摘要
随着工业化和城市化进程的快速推进,我国城市生态环境问题日益突出,成为影响可持续发展的桎梏。当前,日益严重的城市噪音污染,以及无法控制的汽车尾气污染,人口增长导致的交通拥挤,重大工程和建筑使得绿地面积减少,工业与居民生活污水排放的污染等问题,到了积重难返的地步,严重影响了人们的生存和发展。
科学构建城市生态文明评价指标体系,并通过具体分析对象的观测数据进行生态文明评价,是有效把握城市生态文明建设状态,有利于实施城市生态建设绩效考核,强化城市生态风险预报预警等工作的推进和发展。近年来,随着生态文明建设实践的深化,关于生态文明评价指标体系的研究已日益增多。对于生态文明建设的评价研究涉及面很广,评价的指标也千差万别,涉及到多角度、多要素、多学科,建设生态文明衡量标准以及评价指标的确定过程也将是相当复杂和综合性的。
生态文明评价指标体系构建是考核生态文明建设成效的有效方式。其每项指标的确定都应该符合最新的发展理念,满足社会主义基本原则,能够体现建设中国特色现代化发展的阶段性要求。由此可知,要想全面反映出的生态建设仅仅用一两个指标是远远不够的,也是说明不了问题,而是需要反映各方面若干个指标来评价。而生态文明指标的筛选应根据生态文明的内涵和特征,构建的生态文明建设水平的指标体系,需要集合这些能够全面的、系统的、简洁的反映生态文明状况的指标。
本文在综合分析国内外研究者在研究生态文明建设相关成果基础上,深入分析研究生态文明指标体系构建,并且逐步确定生态文明建设评价指标体系的设计思路,对指标进行甄别选取,并在对不同的生态文明评价方法进行分析比较研究中,发现现有生态文明评价指标体系中存在的一系列问题。
在生态文明指标评价体系的研究基础上,本文根据城市生态文明指标体系设计原则,通过对前人研究理论的进一步分析和理解以及对城市生态文明指标进行反复讨论甄选,分析判断,确定了国土空间优化布局、资源节约集约利用、生态环境保护、生态文明制度建设等方面的评价指标以及分析了其影响因素,最终确定了城市生态文明评价指标体系。
在城市生态文明评价指标体系和指数计算的评价模型的指导下,本文以武汉市为例实证研究了针对武汉的城市生态文明评价指标模型与方法,在此理论基础上结合湖北省提出的建设资源节约型、环境友好型“两型社会”的具体要就和武汉市的实际情况,提出了-套以武汉市生态文明建设评价总目标为核心的生态文明指标体系,并在实证研究中以武汉市生态文明指标体系的建设为例对武汉市生态文明建设进行了定量评价,为武汉市建设国家生态文明先行示范区提出了相关政策建议,进一步推进了城市生态文明评价指标体系的研究。
论文整体包含有七章。每一章节力图能够进行合理的衔接,具体的内容包括：
第一章,绪论。本章主要是从研究的背景、意义和方法展开说明,然后通过大量的阅读文献,对国内外生态文明建设评价相关的研究进行综述,介绍了相关研究进展和城市生态文明建设政策的现状。最后提出论文的研究思路和和论文的写作框架,并提出论文的主要创新点。
第二章,城市生态文明建设目标和任务。本章首先以生态文明的科学内涵分析为基础,分别从城市空间结构优化、城市资源节约、城市生态环境保护和城市生态文明法律体系建设四个方面展开分析。城市空间结构优化分析了我国城市的发展基本模式；城市资源节约分析了城市如何集约高效利用资源,如何更好地保护资源；城市生态保护分析了保护的现状及保护涉及的内容；城市生态文明制度建设从城市生态文明制度建设的内涵,政府、市场、企业三个角度分析了法律体系建设的构建,第一个角度属于政府监管性制度,如国土空间开发保护制度,耕地保护制度,水资源管理制度,环境保护制度等；第二个角度是以市场主体交易的形式来实施的制度；如节能量,碳排放权,排污权,水权交易等制度。第三个角度救济性制度,是以行政责任追究和损害赔偿的形式来实施的制度,如生态环境保护责任追究制度,环境损害赔偿制度等。这三类制度共同构成了生态文明制度建设的体系。
第三章,我国生态文明建设评价指标体系的时间和经验分析。本章从我国各部委的角度列举并分析住建部、环保部、水利部、林业局、发改委等颁布的相关生态文明建设指标体系,从国家政府角度对城市生态文明建设的目标予以解读。并且评价了厦门市的“生态文明建设(城镇)指标体系”、贵阳市出台的“生态文明城市指标体系”,长株潭城市群“生态文明建设评价指标体系”分别从指标选取、指标解释、评价指标的计算等方面评价了三个典型城市的生态文明建设指标体系。分析得出厦门市的生态文明建设评价指标体系中的部分指标计算方法有误,还有部分指标的欠缺考虑,使得最终结果仅满足了生态文明建设部分评价要求；贵阳市生态文明建设评价指标体系则实践性引入定性指标分析,但是分析指标数据的计算不合理且,对目标值的期望缺乏依据,并且各指标的权重个合理且关联在度较低；长株潭城市圈生态文明建设评价指标体系比较了东中西部五个城市的生态文明水平但是指标的过多的选取城市居民的观念数据和法律法规的执行程度数据,此类数据统计难度大,缺乏可操作。本章深度评价我国三个典型城市的生态文明建设评价指标体系,从空间结构优化、经济社会发展、生态文明建设指标综合评价现有指标体系存在的问题,为后文建立更科学的武汉市生态文明建设指标体系评价提供借鉴。
第四章,我国城市生态文明指标体系构建。本章首先阐述了构建城市生态文明评价指标体系的科学性原则、完备性原则、统筹协调性原则、区域独特性原则、动态性原则和可操作性原则。然后研究了城市生态文明指标的选取方法,对已有指标的借鉴与分析,在此基础上从空间优化、资源能源节约、生态环境保护、生态文明制度建设四个方面对城市生态文明评价,从众多指标中甄选并设计了20个评价指标,并针对上述生态文明建设的四个方面分别一一详细解释指标选择过程、选择理由和指标计算方法。最终得出科学的城市生态文明指标体系模型。
第五章,武汉市生态文明建设评价。本章首先阐述了构建武汉市生态文明建设指标体系的背景意义和发展现状,在持续推进两型社会建设综合配套改革基础上,按照国家生态文明建设的总体要求,从城市空间优化、城市资源节约利用、城市生态环境保护、城市生态文明制度建设四个方面,把生态文明建设放在更加突出的战略位置,以构建符合两型社会要求的空间结构、产业结构、生产方式为基本途径,完善生态文明制度,推进新型工业化、新型城镇化和农业现代化的生态文明建设基本情况出发,从武汉市的基本情况进行分析,利用统计年鉴中的数据对武汉市经济和社会发展、经济结构和可持续发展战略目标进行研究评价,然后针对武汉城市的特殊条件,提出一套契合实际的生态文明评价指标,指标体系从资源能源节约利用、生态环境保护、国土空间优化、生态文明制度建设四方面,从各类数据资料中选取了20个指标,在具体城市生态文明建设内涵与外延的基础上,采用熵值法来避免权重的主观性,计算生态文明建设指数,对武汉市2006-2011年间的地区生态文明建设进行测定,得出最终的生态文明指数结果,根据所描绘的图形,对评价结果做出分析。从评价过程中印证了所构建指标体系的合理性与适用性。最后,对武汉市生态文明建设提出了相应的政策建议。为了进一步落实《武汉市建设国家生态文明先行示范区实施方案》发展建设城市生态文明,本章围绕优化城市空间布局、提升资源利用效率、加大生态环境保护力度、完善生态文明体制建设提出了四条具体建议,为武汉市顺利开展国家生态文明先行示范区建设工作,探索武汉市生态资源禀赋和经济社会发展阶段的生态文明型模式,提供科学参考。
第六章,构建城市生态文明建设评价指标体系的对策建议。本本章首先总结了建立城市生态文明建设评价指标体系的科学作用,并指出指标体系研究的不完善之处,在研究了生态文明指标体系的考核制度的基础上,针对不同规模、不同自然资源禀赋的城市构建生态文明评价指标体系的过程中遇到不同的评价指标,从考核的政府部门、评价系统、评价标准、考核评价体系和信息收集方面提出了具有差异性的对策建议,最后借鉴国外生态城市的建设经验为我国的城市生态文明建设提供重要的借鉴和参考。
第七章,研究结论与展望。本章提炼和总结论文研究的结论,为城市生态文明建设提出科学的政策目标。指出论文研究的不足和有待完善的问题,并对未来城市生态文明的研究的做出工作展望。
论文围绕生态文明与社会发展阶段的关系进行研究,并通过对生态文明指标体系的研究和应用分析,以及结合十八大的要求和城市的不同类型、规模、发展阶段、城市地位、内涵等具体情况分析研究了建立科学合理城市生态文明评价指标体系的问题。论文的创新点主要的表现在以下几个方面：
1.在研究评价已有的城市生态文明建设评价指标体系的基础上,结合我国生态文明建设的新形势和新要求,研究制定了符合我国城市生态文明实际情况的生态文明发展状况的评价指标体系,为中国城市生态文明建设提供科学参考；
2.运用上述指标体系对中部特大城市武汉的生态文明建设各项指标进行评价；
3.对武汉市生态文明建设提出了政策建议。
本文在研究过程中,运用多学科理论视角,引入城市经济学、区域经济学、产业经济学、社会学及统计学等多学科理论进行综合分析。在全面调查和研究的基础上,对变量之间的作用机理进行定性分析；对各变量之间的数量关系进行数理分析；最后立足基本理论,结合湖北省和武汉市实情,进行理论与实践的系统分析,以力求研究结果与实际接近。论文将理论分析与实践环节运用有机结合,研究工作所涉及的理论比较多,相关的分析方法也不尽相同,在具体的研究过程中不能对所有的理论与分析方法都逐一试用和阐述,有些分析也具有一定的局限性,希望从现有的研究结果为政府制定合理的政策路线提供参考。
With the rapid industrialization and urbanization, China's urban environmental problems have become increasingly prominent, become shackles affect sustainable development. Currently, the growing problem of urban noise pollution, and the inability to control vehicle exhaust pollution, traffic congestion caused by population growth, a major engineering and construction makes the green area to reduce industrial pollution and living sewage and other issues, to the point where diehard serious affect people's survival and development.
Scientific construct an evaluation system of ecological civilization, ecological civilization and evaluate specific data analysis by observing the object is an effective grasp of the state of urban ecological civilization construction, ecological construction in favor of the implementation of the performance appraisal city, strengthening promote urban ecological risk forecasting and early warning work and development. In recent years, with the deepening of ecological civilization construction practices, research on evaluation index system of ecological civilization has been increasing. For the evaluation of ecological civilization construction involves a wide range, the evaluation indicators also vary widely, involving multi-angle, multi-element, multi-disciplinary, the process of determining a measure of ecological civilization construction and evaluation will also be quite complex and comprehensive.
Evaluation system is an effective way to build an ecological civilization assess the effectiveness of ecological civilization. Which determines each indicator should be in line with the latest developments in philosophy, to meet the basic principles of socialism, to reflect the requirements of the construction stage of modernization with Chinese characteristics. It can be seen, in order to fully reflect the ecological construction in just one or two indicators is not enough, but also could not explain the problem, but need to reflect all aspects of a number of indicators to evaluate. The index system of ecological civilization screening level ecological indicators of civilization should be based on the content and features of ecological civilization, build, requires the collection of these can be comprehensive, systematic, concise indicator of the status of ecological civilization.
Based on the comprehensive analysis of domestic and foreign researchers in the study of ecological civilization construction-related outcomes, based on in-depth analysis of the index system of ecological civilization construction, design ideas and gradually established evaluation index system construction of ecological civilization, the screening of selected indicators and different the evaluation of ecological civilization comparative study analysis, we found a series of problems existing evaluation index system of ecological civilization exists.
Based on the study of ecological civilization index evaluation system, the paper according to the design principles of the index system of urban ecological civilization, through further analysis of previous studies and theoretical understanding of the city as well as indicators of ecological civilization repeatedly discussed the selection, analysis and judgment to determine the national spatial optimize the layout, the intensive use of evaluation of resource conservation, environmental protection, ecological civilization construction and other aspects of the system and its influencing factors are analyzed to finalize the evaluation index system of urban ecological civilization.
Under the guidance of urban ecological civilization evaluation index system and evaluation model of index calculation, the paper empirical study of Wuhan as an example for the Wuhan Urban Ecology evaluation models and methods, combined with the proposed construction of Hubei resources on the basis of this theory saving and environment-friendly concrete "society" to be on the actual situation in Wuhan, proposed a set of index system of ecological civilization, ecological civilization construction in Wuhan as the core of the overall goal of the evaluation and empirical research to Wuhan construction of ecological civilization index system of the city as an example of the construction of ecological civilization, Wuhan, evaluated quantitatively, Wuhan City building national ecological demonstration zones civilization first put forward relevant policy recommendations to further promote the evaluation index system of urban ecological civilization.
Overall thesis contains seven chapters. Each chapter seeks convergence can be reasonably specific content includes:
Chapter Ⅰ, Introduction. This chapter is expanded description of the background, significance and methods, and then read through a lot of literature on the construction of ecological civilization evaluation of domestic and foreign-related research were reviewed, introduced the current research progress and urban ecological civilization construction policy. Finally, the thesis research and writing ideas and framework papers and presents the main innovation of the paper.
Chapter Ⅱ, urban ecological civilization construction targets and tasks. This chapter begins with analysis of the scientific connotation of ecological civilization, based on optimized separately from the urban spatial structure, urban resource conservation, urban ecological environment protection and urban ecological civilization construction of legal system analyzes four aspects. Urban spatial structure optimization analyzes the development of the city's basic mode; urban resource conservation analysis of how urban intensive and efficient use of resources, how to better protect resources; urban ecological protection analysis of the content of the protection and the protection of the status quo involved; urban ecological civilization system building from the connotation of urban system construction of ecological civilization, government, market, business point of view of the construction of the three legal system construction, the first angle a government regulatory regime, such as the development and protection of land and space systems, farmland protection system, water management system, environmental protection system, etc.; second angle is the main system in the form of market transactions to be implemented; such as energy savings, carbon emissions, emission rights, water rights trading and other systems. The third angle relief system, based on accountability and administrative systems in the form of damages to be implemented, such as the ecological system of accountability for environmental protection, environmental damage compensation system. These three systems together constitute the system of ecological civilization construction system.
Chapter Ⅲ, time and experience building evaluation index system of ecological civilization analysis. This chapter lists the various ministries from our point of view and analyze the index system of ecological civilization construction of the Ministry of Housing, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Ministry of Water Resources, Forestry, Development and Reform Commission promulgated be interpreted from the perspective of the national government's goal of building urban ecological civilization. And evaluated in Xiamen "ecological civilization construction (town) index system ", Guiyang City, the introduction of "urban indicator system of ecological civilization," Tan City Cluster " evaluation index system of ecological civilization " were selected from the index, index explained aspects of computing evaluation index system for evaluation of the ecological civilization construction of three typical city. Analysis of calculation methods drawn some indicators of ecological civilization construction of evaluation system in Xiamen wrong, there are some indicators of a lack of consideration, so that the end result meets only a part of the evaluation of ecological civilization construction requirements; Guiyang City, the evaluation index system of ecological civilization construction the practical introduction of qualitative indicators analysis, however unreasonable calculation and analysis of data and indicators, based on the lack of target expectations, and the right of each index is unreasonable and low correlation; Xiangtan city Circle evaluation index system of ecological civilization construction Compare the level of ecological civilization East Midwest five cities, but the degree of implementation of the selected data indicators excessive urban concept data and laws and regulations, such statistics is difficult, lack operational. Evaluation Index System of Ecological Civilization chapter three typical depth evaluation of the city, from structural optimization space, economic and social development, ecological civilization construction index comprehensive evaluation index system of the existing problems in the establishment of a more scientific ecological civilization Wuhan was later construction of Evaluation Index System for reference.
Chapter Ⅳ, the index system of urban ecological civilization built. This chapter first describes the construction of an evaluation system for the scientific principles of ecological civilization, completeness principle, the principle of co-ordination between the principle of regional distinctiveness, dynamic principles and operational principles. Then study the method of selecting indicators of urban ecological civilization, drawing on existing indicators and analysis on the basis of the optimization from the space, resources and energy conservation, environmental protection, ecological civilization construction of four aspects of the system of urban ecological civilization evaluation, from many indicators in the selection and design evaluation20, and11, respectively, a detailed explanation of the above four areas for ecological civilization construction index selection process to select the grounds and index calculation methods. Final results Urban Ecology index system model of science.
Chapter Ⅴ, the construction of ecological civilization Wuhan evaluation. This chapter first describes the background and significance of development status indicator system to build an ecological civilization construction in Wuhan, in continuing to promote the construction of two types of society on the basis of comprehensive reform, in accordance with the general requirements of national construction of ecological civilization, from the urban space optimization, urban resource conservation, environmental protection, urban ecological system of urban ecological civilization construction in four areas, the construction of ecological civilization in a more prominent strategic position to build two types of social spatial structure in line with the requirements of the industrial structure, mode of production as the basic means to improve the ecological civilization system, promote the basic situation of ecological civilization construction of new industrialization, urbanization and agricultural modernization new departure for analysis from the basic situation in Wuhan, using the data in the statistical Yearbook of the economic and social development of Wuhan City, the economic structure and the sustainable development strategy Evaluation objectives and special conditions for Wuhan city, proposed a fit of ecological civilization actual evaluation index system from the use of resources and energy conservation, environmental protection, land and space optimization, system construction in four areas of ecological civilization, from a variety of data in the selected20indicators, based on the specific urban ecological civilization on the connotation and denotation, using entropy method to avoid the subjectivity of weights to calculate the index of ecological civilization, between2006-2011for regional ecological civilization in Wuhan construction is measured, the results obtained final index of ecological civilization, according to depict graphics, make the analysis of the evaluation results. Confirms the rationality and applicability of the index system constructed from the evaluation process. Finally, the construction of ecological civilization, Wuhan, put forward the corresponding policy recommendations. In order to further implement the " national ecological civilization construction in Wuhan City first demonstration area plan" ecological civilization construction of urban development, urban space layout optimization around this chapter, improve efficiency of resource use, increase ecological and environmental protection efforts, and improve the institutional construction of ecological civilization put forward four specific suggestions for the smooth development of Wuhan civilized country first ecological demonstration zones work, exploring ecological civilization schema Wuhan ecological resources endowments and social stages of economic development, to provide scientific reference.
Chapter VI, building construction suggestions evaluation index system of urban ecological civilization. The first chapter summarizes the establishment of urban ecological civilization scientific evaluation system role, and pointed out imperfections index system research, research-based assessment system for the index system of ecological civilization, the endowments of different sizes, different natural resources cities build process evaluation index system of ecological civilization encountered a different evaluation, assessment from government departments, the evaluation system, evaluation criteria, evaluation system and information gathering suggestions put forward with differences, and finally learn from foreign eco-urban construction experience provide important reference for the construction of urban ecological civilization in China.
Chapter Ⅶ, conclusions and outlook. Conclusion This chapter summarizes the thesis refining and for the construction of urban ecological civilization proposed science policy objectives. Thesis points out the deficiencies and problems need to be improved, and to make future studies of urban ecological civilization job prospects.
This paper discuss the relationship between ecological civilization and social stages of development research and analysis through research and application of the index system of ecological civilization, and the combination of different types of requirements and eighteen large cities, size, stage of development, urban status, content and other specific case analysis of the establishment of a scientific and reasonable evaluation index system of urban ecological civilization problem. The main innovation of the paper in the following areas:
(1) On the basis of the evaluation studies of urban ecological civilization existing evaluation system, combined with the new situation requires construction of ecological civilization, study and formulate the development of ecological civilization, ecological civilization in line with the actual situation of our city's evaluation system provide scientific reference for the construction of Chinese urban ecological civilization;
(2) The use of these indicators system of ecological civilization construction of mega-cities in central Wuhan, the indicators were evaluated;
(3) Policy recommendations of ecological civilization construction in Wuhan.
Based on the research process, the use of multi-disciplinary theoretical perspective, the introduction of multi-disciplinary theory of urban economics, regional economics, industrial economics, sociology and statistics, such as a comprehensive analysis. On the basis of a comprehensive survey and research on the mechanism of action between variables qualitative analysis; on the number of relationships between variables were mathematical analysis; Finally, based on the basic theory, combining Wuhan City, Hubei Province, and the facts, theory and practice system analysis, in order to seek close to the actual results. Papers theoretical analysis and practical aspects of the use of organic combination of theoretical studies involved more relevant analytical methods are not the same, not all theoretical and analytical methods are described in each trial and the specific research process, some the analysis also has some limitations, I hope the findings from the existing policy of the government to develop a reasonable route to provide a reference.
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