摘要
东江流域惠州段位于东江中游,其水质对东深供水安全至关重要。多年来,受西枝江、淡水河污染负荷的不利影响,又由于近年来梯级开发、区域经济迅速发展等人为因素影响,水生生态系统受损,水体富营养化程度加重,以湖库污染为代表的藻类增生事件在东江干流频发,给东江供水带来安全隐患。因此,对该河段的富营养化状况进行调查研究,对东江优质水源保护至关重要。项目组于2011年1月开始,每月定期对东江流域惠州段水生态进行调查,研究结果如下：
(1)东江流域惠州段污染物以氮(TN、氨氮)、磷(TP)等营养盐和有机污染(BOD5、DO)为主。
(2)调查期间,东江干流惠州段、西枝江江河段和淡水河河段分别检出浮游植物129种、120种和103种,浮游植物种类组成均以绿藻最多,硅藻其次,干流藻类细胞密度波动范围为1.46×105cells/L-2.85×107cells/L,西枝江藻类细胞密度波动范围为1.60×105cells/L-1.17×107cells/L,淡水河藻类细胞密度波动范围为7.04×105cells/L~1.36×107cells/L,卵形隐藻为干流全年优势种,该种藻在西枝江河段除7月份不是优势种外,其余各月均占优势。三类水域以东江干流惠州段污染最轻,但干流水体水质空间差异较大,以剑潭库区特别是库区内受西枝江汇入水域污染较为严重。
(3)CCA分析表明,PHB、OD5、TP、DO正磷酸盐、NH3-N、CODMn、TN、电导率和亚硝氮对东江于流惠州段浮游植物群落的结构影响较大,pH、CODMn、浊度、SD、DO、硅酸盐和氨氮对西枝江河段浮游植物群落的结构影响较大。
(4)东江干流惠州段富营养化状况呈现明显的时空分布特征,剑潭库区内与西枝江交汇下游(D4、D5和D6)为该河段富营养化敏感区域,丰水期初期(3月份和4月份)和夏季(8月份)为敏感区域的敏感时期。西枝江河段富营养化程度以X1和X3采样点最为严重,全年的4月和10月为该河段敏感水域的敏感时期；淡水河河段整体水质处于中富营养化状态,1月、3月、5月和7月的富营养化程度较为严重。
(5)运用主成分分析和逐步回归分析,得到以下模型：D4采样点浮游植物细胞密度预测模型为：1g(浮游植物细胞密度)=0.068F2+6.422,Chl.a预测模型为：Chl.a=3.599F2+21.111,其中F2=0.926TN+0.917正磷酸盐+0.885氨氮+0.772电导率+0.465TP+0.424SS-0.420浊度,D5采样点浮游植物细胞密度预测模型为：lg(浮游植物细胞密度)=0.053F1+6.276,Chl.a预测模型为：Chla=4.582F1+20.124,优势种卵形隐藻预测模型为：lg(卵形隐藻细胞密度)=0.082F1+5.681,式中F1=0.966氨氮+0.955TN+0.941电导率+0.900BOD5+0.894SS+0.730DO+0.709硝氮+0.696pH+0.643CODcr-0.492浊度+0.473正磷酸盐。各种预测模型均能用于东江干流水生态风险预测,且以Chl.a预测模型的预测效果最好。
(6)针对干流富营养化敏感水域潜在的水生态风险,加大减排力度和深度净化设施建设、加强支流水体的污染控制和生态修复、加强干流水体自身的生态环境保护以及库区水生态监测,对干流水体水质保护意义重大。
Huizhou reach of Dongjiang river located in middle reaches, the water quality was very important for water supply. Over the yeas, by the adverse effects of pollution in Xizhi River and Danshui River and because of human factors influence such as cascade development and rapid regional economic development, aquatic ecosystems in Huizhou reach of Dongjiang river damaged, the level of eutrophication was seriously, brought much danger in water supply. Therefore, the investigation on the eutrophication situation of this reach is very important. TO protect the quality of Dongjiang river, surveys on the phytoplankton and aquatic environment factors were carried out every months from January2011, the results of this study were as follows:
(1) The main pollutants in Huizhou reach of Dongjiang river were nitrogen (TN, NH3-N), phosphorus (TP) and organic substance(BOD5, DO).
(2) Total129,120and103species of phytoplankton were identified in main stream, Xizhi river and Danshui river respectively, which was mainly composed of the Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta. Average densities of Alga were ranged from2.23×105cells/L to8.04×106cells/L in main stream, and1.60x105cells/L-1.17×107cells/L in Xizhi river,7.04×105cells/L-1.36×107cells/L in Danshui river. Cryptomonas ovata Ehr. was the dominant species in main stream through the year, and was the dominant species in Xizhi river expect July. Although the water quality of main stream was in a light or no pollution state, the spatial difference was evident, pollution in Jiantan reservoir especially waters where Xizhijiang drains into was much more seriously, water quality of Danshui river and Xizhi river was much more seriously than main stream.
(3) CCA showed that, the important environmental factors which affected the distribution of phytoplankton of main stream were pH, BOD5, TP, DO, orthophosphate, NH3-N, CODMn, TN, conductivity and NO2-N, while CODMn, turbidity, SD, DO, silicate and ammonia nitrogen in Xizhi river.
(4) Temporal and spatial differences in eutrophication is obviously in main stream, Jiantan reservoir where Xizhi river drains into (the D4, D5and D6) was the sensitive waters, early wet season (march and April) and summer (August) were the sensitive periods. X1and X3were the most serious sample sites of Xizhi river, April and October were sensitive periods. The water quality of Danshui river is in mesotrophic, January, March, may and July were sensitive periods in this reach.
(5) By using principal component analysis and stepwise regression analysis, we got the following modeles:algae density prediction model of D4:1g (algea density)=0.068F2+6.422, Chl.a prediction model:Chl.a=3.599F2+21.111, F2=0.926TN+0.917PO43-+0.885NH3-N+0.772cond+0.465TP+0.424SS-0.420NTU, the algae density prediction model of D5:1g (algae density)=0.053F1+6.276, Chl.a prediction model:Chla=4.582F1+20.124, density of dominant species prediction model:lg (algal density)=0.082F1+5.681, F1=0.966NH3-N+0.955TN+0.941cond+0.900BOD5+0.894SS+0.730DO+0.709NO3-N+0.696pH+0.643CODCr-0.492NTU+0.473PO43-. All kinds of forecasting model can be used in ecological risk prediction of Dongjiang river, and the models for Chl.a forecasting is the best.
(6) Due to the potential ecologic risk of main stream, we should take effective measures as muchas possible, for example, increasing reduction efforts and the construction of deep purification facilities, strengthening the control of tributaries pollution, ecologicalrestoration and water ecological environment monitoring and so on.
引文
[1]刘建康.高级水生生物学[M].北京：科学出版社,1999：176-177
[2]钱奎梅,陈宇炜,宋晓兰.太湖浮游植物优势种长期演化与富营养化进程的关系,生态科学,2008,.27(2)：65-70
[3]苏玲泽.水体富营养化[J]UNEP世界环境.1994,42(10)：23-26
[4]蒋火华,吴贞丽,梁德华.世界典型湖泊水质探研[J].世界环境,2000,(4)：35-37
[5]马经安,李红青.浅谈国内外江河湖库水体富营养化状况[J].长江流域资源与环境,2002,11(6)：575-578
[6]金相灿,刘树坤,张宗涉编.中国湖泊环境(第一册)[M],北京：海洋出版社,1995.
[7]金相灿,屠清英编.湖泊富营养化调查规范[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,1990：15-18
[8]国家环保总局科技标准司编.中国湖泊富营养化及其防治研究[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2001,23-28,98-103
[9]夏霆.通江城市河道浮游植物分布研究——以镇江市古运河为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,2010,19(11)：1249-1 255.
[10]庞燕飞,周解.红水河岩滩建坝前后水质因子的变化及浮游植物响应[J].水利渔业,2008,28(3)：93-96.
[11]朴承俊,王宏山,瞿春艳,马晓旺.水体富营养化现状及对策分析[J].煤炭技术,2008,27(8)：134-135
[12]况琪军,谭渝云,王登榜,张家玉.汉江中下游江段藻类现状调查及水华成因分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2000,9(1)：63-70
[13]张俊逸,蒋江峦,刘擎,龚映雪,王庆,杨宇峰.珠江广州段微生物和浮游植物群落与水质特征研究[J].水生态学杂志,2011,32(2)：38-46
[14]林峰竹,吴玉霖,于海成,线徽微.2004年长江口浮游植物群落结构特征分析[J].海洋与湖沼,2008,39(4)：401-410
[15]卢大远,刘培刚,范天俞,彭辉,张政科.汉江下游突发“水华”的调查研究[J].环境科学研究,2000,(2)：28-31
[16]董旭辉,羊向东,于荣.长江中下游地区湖泊富营养化的硅藻指示性生物[J].中国环境科学,2006,26(5)：570-574
[17]Buzzi F. Phytoplankton assemblages in two sub-basins of Lake Como.J Limnol,2002,61:117-128
[18]Mohan P, Niraula B E, Casareto S, Lan S, Takayuki H, Yoshimi S. Examining the effects of nutrients on the composition and size of phytoplankton using unaltered deep-sea waters. J Exp Mar Bio Ecol, 2007,348:23-34
[19]Lopes M R M, Bicudo C E M, Ferragut C. Short term spatial and temporal variation of phytoplankton in a shallow tropical oligotrophic reservoir, southeast Brazil. Hydrobiologia,2005,542:235-247
[20]苏玉,文航,王东伟,孙金华,黄艺.太湖武进港区域浮游植物群落特征及其水质污染营养因子分析[J],环境科学,2011,32(7),1945-1951。
[21]路娜,尹洪斌,邓建才,高峰,胡维平,高俊峰.巢湖流域春季浮游植物群落结构特征及其与水环境因子的关系[J],湖泊科学,2010,22(6)：950-956
[22]李钦钦,邓建才,胡维平,胡柳明,高峰,朱金格.太湖金墅湾水源地浮游植物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系[J],应用生态学报,2010,21,(7)：1844-1850
[23]王朝晖,韩博平,胡韧,林秋奇.广东省典型水库浮游植物群落特征与富营养化研究[J],生态学杂志,2005,24(4)：402-405.
[24]林振雄,李鹏书.淡水河污染及入河排污口对西枝江河水质的影响分析[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),2004,43(增刊2)：403-406
[25]江涛,张晓磊,陈晓宏,林凯荣.东江中上游主要控制断面水质变化特征[J].湖泊科学,2009,21(6)：873-878
[26]贺涛,马小玲,彭晓春,李泰儒.东江水资源环境管理问题及矛盾[J].水资源保护,2009,25(6)：85-89
[27]刘俊勇,徐峰俊.东江剑潭枢纽上下河段“溯源变形”分析[J].人民珠江,2008,5：13-16
[28]陈韦.西枝江中下游河床下切状况分析及其对水位流量关系的影响[J].民营科技,2008,5：8
[29]谭超,邱静,黄本胜,于珍.东江下游潮区界、潮流界、咸水界变化对人类活动的响应[J].广东水利水电,2010,(10)：36-39
[30]Harris G P. PaRem, process and prediction in aquatic ecology-a limnological view of some general ecological problems. Freshwater Biology 1994,32:143-160
[31]鲁志文.剑潭水利枢纽对东江惠州段水质影响分析[J].广东水利水电,2010,(4)：37-39
[32]刘毅,林小涛,孙军,张鹏飞,张国柱.东江下游惠州河段鱼类群落组成变化特征.动物学杂志,2011,46(2)：1-11
[33]李莹,肖利娟,林秋奇,李传红,谭镇.一座新建水库——广东剑潭水库浮游植物动态特征[J].湖泊科学,2010,22(2)：227-234
[34]张桂华.剑潭大坝对东江惠州河段浮游植物的影响研究[J].四川环境,2011,30(2)：37-43
[35]章宗涉,黄祥飞.淡水浮游生物研究方法.北京：科学出版社,1991
[36]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法(第四版).北京：中国环境科学出版社,2002
[37]高远,苏宇祥,亓树财.沂河流域浮游植物与水质评价[J].湖泊科学,2008,20(4)：544-548
[38]Magurran A E. Ecological diversity and its measurement [M]. New Jersey:Princeton University Press, 1988
[39]Whittaker R H. Evolution of measurement of species diversity[J], Taxon,1972,21:213-251
[40]Pielou E C. Ecological diversity [M]. New York:John Wiley,2006
[41]孙军,刘东艳.多样性指数在海洋浮游植物研究中的应用[J].海洋学报,2004,26(1)：62-75
[42]姚玲爱,赵学敏,周广杰,完颜华,蔡立梅,胡国成,许振成.高州水库春季蓝藻水华成因初步探讨[J].湖泊科学,2011,23(4)：534-540
[43]王明翠,刘雪芹,张建辉.湖泊富营养化评价方法及分级标准.中国环境监测,2002,18(5)：47-49.
[44]史晓丹,阮晓红,邢雅囡,焦涛,吴芸,赵振华,倪利晓.苏州平原河网区浅水湖泊冬夏季浮游植物群落与环境因子的典范对应分析[J],环境科学,2008,29(11)：2999-3008
[45]赵学敏,虢清伟,周广杰,许振成.改良型生物稳定塘对滇池流域受污染河流净化效果[J].湖泊科学,2010,22(1)：35-43
[46]Flores LN,Barone R.Phytoplankton dynamics in ewo reservoirs with different trophic state(Lake Tosamarina and Lake Arancio, Sicily, Italy). Hydrobiologia,1998,269/370:163-178
[47]刘宇.新疆鸟伦古湖浮游植物群落结构的时空变化规律[M].华中科技大学,2009
[48]聂利红,刘宪斌,刘占广,张文亮,任健,王轶博.天津大沽沙航道水域浮游植物分布特征及富营养化评价[J].海洋湖沼通报,2009,(3)：53-59
[49]李干蓉,陈椽,刘丛强,王宝利,党安志,汪福顺.猫跳河流域平水期浮游植物与水质评价[J],海南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2009,22(2)：209-213
[50]Ter. Braak C J F. Canonical correspondence analysis:a new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis [J].Ecology,1986,67(5):1167-1179
[51]栾青杉,孙军,宋书群.长江口夏季浮游植物群落与环境因子的典范对应分析[J].植物生态学报,2007,31(3)：445-450
[52]路娜,尹洪斌,邓建才.巢湖流域春季浮游植物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系[J].湖泊科学,2010,22(6)：950-956
[53]杨丽标,韩小勇,孙璞.巢湖藻类组成与环境因子典范对应分析[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(5)：952-958
[54]李饮钦,邓建才,胡维平.太湖金墅湾水源地浮游植物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(7)：1844-1850
[55]史晓丹,阮晓红,邢雅囡.苏州平原河网区浅水湖泊冬夏季浮游植物群落与环境闪子的典范对应分析[J].环境科学,2008,29(11)：2999-3008
[56]Flores LN.Barone R.Phytoplankton dynamics in ewo reservoirs with different trophic state(Lake Tosamarina and Lake Arancio,Sicily,Italy).Hydrobiologia,1998,269/370:163-178
[57]Habib O A, Tippett R, Murphy K J. Seasonal changes in phytoplankton community structure in relation to physico-chemical factors in Loch Lomond, Scotland. Hydrobiologia,1997,350:63-79
[58]盛海燕,虞左明,韩轶才.亚热带大型河流型水库——富春江水库浮游植物群落及其与环境因子的关系[J].湖泊科学,2010,22(2)：235-243
[59]吴洁,虞左明.西湖浮游植物的演替及富营养化治理措施的生态效应[J].中国环境科学,2001,21(6)：540-544
[60]高玉荣.北京四海藻类群落结构特征与水体营养水平研究[J].生态学报,1992,12(2)：173-180
[61]邢光敏,赵艳珍,阎莹,林振景,郑辉.洋河水库富营养化评价与防治对策[J],水利渔业,2007,27(6)：59-60
[62]张乃群,杜敏华,庞振凌,李玉英,胡兰群.南水北调中线水源区浮游植物与水质评价[J],植物生 态学报,2006,30(4)：650-654
[63]郭沛涌,林育真,李玉仙.海洋湖沼通报,1997,19：37-42
[64]詹玉涛,杨昌述,范正年.中国环境科学,1991,11,29-33
[65]郭沛涌,沈焕庭,刘阿成,王金辉,杨元利.应用浮游植物监测与评价长江口水体营养状况[J].海洋科学,2009,33(12)：68-72
[66]况琪军,马沛明,胡征宇,周广杰.湖泊富营养化的藻类生物学评价与治理研究进展[J].安全与环境学报,2005,5(2)：87-91
[67]黄邦钦,洪华生.海洋微藻作为海洋生态环境的指示初探[J].海洋环境科学,1998,17(3)：24-28
[68]劳期团.环境管理技术实用方法[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,1995
[69]孔繁翔,马荣华,高俊峰等.太湖蓝藻水华的预防、预测和预警的理论与实践[J].湖泊科学,2009,21(3)：3114-328
[70]王岚,蔡庆华,张敏,等.三峡水库香溪河库湾夏季藻类水华的时空动态及其影响因素[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(8)：1940-1 946.
[71]邹红菊.珠海市三座调水水库浮游植物群落动态与藻类水华预警研究[M].暨南大学,2010
[72]陈宇炜,秦伯强,高锡云.太湖梅梁湾藻类及相关环境因子逐步回归统计和蓝藻水华的初步预测[J].湖泊科学,2001,13(1)：63-71