摘要
我国地处环太平洋地震带和欧亚地震带的交汇地区,是世界上地震发生最为严重的国家之一。地震造成生命财产损失的重要途径是建筑物的破坏和倒塌。砌体结构在我国属于量大面广的结构形式,而砌体结构在历次地震中所表现出来的震害又是最为严重的。因此,对地震灾后砌体结构的抗震鉴定及抗震加固技术的研究有着极其重要的意义。
本文主要进行以下分析和研究工作：
1.应急(快速)鉴定。在地震发生后的应急期间,应及时对地震现场受损建筑的安全性进行应急鉴定。应急鉴定应综合判断单体建筑的震损现状、抗震设防情况、周围环境等因素,迅速给出建筑的安全性判定及处理建议。对于震损现状的判定,本文提出了地震现场建筑物震损的模糊综合评定方法,并运用层次分析法确定各影响因子的权重,从而较好地解决了具有多因素、多层次、定性与模糊同时存在的复杂系统的决策问题,使基于专家经验的传统震损评价方法更具有科学性。
2.抗震鉴定。在灾后重建时期,对于需要长期使用的建筑还应进行建筑抗震鉴定。本文主要介绍了抗震鉴定的基本概念和基本内容,并全面系统地介绍了多层砌体房屋抗震鉴定的方法。
3.抗震加固。根据多层砌体结构抗震承载力不足、房屋整体性不足、局部易损易倒部位和明显扭转效应等不同情况,应选择相应的加固方法。在诸多加固方法中,水泥砂浆或钢筋网水泥砂浆面层加固技术是提高墙体抗震能力的一种有效的加固方法,有着其他加固技术无法比拟的优越性,在多层砌体结构地震灾后的抗震加固中被广泛应用。
4.工程应用实例。对于应急鉴定的工程应用,本文以2008年攀枝花8.30地震为背景,结合一多层砌体结构的工程实例,详细说明了应急鉴定的实际操作过程和方法。对于抗震鉴定及抗震加固的工程应用,本文对一幢多层砌体结构教学楼进行抗震鉴定分析和抗震加固设计,从而为工程实践提供参考。
Our country,located in the intersection regions of circum-Pacific seismic zone and Eurasia seismic zone,is one of the countries with the most serious earthquake disasters in the world.The most important means through which the earthquake cause the lose of life and property is the breakage and collapse of buildings.Masonry tier building is a kind of structure form used vastly and extensively in our country.At the same time,the seismic damage of masonry structure is the most severe in the history.So it is significant to study the seismic appraisal and seismic strengthening of the post-earthquake multi-story masonry buildings.
The major analysis and research work in this thesis can be concluded as follows:
1.Safety assessment in post-earthquakefield(seismic quick appraisal).In the emergency phase after earthquake,it is suggested to carry out urgent structural evaluation on the damaged buildings promptly.lt is necessary to evaluate the earthquake damage condition,the seismic fortification condition and the surrounding environment,confirm the security of buildings quickly and then give the suggestion for disposal.To evaluate the earthquake damage condition,the fuzzy synthetic evaluation method of building earthquake damage in post-earthquake field is established and the weight of each evaluation index is determined by AHP, which resolves the decision model of this complicated system with multi-factors,multi-layers,qualitative nature and fuzziness.It also makes the conventional evaluation method of building earthquake damage which based on the expertise experiences more scientific.
2.Seismic appraisal.In the post-disaster reconstruction phase, it is necessary to carry out seismic appraisal on the buildings with a long term usage.The basic concept and content of seismic appraisal are introduced briefly.Then the method about seismic appraisal of masonry tier buildings is introduced comprehensively.
3.Seismic strengthening of buildings.The corresponding seimic strengthening methods should be chose according to the different conditions including the shortage of anti-seismic bearing capacity, the shortage of integrity of construction,the local vulnerable part and the distinct torsional effect.In many seimic strengthening methods,masonry strengthening with mortar splint is an effective method which has the function to improve the seismic behavior of walls,and is superior to the other seimic strengthening methods.So it is widely used in the post-earthquake strengthening projects.
4.Example of technical application. To explain the engineering application of safety assessment in post-earthquakefield, the actual process and method about it are introduced comprehensively,which are combined with an engineering case and are on the background of 2008 Panzhihua 8.30 earthquake.To explain the technical application of seismic appraisal and seismic strengthening,the technologies of seismic appraisal and seismic strengthening are used on a masonry tier teaching building,which can provide references for other engneering projects.
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