中国开发性银行规制改革研究
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摘要
开发性银行作为现代金融体系的重要组成部分,是政府干预经济的一种金融手段。现实的市场或多或少地存在“市场失灵”和“市场缺损”,相关瓶颈领域的投融资具有公共物品或者准公共物品的特点,不能通过市场的自发调节机制来解决。通常情况下,政府出资打造市场主体,背靠国家信用,采取商业化运作,筹集和引导社会资金,提供中长期融资服务,实现政府特定的政策性目标,并保证市场主体自身的可持续发展。开发性银行在融资功能上具有政策性,在业务运行上具有商业性,其本质特征是政策性与商业性兼容。政策性是开发性银行存在的基础,商业性是开发性银行运行的保障,两者缺一不可。
     开发性银行在国外以独立的金融形式出现,不过100多年的历史。在中国以政策性银行的初始形态出现,距今只有18年的时间。世界范围内,开发性银行经历了不断探索和改革的过程。发达国家通过建立和完善开发性银行的政府规制体系,有效地促进了开发性银行的发展,以及政策性融资功能的实现。中国的开发性银行是在市场经济体制改革的背景下,从最初配合财政投融资的政策性银行,逐步向真正意义上的开发性银行演变。由于金融改革本身的滞后,以及基本国情的制约,中国开发性银行规制尚存在诸多问题,阻碍了政策性融资功能的有效发挥,进而影响到市场经济改革,以及金融体制改革的总体进程。
     本论文以中国开发性银行转型为背景,搁置有关金融制度安排合理性的争论,以金融规制推动金融改革为切入点,运用西方规制经济学、新制度经济学、信息经济学的原理和方法,借鉴中国经济转轨中金融制度变迁的研究成果,尝试建立开发性银行规制的理论基础。抓住开发性银行的本质特征这个核心命题,分析开发性银行的规制供求特点、规制目标以及规制政策体系,提出多元规制目标协调统一的观点,并针对中国开发性银行规制现状,借鉴国外经验和教训,提出解决问题的对策建议。
     首先,基于现有文献梳理了国内外关于开发性银行及开发性银行规制的相关理论及观点,试图在基本概念上澄清政策性金融与商业性金融,开发性金融与政策性金融的模糊认识,将开发性银行规制与中国金融制度变迁,以及当前国内外开发性银行转型联系起来,为后面的研究奠定理论基础。
     其次,从分析开发性银行的本质特征入手,构建开发性银行规制的供求分析框架。运用金融规制的政府效用函数,重点分析政府效用偏好对规制供给的影响,提出间接租金、直接租金、金融安全协调统一的规制目标,并通过分析多元规制目标下的委托代理关系,构建开发性银行规制的政策体系。
     第三,以中国金融规制制度变迁和开发性银行改革为背景,对开发性银行规制制度的有效性进行分析评价。立足开发性银行规制的理论基础和政策体系,分析中国开发性银行规制体系的演变过程和存在问题,揭示中国特色市场经济体制下,开发性银行规制的内在矛盾和制度缺陷。
     第四,选取不同市场经济发展模式下的典型国家,比较所在国家开发性银行的运营模式和规制制度安排,并通过分析德国和美国的典型案例,总结国外开发性银行规制的经验教训,为中国开发性银行规制改革提供有益的借鉴。
     最后,针对中国开发性银行规制的问题,结合中国特色社会主义市场经济改革的基本国情,借鉴国外开发性银行规制的先进经验,分别从完善法律体系、完善组织体系、推动国开行转型等方面,提出中国开发性银行规制改革的对策建议。
     通过建立开发性银行规制的理论基础,并分析中国开发性银行规制的问题,本论文认为:开发性银行以商业银行的形式出现,符合政策性与商业性兼容的本质特征;开发性银行只有建立符合本质特征的理论基础和规制政策体系,才能有效发挥其政策性融资功能;开发性银行规制应该实现多元规制目标和多元规制机构的协调统一。
As an important department of modern financial system, the development banks actas a financial instrument for the government to regulate the economy. The actual marketmore or less has the ‘market failure’ and ‘market defect’, in which bottleneck areas, theinvestment and financing have the characteristics of public goods or sub-public goods.These bottleneck areas can’t be resolved by the market spontaneous adjust mechanism.Generally, the governments invest to build the market subject. Meanwhile, depending onthe national credit, they raise and guide the social capital to provide the medium-andlong-term financing services, in order to achieve the specific policy goals of government,and ensure the sustainable development of market subject. The development banks havethe policy characteristics on the financing function, and commercial characteristics on thebusiness operation, whose essential character is the compatibility of policy andcommerce. Policy is the base of exist to the development bank. Meanwhile commerce isthe operating guarantee, both of which are necessary.
     The development banks have only one hundred years’ history, which appeared as anindependent financial form abroad. However, it is only eighteen years till today that thedevelopment banks come into being as an initial form of policy banks. And world-wide,development banks have experienced a continuous exploration and reform. Developedcountries effectively promoted the development banks and Policy-based financingfunctions through establishing and improving the government regulation reform ofdevelopment. It was on the background of market economic reform, that China’sdevelopment banks gradually evolved from initial policy bank, which combined withFiscal Investment and financing, to the real development. Due to the lag of financialreform and constraints of basic realities of country, the regulation of China’sdevelopment bank still has many problems, which blocked the effective implementationof Policy-based financing function, furthermore, affected the market economic reformand the whole reform process of financial system.
     On the background of China’s development bank transition, excluding the debateabout the rationality of financial system, this dissertation attempts to establish the base of the theory for the development bank regulation, which takes the financial regulationpromoting financial reform as the starting point, uses the theories and methods of WestRegulating Economics, New Institutional Economics, Information Economics, andresearch achievements of financial system evolution in China’s economic transition. Wegrasp a core proposition-essential characteristic, analyze the specialty of regulationsupply-demand, regulation goals, regulation policy systems of development bank, andpropose the point of multi-regulation goals for coordination and unification. Moreover,aiming at the present situation of China’s development banks, combining with the foreignexperiences, the strategy and advices are pointed out.
     First, based on the current literatures, the relevant theories and perspectives aboutdevelopment bank and its regulations home and abroad are investigated. We attempt toclarify the policy-based finance and commercial finance, development finance andpolicy-based finance in basic conception. Through the connection between developmentbank regulation and China financial system evolution, as well as the present transition ofdevelopment bank home and abroad, the research foundation was established.
     Second, starting with the analysis to the development bank’s essential characteristic,we construct an analytical framework of supply-demand to the development bankregulation. Meanwhile, the government utility function of finance regulation is used, inorder to emphatically analyze the regulation supply-demand which affected by thegovernment utility preference, and point out the regulation goals of coordination andunification among the indirect rent, direct rent and finance security. Furthermore, throughthe analysis to the principal-agent of multi-regulation goals, the policy-based system ofdevelopment bank regulation was constructed.
     Third, on the background of China finance regulation evolution and developmentreform, the analysis and estimation to the validity of development bank regulation systemare performed. Based on the theory and policy system of development bank regulation,we also investigate the evolution process and the existing problem of China developmentbank regulation system, and reveal the internal contradiction and system defects ofdevelopment bank under the system of Chinese market economic.
     Fourth, we choose some typical countries under different market economic form,and compare the operation models and regulation system of the development banks in each country. Through the analysis of typical cases in Germany and USA, we alsosummarize the experiences of foreign development bank regulation, aiming to proposethe useful advices for the reform of China development bank regulation.
     Finally, according to the problem of China development regulation, and combiningwith the basic national conditions of market economy reforms of socialism with Chinesecharacteristics, using the advanced experiences of foreign development bank regulationfor reference, this study propose the strategy and advices on the reform of Chinadevelopment bank regulation respectively, from the aspects of improving the legalsystem, perfecting the organization system, promoting the transition of ChinaDevelopment Bank etc.
     In summary, through constructing the theoretical basis of development bankregulation, and analyzing the regulation of China development banks, this dissertationhas a consideration that the development bank appeared in form of commercial bank,accord with the essential characteristic of compatibility between policy-base andcommerce-base. It is only through establishing the theoretical basis and regulation policysystem according to the essential characteristics, that the development banks could beable to exert its policy-based financing function. And as the essential approach,development banks should realize the coordination and unification of multi-regulationgoals and multi-regulation agencies.
引文
①国家开发银行主要向国家基础设施、基础产业和支柱产业的大中型基本建设和技术改造等政策性项目及其配套工程提供政策性贷款。
    ①国有金融产权制度下,政府通过有效的业务监督,一方面控制金融资源的配置,推动经济社会发展;另一方面通过业务考核评价,保证国有资产保值增值。
    ②金融债券收益率对于发行方是指筹资成本。
    ①代际遗忘(Generation Ignorance)是指今天的贷款人受眼前利益的迷惑忘记了历史教训,信贷扩张的冲动战胜了对过去信用过度膨胀造成危机的痛苦记忆。
    ②竞争压力(Rivalries Pressure)是指贷款人为避免市场自然淘汰以及“逆向选择”形成的竞争压力,往往从谨慎对待变为盲目跟从,以至于做出不当的贷款决策。
    ①易得性偏差(Availability Bias)是指人们往往根据信息获取的难易程度来确定事件发生的可能性,容易令人回忆起或联想到的事件会让人误以为这个事件常常发生。确认性偏差(Confirmation Bias)是指人们一旦形成某种先验理念,就会有意识地寻找支持该理念的证据,有时甚至会认为扭曲新证据。
    ②损失厌恶(LossAversion)是指人们在面对等量的收益和损失时,损失会给他们带来更大的痛苦,因而人们在决策时表现出不对称性,当面临收益时,人们表现为风险厌恶,当面临损失时,人们则表现为风险追逐。
    ①超边际分析是指,当两个选择不能同时选取、非此即彼的时候,如何做出选择。
    ①规制主体包括规制机构和被规制者,本文的被规制者特指开发性银行及其经营活动。
    ①为方便区分和描述,本文其他部分将政府经济职能部门称为投融资规制机构,在中国主要指中央和地政府的发展和改革委员会;将银行监管机构和中央银行并称为银行业规制机构,在中国是指中国银行业监督管理委员会以及中国人民银行;将代表国家出资的部门称为出资代表,在中国主要指财政部。
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