摘要
在首次发现松突圆蚧和枯斑拟盘多毛孢共寄生(co-parasitism)现象的基础上,以揭示松突圆蚧入侵暴发机制为目标,通过野外系统定位调查和室内测试,研究了松突圆蚧和枯斑拟盘多毛孢共寄生的格局及其对针叶主要化学成分的影响。结果表明:(1)在松突圆蚧危害的针叶中,约有50%被松突圆蚧和枯斑拟盘多毛孢共寄生;在6～10月松突圆蚧种群低谷期,共寄生针叶中松突圆蚧的总虫口密度、活虫密度及其有活虫针叶的比例均显著大于非共寄生针叶;说明在松突圆蚧入侵的松林中,两者共寄生的现象较为普遍,且有利于加剧松突圆蚧的危害和提高该虫的生境适应性;(2)松突圆蚧和枯斑拟盘多毛孢共寄生显著降低了针叶含水量(降低9.99%),显著提高了针叶叶绿素a、总叶绿素的含量(分别提高了29.36%和34.63%)和针叶可溶性糖、多糖、蛋白质的含量(分别提高了143.60%、11.51%和34.93%),也显著提高了针叶单宁和总酚的含量(分别提高了39.29%和45.54%)。因此认为,松突圆蚧和枯斑拟盘多毛孢共寄生既可能通过提高针叶主要营养物质含量,对松突圆蚧产生显著的利他效应,也可能通过诱导松针单宁和总酚等次生物质含量的增加而提高对松突圆蚧的抵抗效应;松突圆蚧和枯斑拟盘多毛孢共寄生的格局是这两种效应共同作用的结果。上述结果寓示:枯斑拟盘多毛孢的共寄生在松突圆蚧的入侵和暴发过程中可能扮演着重要角色。进一步从种群生物学、生物化学和分子生物学的角度开展两者共寄生对松突圆蚧种群动态和个体生命过程的影响,对于深入揭示该虫的入侵暴发机制具有重要意义。
Based on the first discovery of co-parasitism both the dangerous and invasive pine armored scale, Hemiberlesia pitysophila, and the native wide-distributed fungi, Pestalotiopsis funereal, the pattern of this co-parasitism and its effects on the main chemical substances contented in Masson Pine needles were investigated and measured, aimed to explore the mechanism of the invasive pine armored scale in South China, in the pine forest located at Fuqing of Fujian Province in 2010. Results showed that around 50% of pine needles infested with the pine armored scale were co-parasitized by the fungi of P. funereal. In the period from June to October while the pine armored scale population kept the lowest level in a year cycle, densities of the total individuals including dead scales and live individuals, live individuals, and percentage of the needles with live individuals of the pine armored scale in co-parasitic needles were all significantly higher than those in non-co-parasitic needles. These aspects imply that the co-parasitism of both H. pitysophila and P. funereal is prevalent in the pine forest invaded with H. pitysophila, and can be beneficial to the scale pest’s occurrence and adaptation to a new habitat. Additionally, biological test experiments showed that the co-parasitism significantly increased the main chemical substances of the pine needles, including water content with a 9.99% of mean increment, chlorophyll a with a 29.36% of mean increment, total chlorophyll with a 34.63% of mean increment, water-soluble sugar with a 143.60% of mean increment, polysaccharide with a 11.51% of mean increment, protein with a 34.93% of mean increment, tannin with a 39.29% of mean increment and total hydroxybenzene with a 45.54% of mean increment. Based on the results above, we suggest that the co-parasitism both H. pitysophila and P. funereal could induce a altruistic efficacy to the pine armored scale through increasing the main nutrimental substances in needles, however, it also could induce a resistant efficacy against the pine armored scale through increasing the tanning and hydroxybenzene contents in needles. So the present co-parasitic pattern in the field could result from their common action of both the two efficacies. Furthermore, the suggestion reveals that the co-parasitism could play an important role in the invasion and outbreak course of H. pitysophila population in South China. It is greatly helpful for clarifying the invasive mechanism of H. pitysophila to further study the co-parasitism’s ecological functions and results.
引文
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