of factor weighting, the model does not revise,only considered questions and so on sole factor,this topic thought the climate suitability regionalization and the soil,the community characteristic unifies,analyzes Atractylodes lancea under the climate suitability and the ecology suitability regionalization spatial distribution,has established Atractylodes lanceatechnique production suitability regionalization,more objective and accurate research Atractylodes lancea distributed situation.Result display: Atractylodes lancea most suitable area distributes the border parts of the provinces in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze Privet,the more suitable area distributes in Jinsha River of boundary between Sichuan and Hanjiang River of boundary between Shanxi and Hubei,the suitable area distributes the long and narrow region in Yunnan and Heilongjiang.
7、The Resources of Ginkgo biloba and Its Dynamical Changes Based on RS and GIS in Jiangshu Pizhou
Choose the landsat5 TM:the Apr.3~(rd),2001;Jan.16~(th),2005;July 30~(th),2006,use the spatial analytical function of GIS and RS technology,analyzed the dynamical changes of the Ginkgo biloba's resources from 2001 year to 2006 year.
In September 2006,supported by the on-the-spot investigation data,use the DVI distinction function,gained the spatial distribution and years dynamic change situation of gingko in the Jiangsu Pizhou.
The Ginkgo biloba's resource was 2.41×10~5 hm~2 in 2001,2.67×10~5 hm~2 in 2005, 2.82×10~5 hm~2 in 2006.The Ginkgo biloba's resource rised from 2.41×10~5 hm~2 to 2.82×10~5 hm~2 from 2001 to 2006,showed the gradually rise.The quantity of added is more than 0.4×10~5 hm~2.This result is close with the correlation statistical 200,000 hm~2.
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