摘要
本文首先介绍了1971年南亚危机的由来与尼克松政府上台前后美国对南亚的政策。此部分大致分三个阶段(东巴基斯坦危机，印巴危机，美苏危机)简单叙述了南亚危机的过程。然后简单回顾了尼克松政府上台前后美国对南亚的传统政策。尼克松政府上台之前，美国对南亚奉行的是均势政策，旨在维持印巴之间的均衡状态。尼克松上台之后并未改变这一政策。
接下来的内容主要研究了美国对1971年南亚危机政策的背景、出台过程及结果。美国在这次危机中的政策可以大致分为以下三个阶段：第一阶段，从东巴基斯坦要求自治到西巴基斯坦军事镇压东巴基斯坦，这一时期美国的政策是保持超然的态度。尼克松政府认为这是一个友好盟国的内部事务，因此对于巴基斯坦东西两派领导人都保持距离，采取不偏不倚的政策。但是美国希望两方能以和平的方式解决问题，避免流血冲突与内乱。美国认识到自己的影响有限，担心引起叶海亚总统的误会，不愿出面对叶海亚公开施加压力，而希望英国出面调停。
第二阶段从西巴基斯坦对东巴基斯坦军事管制到印度发动对东巴基斯坦的战争，这一时期美国的政策从“不介入”转变为“介入”。由于传统的南亚均势政策使然，而且巴基斯坦此时是美国与中国进行接触的一个秘密渠道，尼克松和基辛格不愿对西巴基斯坦军队在东巴基斯坦的暴行进行公开的道义谴责与经济制裁，他们希望以朋友的身份私下劝告叶海亚政府放弃使用武力。为了缓解难民问题给印度带来的压力，美国开始向印度提供财政援助以解决东巴基斯坦难民问题。同时，美国认识到印度有发动对巴基斯坦战争的危险，于是以威胁切断经济援助的方式警告印度不要发动战争，但是印度一步步提高了要价，最终使巴基斯坦与美国不能接受。最终美国阻止战争的努力失败，印巴第三次战争爆发。
第三阶段从印巴战争开始到印巴战争结束，这一时期美国的政策是从地缘政治的角度考虑避免战争扩大，避免巴基斯坦遭到肢解与灭亡。于是美国通过向苏联施加压力使其约束印度、把印巴问题提交联合国安理会、切断对印度的经济援助、向孟加拉湾派出舰队以展示武力等方式促使印巴双方实行就地停火。美国通过种种方式最终使印度实现了停火，保住了西巴基斯坦的完整，使西巴基斯坦避免了灭亡的厄运。总体来说美国实现了这一时期的政策目标。
文章最后从当时的国际冷战大环境、南亚地区“结构性困境”以及尼克松与基辛格个人因素三个方面分析美国对1971年南亚危机的政策，结论是美国外交政策的起点与落点最终还是美国的国家利益，地缘政治因素比意识形态因素更起作用。
This article first introduces the origin of the South Asia crisis in 1971 and the US's foreign policy to the South Asia during from the Second World War to the Nixon administration. This part ,which approximately be divided into three stages (the East Pakistani crisis, the Indo-Pak crisis, the American and Soviet crisis), simply narrated the South Asia crisis process. Then it simply reviewed the US' traditional foreign policy to the South Asia before the Nixon administration . Before the Nixon administration came on stage, US carried out the power of balance policy to the South Asia, maintaining balanced condition between India and Pakistan.Nixon administration didn't change it after came on stage.
In the second part ,the article mainly studies the background, the process and the result of US's policy to the South Asia crisis in 1971. US's policy in the crisis may approximately could be divided into the following three stages: The first stage, from the East Pakistan requestsed autonomy to the West Pakistan military suppressed East Pakistan,US's policy was to keep an aloof manner. The Nixon administration thought it was an internal affair of friend ally, therefore they kept a distance to both the West Pakistani and the East Pakistani leaders, adopting a policy without bias and without favor. US hoped the leaders of Pakistan would solve the problem in peace way, avoiding the bloody clash and the civil strife. Since realized its limited influence, and worried about misunderstanding of President Yahya Khan,US didn't want to press on him and hoped for the mediation by the Britain.
The second stage started from the West Pakistan military controlled the East Pakistan to India attacted the East Pakistan, in this time US's policy transformed from "uninvolving" into "involving".Because the traditional power of balance policy to South Asia, moreover Pakistan was the secret channel of contacting between US and China at this time, Nixon and Kissinger was not willing to make the public morality and justice condemnation and the economic sanctions on the West Pakistan army atrocity, they advised Yahya Khan administration to give up the military force in private by friend's status. In order to alleviate the pressure that the refugee brought to India, US started to provide the financial aid to the East Pakistani refugee. At the same time, US realized India was going to attact the Pakistan, and warned India that they would shut off the economic aid to India if it launch the war. But India enhanced the requests step by step, which couldn't be accepted by Pakistan and US finally. At last US's effort to prevented the war didn't succeed, the third war of Indo-Pak broke out.
The third stage startes from the beginning to the ending of the Indo-Pak war. US's policy was to avoid the war expanding from geopolitics angle consideration,and avoid Pakistan encountering the dismemberment .Thereupon with exerting the pressure on Soviet Union to restrain India, submitting the India and Pakistan question to the United Nations Security Council, shutting off the economic aid to India,and sending out the fleet to Bay of Bengal to demonstrate military force to urge India to implement ceasesfire,US achieved the cease-fire and preserved the West Pakistan's integrity finally.All in all, US achieved her policy goal.
The article finally from the international Cold War environment, the " constitutive difficult position"of South Asia ,as well as Nixon and the Kissinger individual factor three aspects analyzed US's policy, the conclusion of the article was that the beginning and the ending of US's foreign policy finally was the national interest, and geopolitics factor was more effective than the ideological factor.
引文
① “危机”(crisis)这个术语最早出现在古希腊医学里，意思是关系生死的转折点，指病人的身体处于这样一种情况，即要么开始康复，要么开始进一步恶化，直到死去。修昔底德用这个词来形容人和人的关系或国与国的关系发生变化的转折关头。在国际关系中，危机是走向战争或和平的转折关头。导致危机的冲突要是得不到解决，就会升级为更严重的冲突甚至战争。关于国际关系危机的定义研究详见：[美]詹姆斯·多尔蒂、小罗伯特·普法尔茨格拉夫著，阎学通、陈寒溪等译：《争论中的国际关系理论》(第五版)，北京：世界知识出版社，2002年，第622—633页。另参见袁明对“危机”的解释：“危机就是常态失去控制，正常关系失去平衡力和控制力，矛盾冲突加剧，要用大的外交行动或战争行动来达到新的平衡。危机有局部的，也有全面的，两者还可以相互转化”。袁明主编：《国际关系史》，北京：北京大学出版社，1994年，第127页。
① “南亚结构性困境”是指敌对之印巴两国的力量失衡，它决定了巴基斯坦不惜一切代价外出寻找制衡印度和保护自己的盟友。与此同时，大国的争夺更是强化了他们的这种困境，为印巴两国在大国之间纵横捭阖和玩弄均势创造了极为有利的条件。所以，该困境决定了任何大国都不可能与力量失衡之敌对印巴同时保持良好与持久的关系。参见：王琛著：《美国外交政策与南亚均势(1947—1963)》，香港社会科学出版社有限公司，2005年，第6页。
① 赵伯乐主编：《当代南亚国际关系》，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2003年；王绳祖主编：《国际关系史》(第十卷)，北京：世界知识出版社，1996年：唐昊、彭沛著：《巴基斯坦·孟加拉：面对种族和宗教的困境》，成都：四川人民出版社，2002年；周广健、吴如华、郑小涛著：《南亚风云——印巴三次战争始末》，北京：世界知识出版社，1997年；林承节著：《印度独立后的政治经济社会发展史》，北京：北京大学出版社，1999年；资中筠主编：《战后美国外交史——从杜鲁门到里根》，北京：世界知识出版社，1996年。
① 复旦大学国际政治系张贵洪博士论文：《超越均势：论后冷战时期的美国南亚安全战略》，2004年(未刊)：宋德星著：《论巴基斯坦联盟外交及其困境》，载自《南亚研究》，2001年1月；郑州大学历史学院世界史专业姚远梅硕士论文：《印度与巴基斯坦的分裂》，2005年(未刊)。
② 郑州大学历史学院世界史专业常利锋硕士论文《第二次印巴战争对印巴美三角关系的影响》，2005年(未刊)；蔡佳禾著：《冷战与60年代南亚国际新格局的形成》，http//www.coldwarchina.cn 2005-6-28 17：29：00；王琛著：《美国外交政策与南亚均势(1947—1963)》，香港：香港社会科学出版社，2005年。
① [美]尼克松著，裘克安等译：《尼克松回忆录》(中册)，北京：商务印书馆，1979年；[美]亨利·基辛格著，杨静予、吴继淦、刘觉俦译：《白宫岁月》(第3册)，北京：世界知识出版社，1995年；[英]亨利·布兰登著，齐沛合译，《美国力量的收缩》，北京：三联书店，1974年；[美]塔德·肖尔茨著，李道庸等译，《和平的幻想——尼克松外交内幕》，北京：商务印书馆，1982年。
① Lioyd I. Rudolph, and S. H. Rudolph, et al., The Administration of US Foreign Policy towards South Asia States under Johnson and Nixon: Christopher, Van Hollen, "The Tilt Policy Revisited: Nixon-Kissinger Geopolitics and South Asia" (New Delhi Concept 1980); Dennis Kux, India and the U. S.: Estranged Democracies 1941-1991 Washington D. C., National Defence University Press, 1992.
② G. W. Choudhury, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and the Major Powers: Politics of a Divided Subcontinent(New York, The Free Press, 1975).
① S. M. Burke, Mainsprings of India and Pakistani Foreign Policies(University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1974).
② Bamds, William J., India, Pakistan and the Great Powers(New York, Praeger, 1972).
① U. S. Department of State, Foreign Relation of United States, 1969-1976, volume Ⅺ. The South Asia Crisis, 1971 (Washington D. C., U. S. Government Printing Office, 2005); U. S. Department of State, Foreign Relation of United States, 1969-1976, VolumeE-7, Documents on South Asia, 1969-1972. (Washington D. C., U. S. Government Printing Office, 2005); Richad Nixon, U. S. Foreign Policy for the 1970's: Building for Peace(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1973).
① 1947年6月6日，印度总督蒙巴顿发表了一个重要方案，即所谓“6月3日蒙巴顿方案”。方案规定：印度分为印度教徒的印度斯坦和伊斯兰教徒的巴基斯坦，两个国家均享有自治领地位；在两个国家的国界最后确定之前，由西北边境省、阿萨姆省的锡尔赫特区选民进行全民投票，在信德省立法议会投票，决定这三个省参加哪一个国家的问题；印度分治前先解决孟加拉省和旁遮普省的划界问题；各土帮有权决定它们参加印度和巴基斯坦中的哪个国家的问题，如果土帮不愿参加任何一个国家，那么它们可以保持和英国的关系，但无自治领地位。
② [美]亨利·基辛格著，杨静予等译：《白宫岁月》(第3册)，北京：世界知识出版社，1995年，第1087页。
① 唐昊、彭沛著：《巴基斯坦·孟加拉：面对种族和宗教的困境》，成都：四川人民出版社，2002年05月，第120页。
① 王绳祖主编：《国际关系史》(第十卷)，北京：世界知识出版社，1996年，第165—166页。
② 内容：1．应依据宪法在普选与直选的基础上建立松散的联邦制政府；2．中央政府只管国防和外交以及在联邦制基础上产生的其他一些权利；3．当然如果有足够的保护措施，避免资本从东巴向西巴大量转移，一种货币也是可以接受的，但是还应建立两套可以自由兑换的货币；4．财政政策由各联邦负责，税收归各省而不是中央政府；5．各省拥有独立的外汇帐户，可以自由掌握贸易和援助谈判；6．各盟邦有权拥有自己的武装队伍和准武装部队。参见：“Memorandum From Harold Saunders and Samud Hoskinson of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger)”, Washington, March 1, 1971, U. S. Department of State, Foreign Relation of United States, 1969-1976, volume. Ⅺ. The South Asia Crisis, 1971, p. 3.
③ 杨翠柏、刘成琼编著：《列国志——巴基斯坦》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2005年，第82页。
① "Memorandum From Harold Saunders and Samuel Hoskinson of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger)", March 1, 1971, Washington, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ. pp. 3-4.
② 王绳祖主编：《国际关系史》(第十卷)，第165—166页。
③ Barnds, William J. India, Pakistan, and the Great Powers, p. 2.
① Sumit Ganguly, The Origins of War in South Asia-Indo-Pakistani Conflicts Since 1947, Westview Press, 1994. p. 14.
② G．阿拉纳著，袁维学译：《真纳传——一个民族的经历》，北京：商务印书馆，1992年，第275页。
① M. S. Rajan, India's Foreign Policy and Relations, New Delhi, 1985, p. 9.
② [印]贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁著，齐文译：《印度的发现》，北京：世界知识出版社，1956年，第57页。
③ 赵伯乐著：《当代南亚国际关系》，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2003年，第96页。
① 杨翠柏、刘成琼编著：《列国志——巴基斯坦》，第83—84页；“Minutes of Senior Review Group Meeting”, Washington, April 9, 1971, 11: 15 a.m.-12: 15 p.m.; "Telegram From the Embassy in India to the Department of State", New Delhi, March 27, 1971, 1400Z., FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol. Ⅺ, pp. 57, 30-33.
② S. M. Burke, Mainsprings of India and Pakistani Foreign Policies, p. 208；王绳祖主编：《国际关系史》(第十卷)，第169页。
③ Bamds, William J. India, Pakistan, and the Great Powers, p. 241.
④ Dennis Kux, India and the U. S., Estranged Democracies, 1941-1991, p. 292.
① Dennis Kux, India and the U. S., Estranged Democracies, 1941-1991, p. 280.
① G. W. Choudhury, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and the Major Powers: Politics of a Divided Subcontinent p. 204; Barnds, William J. India, Palkistan, and the Great Powers, p. 243.
② Bamds, William J. India, Pakistan, and the Great Powers, p. 244; Yaacov Y. I. Vertzberger: Chian's Southwestern Strategy, Encirclement and Counterencirlement, New York Praeger Publishers, 1985, p. 48.
① Yaacov Y. I. Vertzberger, China'sSouthwestern Strategy, Encirclement and Counterencirlement p. 50, 57
② 王琛：《美国对1962年中印边界冲突的反应》，载自《史学月刊》，2002年1月。
③ 详情参见王琛著：《美国外交政策与南亚均势(1947—1963)》，香港社会科学出版社有限公司，2005年3月。
① Dennis Kux, India andthe U. S., Estranged Democracies, 1941-1991, p. 237.
② Bamds, William J. India, Pakistan, and the Great Powers, p. 8.
③ Dennis Kux, India and the U. S., Estranged Democracies, 1941-1991, p. 239.
④ Dennis Kux, India and the U. S., Estranged Democracies, 1941-1991, pp. 239-240.
⑤“和平队”是肯尼迪政府时期建立的援外组织。主要是招募青年前往第三世界国家和地区担任教师、农业顾问和技术人员，通过教育、农业和工业等渠道、扩大美国的影响。详情参见：杨生茂主编：《美国外交政策史(1775—1989)》，北京：人民出版社，1991年，第517页；国内对“和平队”的研究最为权威的是刘国柱先生的博士论文《美国文化的新边疆——冷战时期的和平队研究》。参见：刘国柱著：《美国文化的 新边疆——冷战时期的和平队研究》，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2005年7月。
① Bamds, William J. India, Pakistan, and the Great Powers, p. 233; "Editorial Note", FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, p. 1.
② Richad Nixon, U. S. Foreign Policy for the 1970's: Building for Peace, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1973, p. 113; Rudolph, Susan and Lloyd eds.,The Regional Imperative: Stephen P. Cohen, "South Asian and U. S. Military Policy", pp. 113-17；[美]亨利·基辛格著，杨静予等译：《白宫岁月》(第3册)，第1086—1087页。
③ Dennis Kux, India and the U. S., Estranged Democracies, 1941-1991, p. 280.
① Bamds, William J. India, Pakistan, and the Great Powers, p. 244; G. W. Choudhury, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and theMajorPowers: Politics of a Divided Subcontinent p. 142; Dennis Kux, India and the U. S., Estranged Democracies, 1941-1991, pp. 284-285; [美] 亨利·基辛格著，杨静予等译：《白宫岁月》 (第3册)，第1086页。
② Dennis Kux, India andthe U. S., Estranged Democracies, 1941-1991, pp. 288-289; Richad Nixon, U. S. Foreign Policy for the 1970's: Building for Peace, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1973, pp. 111-114.
③ [美]亨利·基辛格著，杨静予等译：《白宫岁月》(第3册)，第1087页。
① "Memorandum From Harold Saunders and Samuel Hoskinson of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger)", Washington, March 4, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, p. 7.
① "Minutes of Senior Review Group Meeting", Washington, March 6, 1971, 11: 40 a. m.-12: 20 p. m., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 9-10.
② "Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger) to President Nixon", Washington, March 13, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 19-20.
③ "Minutes of Senior Review Group Meeting Washington", March 6, 1971, 11: 40 a. m. -12: 20 p. m.; "Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger) to President Nixon", Washington, March 13, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 9-16, 20.
① [美]亨利·基辛格著，杨静予等译：《白宫岁月》(第3册)，第1090页。
② 杨翠柏、刘成琼编著：《列国志——巴基斯坦》，第83—84页；S．M．Burke，Mainsprings of India and Pakistani Foreign Policies，p．207．
③ 高级审查小组(SRG)由基辛格主持，成员有副国务卿、国防部副部长、中央情报局局长、参谋长联席会议主席或视情况由他们的副手出席。这个小组的职责是确保“所有现实的选择方案”都能上达总统。“四十号委员会”(根据总统关于成立该机构的指示而定名)是专门处理美国秘密情报活动的机构。它也是由基辛格主持的。华盛顿特别行动小组是处理危机的高级机构。它是在北朝鲜击落了美国间谍飞机从而造成一次重大危机之后，在1969年4月成立的。这个小组还是由基辛格主持。1969年7月成立的核查小组，是白宫“在限制和控核武器方面同苏联进行缜密谈判”的“行动中心”。这个小组依然由基辛格主持。
④ "Minutes of Washington Special Actions Group Meeting Washington", March 26, 1971, 3: 03-3: 32 p. m., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 24-29.
① "Telegram From the Embassy in India to the Department of State", New Delhi, March 27, 1971, 1400Z.; "Editorial Note", FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 32-35, 65-66.
② Dennis Kux, India andthe U. S., Estranged Democracies, 1941-1991, p. 293.
③ "Memorandum From Secretary of State Rogers to President Nixon", Washington, April 3, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 45-47.
④ Linda Racioppi, Soviet Policy towards South Asia Since 1970, Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 77.
⑤ [美]亨利·基辛格著，杨静予等译：《白宫岁月》(第3册)，第1092页。
⑥ "Telegram From the Embassy in India to the Department of State", New Delhi, March 27, 1971, 1400Z., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, p. 32.
⑦ "Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in India", Washington, April 17, 1971, 0128Z., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 74-75.
① "Editorial Note", FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 116-117.
② "Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Pakistan", Washington, April 24, 1971, 1220Z., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, p. 91.
③ "Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Pakistan", Washington, April 24, 1971, 1220Z., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, p. 92.
① "Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger) to President Nixon", Washington, April 28, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 97-98.
② "Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger) to Acting Secretary of State Irwin", Washington, May 7, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, p. 104.
③ "Memorandum of Conversation", Palm Springs, California, May 7, 1971, 2: 50-5: 45 p. m., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 106-109.
① "Memorandum of Conversation", Washington, May 10, 1971, 4: 54-5: 25 p. m., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 112-116.
② "Memorandum of Conversation", Washington, May 10, 1971, 4: 54-5: 25 p. m.; "Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger) to President Nixon", Washington, May 14, 1971; "Information Memorandum From the Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs(Sisco) to Secretary of State Rogers", Washington, May 18, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 74, 121, 127.
③ "Letter From Indian Prime Minister Gandhi to President Nixon", New Delhi, May 13, 1971.; "Telegram From the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State", Islamabad, May 14, 1971, 1045Z., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 117-119, 120.
④ 资中筠主编：《战后美国外交史》，北京：世界知识出版社，1994年，第677页。
① "Memorandum of Conversation", Washington, May 21, 1971, 12: 30-1: 05 p. m., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 129-132.
② "Letter From President Nixon to Pakistani President Yahya", Washington, May 7, 1971; "Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Pakistan", Washington, May 14, 1971, 2358Z., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 105-106, 123-124.
③ "Telegram From the Consulate General in Karachi to theDepartment of State", Karachi, May 22, 1971, 2050Z., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 136-138.
① Dennis Kux, India andthe U. S., Estranged Democracies, 1941-1991, p. 292.
② "Memorandum From Samuel Hoskinson and Richard Kennedy of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger) ", Washington, May 25, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 143-144；资中筠主编：《战后美国外交史》，第677—678页。
③ "Transcript of Telephone Conversation Between President Nixon and His Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger)", May 23, 1971, 2: 30 p. m., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, p. 140.
④ "Letter From President Nixon to Indian Prime Minister Gandhi", Washington, May 28, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 160-161.
① "Letter From President Nixon to Pakistani President Yahya", Washington, May 28, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 162-163；[美]亨利·基辛格著，杨静予等译：《白宫岁月》(第3册)，第1096页。
② "Memorandum of Conversation", Washington, June 3, 1971, 4: 20-4: 50 p. m.; "Editorial Note", FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 163-167, 181-182.
③ "Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger) to President Nixon", Washington, May 14, 1971; "Memorandum From Acting Secretary of State Irwin to President Nixon", Washington, June 9, 1971; "Memorandum From Harold Saunders and Samuel Hoskinson of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger)", Washington, June 14, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 122, 172-173, 178-179.
① "Memorandum of Conversation", Washington, June 11, 1971, 1: 03-1: 56 p. m., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 174-175.
② "Memorandum From Harold Saunders and Samuel Hoskinson of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger)", Washington, June 14, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 177-180.
① "Editorial Note"; "Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy inlndia", Washington, June 17, 1971, 0029Z., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 182-189.
② [美]亨利·基辛格著，杨静予等译：《白宫岁月》(第3册)，第1097页。
③ [美]亨利·基辛格著，杨静予等译：《白宫岁月》(第3册)，第1097页。
④ "Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in India", Washington, June 26, 1971, 2258Z., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 199-202.
⑤ [美]亨利·基辛格著，杨静予等译：《白宫岁月》(第3册)，第1097页。
① "Minutes of Senior Review Group Meeting, Washington", April 19, 1971, 3: 10-4: 10 p. m.; "Memorandum From Harold Saunders and Samuel Hoskinson of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger)", Washington, May 17, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 76-84;125-126.
② Dennis Kux, India and the U. S., Estranged Democracies, 1941-1991, pp. 293-294.
③ "Memorandum From the President's Deputy Special Assistant for National Security Affairs(Haig) to President Nixon", Washington, June 25, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, p. 194.
① "Memorandum From the President's Deputy Special Assistant for National Security Affairs(Haig) to President Nixon", Washington, June 25, 1971; "Memorandum From the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs(Selden) to Secretary of Defense Laird", Washington, June 28, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 194-199, 202-204.
② "Memorandum for the Record", New Delhi, July 6, 1971.; "Memorandum of Conversation", New Delhi, July 7, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 220-221, 230.
③ "Memorandum of Conversation", Washington, August 20, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 359-360.
④ S. M. Burke, Mainsprings of India and Pakistani Foreign Policies, p. 212.
① "Memorandum of Conversation", New Delhi, July 7, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 221-225.
① "Memorandum of Conversation", New Delhi, July 7, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 226-232.
② "Memorandum of Conversation", Rawalpindi, July 8, 1971; "Memorandum of Conversation", Washington, July 23, 1971, 12: 50-1: 18 p. m., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 236-241, 267.
③ "Editorial Note", FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, p. 245
④ "Memorandum of Conversation", New Delhi, July 7, 1971; "Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in India",Washington, July 24, 1971, 1438Z., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 222, 284.
① "Editorial Note", FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, p. 232; Dennis Kux, India and the U. S., Estranged Democracies, 1941-1991, pp. 295-297; Selig S. Harrison, Paul H. Kreisberg, and Dennis Kux, eds. India and Pakistan The Fifty Years: Sumit Ganguly, "India: Policies, Past and Future", Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 162.
② "Memorandum for the Record", New Delhi, July 6，1971; "Memorandum for the Record", Yew Delhi, undated., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol, Ⅺ, pp. 220, 233；[美]亨利·基辛格著，杨静予等译：《白宫岁月》(第3册)，第1102页。
③ "National Security Study Memorandum 133", Washington, July 2, 1971; "Memorandum for the Record", San Clemente, California, July 16, 1971, 10: 57 a. m. -12: 06 p. m., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp.217, 264-267；[美]亨利·基辛格著，杨静予等译：《白宫岁月》(第3册)，第1103页。
① "Evening Briefing Notes Prepared for the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger)", Washington, July 2, 1971; "Memorandum From the President's Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs(Haig) to President Nixon", Washington, July 9, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 216, 244-245; Bimal Prasad, India-Soviet Relations 1947-197Z, A Documentary Study, Allied Publishers, 1973, pp. 378, 389-390；资中筠主编：《战后美国外交史》，第677页。
② "Minutes of Senior Review Group Meeting,Washington", July 23, 1971, 4: 10-5: 30 p. m., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 272o273.
③ "Minutes of Senior Review Group Meeting, Washington", July 23, 1971, 4: 10-5: 30 p. m.; "Minutes of Senior Review Group Meeting", Washington, July 30, 1971, 3: 20-4: 35 p. m., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 271, 292.
④ "Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in India", Washington, August 6, 1971, 1807Z., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, p. 310.
① Selig S. Harrison, Paul H. Kreisberg, and Dennis Kux eds., India and Pakistan The Fifty Years: Sumit Ganguly, "India: Policies. Past and Future". p. 162: G. W.. Choudhurv. India. Pakistan. Bangladesh. and the Major Powers: Politics of a Divided Subcontinent, New York, The Free Press, 1975, p. 206；周广健等著：《南亚风云——印巴三次战争始末》，北京：世界知识出版社，1997年，第101页。
② Bimal Prasad India-Soviet Relations 1947-1972 A Documentary Study，Allied Publishers，1973，pp．379-380，391-394；林承节著：《印度独立后的政治经济社会发展史》，北京：北京大学出版社，1999年，第384页。
① S．M．Burke，Mainsprings of India and Pakistani Foreign Policies，p．209；林承节著：《印度独立后的政治经济社会发展史》，第384页。
② Selig S. Harrison, Paul H. Kreisberg, and Dennis Kux, eds., India and Pakistan The Fifty Years: Sumit Ganguly, "India: Policies, Past and Future", p. 162.
③ ”Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger)t0 President Nixon", Washington, August 24, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 361-365; Linda Racioppi, Soviet Policy towards South Asia Since 1970, Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 80；[美]亨利·基辛格著，杨静予等译：《白宫岁月》(第3册)，第1108页；资中筠主编：《战后美国外交史》，第678页。
① "Telegram From the Consulate General in Calcutta to the Department of State", Calcutta，August 7, 1971, 1220Z., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 313-317，[美]亨利·基辛格著，杨静予等译：《白宫岁月》(第3册)，第1109页。
② "Letter From the Indian Ambassador(Jha) to President Nixon", Washington, August 11, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Xl, p. 319; S. M. Burke, Mainsprings of India and Pakistani Foreign Policies, p. 214.
③ "Memorandum for the Record", Washington, August 11, 1971, 3: 15-3: 47 p. m., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 323-325.
① "Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Pakistan", Washington, August 14, 1971, 2226Z., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, p. 331：[美]亨利·基辛格著，杨静予等译：《白宫岁月》(第3册)，第1111页。
② "Memorandum ofConversation", Washington, August 17, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 332-339.
① "Telegram From the Consulate General in Calcutta to the Department of State", Calcutta, August 7, 1971, 1220Z., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 311-313.
② "Memorandum From Harold Saunders of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger)", Washington, August 13, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 329-330.
③ "Telegram From the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State", Islamabad, August 24, 1971, 1255Z., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 365-366.
④ "Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Pakistan", Washington, August 31, 1971, 0025Z., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 371-372.
① "Telegram From the Department of State to the Consulate General in Calcutta", Washington, September 18, 1971, 1738Z., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 416-417.
② "Telegram From the Mission to the United Nations to the Department of State", New York, October 2, 1971, 1422Z.; "Telegram From the Department of State to the Consulate General in Calcutta", Washington, October 9, 1971, 2149Z., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 429-430, 456-457.
① "Memorandum for the President's File", Washington, September 29, 1971, 3-4: 40 p. m., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, p. 425.
② "Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Pakistan", Washington, October 8, 1971, 0041Z., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 446-448.
③ "Memorandum of Conversation", Washington, October 8, 1971, 4: 11-4: 58 p. m., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 452o 454.
④ "Telegram From the Consulate General in Karachi to the Department of State", Karachi, October 11, 1971, 1200Z.; "Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in India", Washington, October 15, 1971, 0222Z., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 458-461, 469-470.
① "riefing Prepared for President Nixon", Washington，October 29, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 482-483; Bimal Prasad India-Soviet Relations 1947-1972 A Documentary Study, pp. 382-383; S. M. Burke, Mainsprings of India and Pakistani Foreign Policies, pp. 202, 210；资中筠主编：《战后美国外交史—从杜鲁门到里根》，第679页；王绳祖主编：《国际关系史》(第十卷)，第169页。
② "Telegram From the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State", Islamabad, November 2, 1971, 0810Z., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 490-492.
① 林承节著：《印度独立后的政治经济社会发展史》，第386页。
② "Wlemorandum for the President's File", Washington, November 4, 1971, 10: 29 a. m. -12: 35 p. m., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 494-499.
① "Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in India", Washington, November 8, 1971, 2045Z., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 500-502.
② "Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Pakistan", Washington, November 11, 1971, 0147Z., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 503-504.
③ "Minutes of Washington Special Actions Group Meeting", Washington, November 12, 1971, 11: 09 a. m. -noon., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 505-514.
① "Memorandum From Rear Admiral Robert Welander to the President's Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs(Haig)", Washington, November 15, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, p. 518.
② Choudhury, G. W., India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and the Major Powers: Politics of a Divided Subcontinent, p. 209.
① "Minutes of Washington Special Actions Group Meeting", Washington, November 22, 1971, 2: 39-3: 14 p. m.; "Minutes of Washington Special Actions Group Meeting", Washington, November 23, 1971, 9: 12-10: 01 a. m.; "Backchannel Message From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger) to the Ambassador to Pakistan(Farland)", Washington, November 24, 1971; "Editorial Note", FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 530, 538, 547-548, 556-557.
① "Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in India", Washington, November 27, 1971, 0058Z.,; "Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Pakistan", Washington, November 27, 1971, 0101Z., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 565-569.
② "Minutes of Washington Special Actions Group Meeting", Washington, November 29, 1971, 2: 36-3: 36 p. m., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 571-572.
③ "Backchannel Message From the Ambassador to Pakistan(Farland) to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger)", Islamabad, November 30, 1971, 1838Z., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 581-582.
④ PL-480在1954年成为法律。主要内容有：1．授权行政部门同意某国以当地货币购买美国不断增加的过剩农产品；2．授权政府为饥荒或其它紧急事态向它国捐赠食品；3．为非盈利的海外慈善组织提供食品捐赠。美国对印度的主要食品援助主要是按照第一项规定进行的。详情参见：Dennis Kux，Indiaandthe U．S．，Estranged Democracies,1941-1991，pp．126，136．
① "Minutes of Washington Special Actions Group Meeting", Washington, December 1, 1971, 4: 17-4: 50 p. m., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, p. 586.
② "Transcript of Telephone Conversation Between Secretary of State Rogers and the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger)", Washington, December 3, 1971, 10: 55 a. m., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, p. 595.
③ "Minutes of Washington Special Actions Group Meeting", Washington, December 3, 1971, 11: 19-11: 55 a. m.,FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ. pp. 596-604.
④ “安德森文件集”：在1971年南亚危机期间，美国国防部的一个海军文书把12月3、5、6、8日的华盛顿特别行动小组会议记录全文泄漏给了美国的一个专栏作家杰克·安德森(Jack Anderson)，安德森随后在12月中旬连续全文发表了这些文件集，史称“安德森文件集”，“偏袒”(tilted)一词也由此而成为常用的政治术语。详情参见：[美]尼克松著，裘克安等译：《尼克松回忆录》(中册)，北京：商务印书馆，1979年，第211—213页。
⑤ "Backchannel Message From the Ambassador to Pakistan(Farland) to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger)", Islamabad, December 4, 1971, 0650Z., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, p. 610.
① "Minutes of Washington Special Actions Group Meeting", Washington, December 4, 1971, 11: 13-11: 41 a. m., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, p. 620.
② "Transcript of Telephone Conversation Between President Nixon and His Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger)", December 5, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 640-647.
③ "Memorandum of Conversation, Washington", December 5, 1971, 4 p. m., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 648-649.
① "Minutes of Washington Special Actions Group Meeting, Washington", December 6, 1971, 11: 07-11: 56 a. m., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, p. 656.
② “Letter From President Nixon to Soviet General Secretary Brezhnev”，Washington，December 6，1971，FRUS，1969-1976，vol．Ⅺ，pp．667-668；[美]亨利·基辛格著，杨静予等译：《白宫岁月》(第3册)，第1147页。
③ "Minutes of National Security Council Meeting, Washington", December 6, 1971, 1: 30-3: 30 p. m., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 669-673.
④ "Editorial Note", FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 674-676.
⑤ "Message From the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to the United States", Moscow, December 6, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 677-678；[美]亨利·基辛格著，杨静予等译：《白宫岁月》(第3册)，第1148页。
① "Central Intelligence Agency Intelligence Information Cable", TDCS-314/12990-71, Washington, December 7, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, p. 687.
② "Minutes of Washington Special Actions Group Meeting", Washington, December 8, 1971, 11: 13 a. m. -12: 02 p. m., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 690-699.
③ "Editorial Note", FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 701-704.
④ "Editorial Note", FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 705-706.
① "Minutes of Washington Special Actions Group Meeting, Washington", December 9, 1971, 10: 09-11 a. m., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 712-721.
② "Editorial Note", FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 721-724.
③ "Memorandum of Conversation", Washington, December 9, 1971, 4-4: 41 p. m., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 724-725.
④ "Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger) to President Nixon", Washington, December 9, 1971., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 726-728.
① "Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in India", Washington, December 10, 1971, 0113Z., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 734-735.
② "Memorandum of Conversation", Washington, December 10, 1971, 9: 45-10: 17 a. m., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 735-740.
③ "Editorial Note", FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 741-743.
④ “Editorial Note”，FRUS，1969-1976，vol．Ⅺ，pp．745-746；[美]亨利·基辛格著，杨静予等译：《白宫岁月》(第3册)，第1153页。
① "Memorandum From the President's Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs(Haig) to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger)", Washington, December 10, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 750-763.
② "Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger) to President Nixon", Washington, December 11, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 765-766.
③ "Transcript of Telephone Conversation Between President Nixon and His Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger)", December 11, 1971, 7: 30 p. m., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 771-776.
④ “Editorial Note”，FRUS，1969-1976，vol．Ⅺ，pp．779-784；[美]亨利·基辛格著，杨静予等译：《白宫岁月》(第3册)，第1158—1159页。
① "Message From the Soviet Leadership to President Nixon", Moscow, December 12, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 789-791.
② "Transcript of Telephone Conversation Between the President's Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Haig) and the Minister of the Soviet Embassy(Vorontsov)", Washington, December 12, 1971, 7: 40 p. m., FRUS, 1969-1976. vol. Ⅺ. p. 797.
③ [美]亨利·基辛格著，杨静予等译：《白宫岁月》(第3册)，第1161—1162页。
④ "Memorandum for the Record", Washington, December 14, 1971, FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 814-815.
⑤ [美]亨利·基辛格著，杨静予等译：《白宫岁月》(第3册)，第1162页。
① "Memorandum for the Record", Washington, December 14, 1971, 6-7 p. m., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, p. 820.
② "Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger) to President Nixon", Washington, December 15, 1971, FRUS. 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 826-827.
③ "Memorandum of Conversation", Washington", December 15, 1971, 11: 30 a. m., FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. Ⅺ, pp. 830-831.
④ 赵伯乐著：《当代南亚国际关系》，第116页。
① Dennis Kux, India and the U. S., Estranged Democracies, 1941-1991, pp. 309-310.
② Dennis Kux, India and the U. S., Estranged Democracies, 1941-1991, pp. 307-308.
③ Linda Racioppi, Soviet Policy towards South Asia since 1970, p. 74.
④ G. W. Choudhury, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and the Major Powers: Politics of a Divided Subcontinent, pp. 206-207, 218.
① 《解密资料显示尼克松曾称印度总理甘地为老巫婆》，http://www.sina.com.cn 2005-06-29 10:01．
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《解密资料显示尼克松曾称印度总理甘地为老巫婆》，http://www.sina.com.cn 2005-06-29 10:01．
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