摘要
农田土壤性质空间变异性研究是当今土壤学科发展的前沿,它对于建立农田土壤质量数据库,实现数字土壤、推动精确农业发展具有极为重要的科学价值。尽管关于农田土壤质量空间变异性研究报道颇丰,但均集中在土壤性质空间变异性的相关理论等方面,而对长期人为影响下农田土壤性质空间变异性及揭示导致农田土壤空间变异机理的研究显得较为贫乏。本实验研究了现代经营与耕作模式条件下,土壤质量的演化趋势和存在的主要问题,揭示现代社会历史尺度下和人为对于土地利用与生产管理模式下,所导致的土壤演化作用方向和演化程度。查清楚制约现代农业可持续发展的障碍性因素,获得以下主要结论。
1.在水平方向上,土壤有机质及其组分(活性有机质)和碳酸钙均表现为距离村庄越近含量越高,以村庄为圆心土壤有机质及其组分(活性有机质)和碳酸钙含量呈同心圆式的空间变异特征。两者具有相同的形成机理,就近施用农家有机肥和土粪在一定程度上导致了其独特的空间分布规律。表层和底层土壤有机质均属弱变异程度,10-20cm土壤有机质属于中等变异程度;碳酸钙在三个土层中均属弱变异程度。
2.土壤紧实度和容重都属于中等变异强度,其中10-20cm土层土壤容重的变异强度比较大。土壤含水量的最大值与最小值相差不大,变异系数强度较弱,这表明农田比较平整,降雨时无明显径流产生。
3.土壤容重、紧实度和含水量的半方差函数揭示了它们的分布具有较强的空间自相关性(20-30cm土层土壤容重具有中等空间相关性)。土壤紧实度的相关距(变程)最小在35.4~37.8 m;土壤水分含量平均值的变程为99m,相对最大,而土壤容重的变程居中,为87.1~88.1m.。
4.土壤紧实度和容重具有以村庄为中心,呈现出在村庄外逐渐增大的水平空间变异特征,而土壤水分的空间分布状况与之相反。反映了长期采用有机培肥就近原则对土壤质量的作用与影响。
5.农田土壤紧实度和容重不仅在水平方向上存在着中等空间变异强度,同时在垂直方向上也存在巨大变异性。关中农田土壤存在着明显的亚表层紧实化的严重问题,较为疏松的耕层变薄,反映了长期进行旋耕对于土体特性的严重影响,必须给予足够重视。
6.九个级别的土壤团聚体的变异系数都小于40%,表明研究区域土壤团聚体组成具有中等偏弱的变异性。上下两土层土壤团聚体变异系数随着粒径的减小而逐渐增大,表明研究区域土壤团聚体组成随着粒径减小变异性逐渐增大。有机质含量的多少与团聚体的含量并无密切关系,两者的分布规律并不相同。
综上所述,农田土壤受人为因素影响程度最大,在人为因素的影响下农田土壤形成了其特殊的空间变异性,而有些变异特性已经成为农业生产的制约因素。对主要农田土壤性质空间变异性的研究,有助于更加丰富和进一步完善评价人为长期生产活动对土壤质量作用与影响的基本理论;为揭示土壤质量的空间变异特征提供重要的科学依据,为合理耕作、科学管理和利用农田土壤提供科学依据,从而更好地为农业生产服务。
The spatial variability of soil properties of farmland had been the development frontier of soil science , It have extreme importance scientific value to establish soil quality database、realization digital soil and promote development of precision agriculture.The report about soil quality spatial variability of farmland was more, and all reports concentration on the related theories of soil properties spatial variability. But the research of soil quality spatial variability of farmland based on human impact at long-term and the reveal mechanism of soil spatial variability of farmland were less. The experiment research evolvement current of soil quality and some main problem on condition of modern management and cultivation pattern, open out direction of soil evolvement effect and evolvement degree in scale of modern society history and artificial land using and pattern of production manage, find out the obstructive factors of modern agriculture sustainable development, and main conclusions were following.
1. In the horizontal direction, which was that the higher soil organic matter and calcium carbonate content appeared in the further point away from the village, forming a concentric circle; both the organic matter and calcium contents variation had the same mechanism, the reason might be that farms applied the manures in the near fields more than in the farther ones. The soil organic matter contents in top soil (0-10cm) and substratum soil(20-40cm)were belonging to a low variation level; the soil organic matter content in subsurface(10-20cm)was belonging to a moderate variation level; a low variation level of calcium carbonate appeared in all the soil layers.
2. The soil bulk density and soil compaction had a moderate variation level and soil bulk density in subsurface (10-20cm) had a larger variation level. The maximum value and minimum value of soil water content without big difference and had a weak variation level, this results show that farm land was more leveling and with out significantly runoff when Rainfall.
3. The semi-variogram of soil bulk density、soil compaction and soil water content showed that them had a stronger spatial autocorrelation distribution of (the soil bulk density in 10-20cm soil layer was belonging to a moderate variation level. The correlation distance of soil compaction was the lowest of 35.4-37.8m and the soil water was 99m, the highest, while the soil bulk density was in the middle, 87.1~88.1m.
4. The soil compaction and soil bulk density centered with village, showed that they increased significantly as the distance increased from the village. However, the spatial distribution of soil water content did the opposite. Reflected the nearby principle of using organic fertility betterment by long term to function and influence of soil quality.
5. The soil compaction and soil bulk density not only had a moderate variation level in the horizontal direction but also had a great variation level. There was obvious serious problem of soil compact in Guanzhong farm land, and loose arable layer was thinning out, reflected the seriously affect of soil properties under long term rotary tillage, Must be given adequate attention.
6. Variation coefficients of soil aggregates of nine grades were less than percent 40, show that aggregate size distribution had a moderate variation level in study area. The variation coefficients of soil aggregates gradually increased with aggregate size decreased in upper and lower two layers. Found that Soil aggregate composition increases gradually with the particle size decrease. Between soil organic matter contents and aggregates contents had not close relationship, the distribution of both them was not same.
In conclusion, farmland soil properties were affected by humans to a large extent, thereby forming this kind of special spatial variation. Some of the variations had become the barrier factors in the process of agriculture production. Studies on the variation of main farmland soil properties were helpful to enrich and revise the basic theories of accessing the functions of humans on soil quality during a long period; these also gave pivotal evidences on the special variation of soil quality, available tillage scientific management and how to use farmland. Therefore, we can serve the farmers better.
引文
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