摘要
本文以分离单个培养的方式研究了尕海盐湖孤雌生殖卤虫在不同温度和不同盐度条件下的生长和生殖情况，组建了其在15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃四个温度和20‰、100‰、140‰、180‰、220‰五个盐度下的九个生命表，计算并比较了不同温度、不同盐度的生命期限参数和生殖参数，结果显示：
当盐度为100‰时，尕海盐湖卤虫在15-30℃的范围内能正常的生长和繁殖后代，温度为35℃时，种群在性成熟前就全部死亡。25℃时种群的内禀增长能力r_m、世代净增殖率R_o及周限增长率λ值最大，分别为0.2211／天、145.520、1.2474／天，世代周期T值最小，为22.5252天。15℃时种群平均寿命最长，后代中卵占的比例较大。温度对各生命期限参数和生殖参数有明显影响(P＜O.01)，随温度降低，繁殖前期、繁殖期、产后代间隔期增大。
当水温为25℃时，尕海盐湖卤虫在20-180‰的盐度范围内能正常的生长和繁殖后代，但在盐度为20‰时，仅少数个体繁殖后代，r_m值较低(0.0965)。盐度为100‰时，种群的内禀增长能力r_m、世代净增殖率R_o凡及周限增长率λ值最大，世代周期T最小。盐度为260‰时，种群不能存活。盐度为220‰时，虽然少数个体可以繁殖，但种群内禀增长能力r_m为负值，在此盐度下，种群衰减。在100-180‰的范围内，盐度对繁殖前期、每个个体一生产后代总数、每个个体每次产后代数目及每个个体每天产后代个数这四个参数影响明显(P＜O.01)。
实验还表明尕海品系卤虫的生殖方式与温度有一定的关系，随温度降低，产后代个体中卵占的比例增大，在15℃时最大，为63.0％；30℃时最小，为2.0％；但是从我们的实验中很难总结出盐度对生殖方式有何影响，当盐度为140‰时，产卵的比例最大，为22.2％，盐度为100‰和180‰时产卵比例都比140‰的小，分别为11.4％和2.4％。20‰和220‰共5个个体产后代，生殖方式都是卵胎生。
The survival rate and fecundity of Artemia parthenogenetica of Gahai Lake reared at five temperatures and under six salinity levels were reported in this paper. Nine life-tables were constructed at temperature of 15℃, 20℃, 25℃ and 30℃, and under salinity of 20‰, 100‰,140‰,180‰,220‰. Conclusions drew from the life-tables, life-span component and reproductive parameters were showed below.
Artemia parthenogenetica of Gahai Lake can survive and have offspring when temperature ranged from 15℃ to 30℃ with salinity of 100‰. Population died before matured when temperature was 35℃. Maximum intrinsic rate of increase (rm), net reproductive rate (Ro), and the finite rate of increase (A,), and minimum generation time (T) was also achieved when temperature was 25℃. The strain had the longest life span and the greatest percentage of encysted offspring when temperature was 15℃. Differences were found for life span and reproductive parameters between populations reared at 15℃, 20℃, 25℃,30℃(P<0.01). With temperature decreasing, population would have a longer prereproductive period, reproductive period and period between broods.
Artemia parthenogenetica of Gahai Lake can survive and have offspring when salinity ranged from 20‰ to 180‰. Maximum intrinsic rate of increase (rm), net reproductive rate (Ro), and the finite rate of increase (X), and minimum generation time (T) were achieved when salinity was 100‰. Population could not survive for more than two days under salinity of 260‰, and would die off in 53 days under salinity of 220‰. Salinity of 20‰ was not suitable for growth or maturity of this strain. When salinity ranged from 100‰ to 180‰, highly significant difference was found for four parameters: prereproductive period, offspring per female, offspring per brood per female, offspring per day per female.
The results suggested that temperature could affect the parturition modes of Gahai strain. With temperature decreasing, higher percentage cysts produced. Population got the maximum percentage of encysted offspring (63.0%) when temperature was 15℃, and got the minimum percentage (4.8%) at 30℃. In the experiment of salinity group, population got the maximum percentage (22.2%) of encysted offspring when salinity was 140%o, and got smaller percentage under salinity of 100‰ (11.4%) and 180‰ (2.4%), When salinity was 20‰ and 220‰, all offspring were nauplii.
引文
1． Dye J.E., The production and efficient use of freshly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (Artemia) in the larval rearing of marine fish at the hatcheries of the British White Fish Authority, The Brine Shrimp Artemia, Vol.3, Ecology Culturing Use in Aquaculture. Universa Press, Wettern, Belgium, 1980,271-276．
2． Gophen M., Artemia nauplii as a food source for cyclopoids: extrapolation of experimental measurements to the metabolic activities of copepods in Lake Kinneret, Israel. The Brine Shrimp Artemia, Vol.3． , Ecology Culturing Use in Aquaculture. Universa Press, Wettern, Belgium, 1980,67-66
3． Johns DM, Berry WJ, Walto, W, International study on Artemia. XVI. Survival, growth and reproductive potential of the mysid , Mysidopsis bahia Molenock fed various geographical strains of the brine shrimp, Artemia, J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol., 1981, 53(2/3) : 209-219．
4． Browne R.A., Reproductive pattern and mode in the brine shrimp, Ecology, 1980, 61(3) : 466-470．
5． Snell T., C. King, Life span and fecundity patterns in rotifers: the cost of reproduction, Evolution, 1977,31:882-890．
6． Browne R.A., The costs of reproduction in brine shrimp, Ecology, 1982,63(1) : 43-47．
7． Browne R.A., Divergence of demographic and reproductive variables over 25 years in laboratory and natural populations of the brine shrimp, Artemia. Crustaceana, 1983, 45:164-168．
8． Browne R.A., Partitioning genetic and environmental component of reproduction and life span in Artemia. Ecology, 1984, 65:949-960
9． Barata, C., Hontoria, R, Amat, R, Life history, resting egg formation, and hatching may explain the temporal-geographical distribution of Artemia strains in the Mediterranean basin. Hydrobiologia, 1995,298,295-305．
10． Barata C., Hontoria R, Amat R, Browne R.A., Demographic parameters of sexual and parthenogenetic Artemia: temperature and strain effects, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 1996, 196, 329-340．
11． Browne R.A., G Wanigasekera, Combined effects of salinity and temperature on survival and reproduction of five species of Artemia, 2000,244,29-34．
12． Triantaphyllidis G V., Poulopoulou K., Abatzpoulos T. J., Perez C.A., Sorgeloos P., International study on Artemia. XLIX. Salinity effects on survival maturity, growth biometrics, reproductive and life span characteristics of a bisexual and parthenogenetic population of Artemia, Hydrobiologia, 1995,302,215-227．
13． Vanhaecke P., Sorgeloos P., International study on Artemia. XLVII. The effect of temperature on cyst hatching larval survival and biomass production for different geographical strains of brine shrimp Artemia spp. Ann. Roy. Soc. Zool. Belgium, 1989,118,7-23．
14． Wear R.G, Haslett S.J., Effects of temperature and salinity on the biology of Artemia franciscana(Kellogg) from Lake Grassmere, New Zealand. 1． Growth and mortality .J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 1996,98,153-166．
15． Wear R.G, Haslett S.J., Alexander N.K., Effects of temperature and salinity on the biology of Artemia franciscana(Kellogg) from Lake Grassmere, New ZeaIand.2． Maturation, fecundity, and generation times., 1996,98,167-183．
16. Zhang L., Lefcort H., The effects of ploid level on the thermal distribution of brine shrimp Artemia parthenogenetica and its ecological implications, Heredity, 1991, 6, 445-452.
17. Zhang L., King C.E., Life history divergence of sympatric diploid and polyploid population of brine shrimp Artemia parthenogenetica. Oecologia, 1993, 93,177-182.
18. Sorgeloss P., Research on the culturing of the brine shrimp Artemia salina L. at the state university of Ghent (Belgium). 10th European symposium on marine biology, 1976, 1, 473-495.
19. Vanhaecke P., Combined effects of temperature and salinity on the survival of various geographical origin, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 1984, 80, 259-275.
20. Royan J.P., Laboratory and field studies on an Indian strain of the brine shrimp Artemia. In: The brine shrimp Artemia, 1980, 3:223-230.
21. Reeve, M.R., Growth efficiency in Artemia under laboratory condition, Biol. Bull., 1963, 125:133-145.
22. Von Henting G., Influence of salinity and temperature on the development, growth, reproduction and energy budget of Artemia salina, Mar. Biol., 1971, 9, 145-182.
23. Vu Do Quynh, Inoculation of Artemia in experimental ponds in a salt farm from Phu Khank province. In: Second International Symposium on the Brine Shrimp, 1985.
24．袁海，蔡亚能，卤虫“海孤一号”的基础生物学研究1．存活与生长，海洋湖沼通报，1993，4，53-60。
25．张闰生、王睿、徐振康，培养密度对卤虫生长与繁殖的影响，南开大学学报(自然科学)，1994，12(4)，83-87
26．贾沁贤等，盐度对山西盐池卤虫群体的影响，水产学报，1995a，19(2)，172-176。
27．贾沁贤等，温度对中国卤虫种群的影响，生态学报，1995b，15(3)，312-318。
28．贾沁贤、陈立靖、左中原，不同品系卤虫耐寒力的比较，动物学报，1999，45(1)，32-39。
29．黄旭雄、陈马康，光周期对卤虫摄食、生长和存活的影响，水产科技情报，2000，29(3)，110-111。
30．黄旭雄、陈马康、刘波，光周期对卤虫繁殖的影响，2001，25(3)，297-300。
31．袁海、蔡亚能，卤虫“海孤一号”的基础生物学研究2．生殖与生命周期，海洋湖沼通报，1994，1，43-48。
32．蔡亚能，1986。孤雌生殖与两性生殖卤虫的观察。山东海洋学院学报，16(3)：52-59。
33. Versichele D, Sorgeloos R, Controlled production of Artemia cysts in batch cultures[C]. In Persoone G., et aL (Eds), The Brine Shrimp Artemia, Vol. Ⅲ Belgium: Universa Press, 1980.
34. Deevey E.S., Life tables for natural populations of animals, Quart. Rev. Biol., 1947, 22: 283-314.
35. Andrewartha H.G., L. C. Birch, The distribution and abundance of animals, University of Chicago Press., 1954.
36. Birch L.C., The intrinsic rate of natural increase of an insect population, J. Anim. Ecol., 1953, 17:15-26.
37．高明君，葛兰，蔡亚能，不同地理品系卤虫的同工酶变异初步研究，青岛海洋大学学报，1994a，24(1)：128-132。
38．高明君，葛兰，蔡亚能，中国孤雌生殖和两性生殖卤虫关系的同工酶研究，海洋学报，1994b，16(5)：92-98。
39．孙易，宋文芹，钟贻诚等，用RAPD和AFLP的方法对中国卤虫种(Artemia)及亲缘关系的研究，遗传学报，2000，27(3)，210-218。
40．林昌善，动物种群数量变动的理论与实验研究Ⅱ杂拟谷盗Tribolium confusum(H.)的内禀增长能力(r_m)的研究。动物学报，1964，16(3)，323-338。
41．梁彦龄、张国馨，隆腺蚤(Daphnia carinata King)的内禀增长能力，水生生物学集刊，1964，5(1)：31-36。
42. Browne R. A., L. E. Davis, S. E. Sallee, Effects of temperature and relative fitness of sexual and asexual brine shrimp Artemia. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 1988, 124, 1-20.
43. Browne R.A., M. Li G., Wanigasekera S. Simonek, D. Brownlee, G. Eiband, J. Cowan., Ecological physiological, and genetic divergence of sexual and asexual(diploid and polyploidy) brine shrimp.(Artemia)., Adv. Ecol., 1991, 1, 41-52.
44. Browne R. A., Population genetics and ecology of Artemia: Insights into parthenogenetic reproduction, Trends Ecol. Evol., 1992, 7, 232-237.
45. Lenz P.H., R. A. Browne, Ecology of Artemia. In Artemia biology, edited by R. A. Browne, P. Sorgeloos and C.N.A. Trotman, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1991, 236-253.
46. Basil J.A., Premakumar D. R. D., Lipton A. P., Marion, M.P., Artemia in the salt pans of Vedaranyam Southern India. In: Sorgeloos P., et al, (Eds), Artemia Research and Its Applications:3, Ecology, Culturing, Use in Aquaculture, Universa Press, Wetteren, Belgium.,1987, p556.
47. Williams W. D., Geddes M. C., Anostracans of Australian salt lakes, with particular references to a comparison of Parartemia and Artemia. In: Browne R.A., Sorgeloos R, C. N. A. Trotman, (Eds.), Artemia Biology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, pp.351-368.