摘要
本文研究了杨树-冬小麦、杨树-苋菜两种农林间作系统施肥期内土壤氨挥发特征与单作农田的差异;探讨了距树行不同距离处土壤氨挥发累积量差异。通过分析农林间作系统对林内小气候和土壤因子的作用过程,探讨对间作系统土壤氨挥发过程的主要影响因子。主要研究结果如下:
(1)相同施氮水平下,株行距分别为2m×5m(I1)及株行距2m×15m(I2)的两种间作系统土壤氨挥发速率和累积量均不同程度低于单作系统。在冬小麦施肥期内,2种间作系统土壤氨挥发累积量较单作系统降低了4.69%~20.15%;在苋菜施肥期内,2种间作系统土壤氨挥发累积量较单作系统降低了23.31%~49.53%。
(2)在冬小麦施肥期内,高(N180)低(N90)施氮水平下2m×5m间作系统土壤氨挥发累积量与2m×15m系统相比差异不显著,中(N135)施氮水平下2m×5m间作系统土壤氨挥发累积量显著高于2m×15m间作系统;在苋菜施肥期内,相同施氮水平下2m×5m间作系统土壤氨挥发累积量显著低于2m×15m间作系统,对土壤氨挥发量的削减作用更加明显。
(3)冬小麦施肥期内土壤氨挥发速率、累积量受施氮水平影响较大,随施氮水平的增加而增加,各处理水平间差异显著;苋菜施肥期内,不同施氮水平处理间土壤氨挥发累积量差异不显著。
(4)距树行不同距离处土壤氨挥发累积量存在差异,冬小麦基肥期内,2m×15m间作系统基肥期各测点土壤氨挥发累积量呈树行东侧测点大于其他测点的趋势;冬小麦追肥期、苋菜施肥期内,中间测点的土壤氨挥发累积量显著高于两侧测点,呈现为中间高,两侧低,距树行1.0m处大于距树行4.5m处的趋势。
(5)两种株行距杨树-苋菜间作系统土壤氨挥发日变化呈单峰曲线,单作系统氨挥发峰值显著高于两种间作系统,2m×5m间作系统氨挥发峰值最低。
(6)土壤氨挥发速率受空气温湿度、土壤温湿度、土壤氨态氮及硝态氮浓度、风速、光照强度等因子的影响。逐步回归分析表明,土壤相对含水量、土壤氨态氮浓度是主要影响因素。
In this thesis,the characteristics of ammonia volatilization from the soil of interplantingsystem of poplar and winter wheat and interplanting system of poplar and edible amaranth wereinvestigated, by comparing with the corresponding monocropping system.while the variation ofammonia volatilization of gauging points which were with differert distantce apart from the treerow were also discussed. The effects of interplanting system on the microclimate factors and soilfactors were analyzed, as well as the main influential factor of the ammonia volatilization processin the interplanting system. The main results were as follows:
(1) Under the same nitrogen fertilization level, the ammonia volatilization rate and ammoniavolatilization accumulation from the soil of interplanting systems with two spacing2m×5m and2m×15m were both some lower than those from monocropping system. During fertilizationperiod of winter wheat, interplanting systems reduces the ammonia volatilization accumulationby4.69%~20.15%. During fertilization period of edible amaranth, the ammonia volatilizationaccumulation of interplanting systems decrease by23.31%~49.53%.
(2) Under the high level(N180) and low level(N90) of fertilization,there ammoniavolatilization accumulation of the poplar and winter wheat interplanting system with a space of2m×5m(I1) were between and the interplanting system with a space of2m×15m(I2)duringfertilization period,while under the medium level(N135) of fertilization,there ammoniavolatilization accumulation of poplar and winter wheat interplanting system with a space of2m×5m(I1) were significantly higher than that of poplar and winter wheat interplanting systemwith a space of2m×15m(I2).Ammonia volatilization accumulation of the interplanting system ofpoplar and edible amaranth with a space of2m×5m(I1) was evidently lower than that of theinterplanting system with a space of2m×15m(I2) during fertilization period.
(3) During fertilization period of winter wheat,the effect of nitrogen application amount onammonia volatilization rate and ammonia volatilization accumulation was evident,showed aswith the increase of nitrogen application amounts, ammonia volatilization rate and ammoniavolatilization accumulation were significantly increased.but not the same tendency during edibleamaranth fertilization period.
(4) Ammonia volatilization accumulation varied in differert gauging points differertdistantces apart from the tree row. During basal fertilization period of winter wheat, it showedthat ammonia volatilization accumulation of the gauging points located to the east of the tree rowmore than that of other gauging points. During dressing period of winter wheat and fertilization period of edible amaranth, ammonia volatilization accumulation of the gauging point whichlocated to the middle of the tree row was higher than that of other gauging points (P<0.05),andammonia volatilization accumulation of gauging point which4.5metres from the tree row wasthe lowest.
(5)The diurnal changes of ammonia volatilization rate from the soil of two kinds ofinterplanting systems of poplar and edible amaranth showed as the curve with single peak.Thepeak value of the edible amaranth monocropping system significantly higher than that of twokinds of interplanting systems of poplar and edible amaranth,and the peak value of I1interplanting systems was the lowest.
(6) Ammonia volatilization rate affected by the impact of air temperature and humidity, soiltemperature and humidity, ammoniacal nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen concentration of soil, windspeed, light intensity, etc. Multiple stepwise regression models indicated that ammoniaconcentration of surface soil and relative water content of surface soil were the the maininfluencing factors.
引文
[1]朱广伟.太湖富营养化现状及原因分析[J].湖泊科学,2008,20(1):21-26.
[2]李恒鹏,杨桂山,黄文钰等.太湖上游地区面源污染氮素入湖量模拟研究[J].土壤学报,2007,44(6):1063-1069.
[3]阎丽凤,石险峰,于立忠等.沈阳地区河岸植被缓冲带对氮、磷的削减效果研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2011,19(2):403-408
[4]张艳艳,试论太湖富营养化的发展、现状及治理[J].环境科学与管理,2009,34(5):126-129.
[5]Lloyd A,Law B,Goldingay R.Bat activity on riparian zones and upper slopes in Australian timber production forests and theeffectivenes of riparian buffers[J].Biological Conservation,2006,129(2):207-220.
[6]Parkyn S M,Davies-Colley R J,Cooper A B,et al.Predictions of stream nutrient and sediment yield changes followingrestoration of forested riparian buffers[J].Ecological Engineering.2005,24(5):551-558.
[7]高海鹰,刘佳,徐进.湖滨带复合型人工湿地氮磷的去除效果[J].生态环境,2007,16(4):1160-1165.
[8]颜昌宙,金相灿,赵景柱等.湖滨带的功能及其管理[J].生态环境,2005,14(2):294-298
[9]熊文愈.混农林业是一条发展林业的有效途径[J].世界林业研究,1992,5(2):27-31.
[10]姜志林.我国农林复合经营的兴起[J].林业科技开发,1998,12(3):54-56.
[11]王恒明,吴凌志,周茂山.栗茶间作对北方茶树生长及绿茶产量品质的影响[J].中国农业气象,2005,26(2):139-141.
[12]薛鹏.桉-农间作系统小气候特征研究[J].广东农业科学,2009,10:39-43.
[13]李俊祥,宛志沪.淮北平原杨-麦间作系统的小气候效应与土壤水分变化研究[J].应用生态学报2002,13(4):390-394.
[14]王颖.崔建州.袁玉欣等.农林间作系统林木遮荫及其对产量的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2003,11(2):108-110.
[15]袁玉欣,贾渝彬,邵吉祥等.杨粮间作系统小气候水平分布特征研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2002,10(3):21-23.
[16]史彦江,卓热木·塔西,宋锋等.枣农间作系统小气候水平分布特征研究[J].新疆农业科学2010,47(5):888-889.
[17]贾玉彬,裴保华,王德艺.杨粮间作的光照效应[J].中国农业气象,1998,19(6):1-6.
[18]刘进余,范文良,李志欣.枣豆间作系统光强和土壤水分空间变化及其对大豆生长发育的影响[J].河北农业大学学报,2000,23(4):33-36.
[19]蒋跃林,严平,宛志沪等.林麦间作的光照状况及对小麦产量的影响[J].安徽农学通报,1999,5(4):26-28
[20]傅惫毅,傅金和,黄寿波等.农林复合生态系统中人体舒适度及劳动效率研究[J].林业科学研究,1995,8(4):447-454.
[21]张继样,刘克长,任中兴等.间作型人工林气象效应的研究[J].山东林业科技,1996,(5):39-41.
[22]张金池,胡海波.水土保持及防护林学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1996.152.
[23]张祥明,门晓明,孙义祥等.农田防护林体系对蒙城试区农业持续发展的作用[J].农业环境保护.2000,19(3):192-封3.
[24]张劲松,孟平,宋兆民等.京九铁路大兴段绿化模式动力效应的研究[J].林业科学研究,2000.(3):319-322.
[25]高椿翔,高杰,邓国胜等.林粮间作生态效果分析[J].防护林科技,2000,3:97-98.
[26]张劲松,孟平,宋兆民等.我国平原农区复合农林业小气候效应研究概述[l].中国农业气象,2004,25(3):52-55.
[27]李金花王辉.风沙沿线新灌区农田防护林体系小气候效益观测分析[J].甘肃农业大学学报,1999(l):65-70.
[28]李增嘉,张明亮,李凤超等.粮果间作复合群体地上部分生态因子变化动态的研究[J].农作物杂志,1994,(2):13-15.
[29]王颍,袁玉欣.杨粮间作系统小气候研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2001,9(3):40-42.
[30]周允华,居会良,张晓杰等.农果复合系统光热资源有效利用Ⅲ.树冠遮荫对地表温度的影响[J].中国农业气象1997,18(2):6-9.
[31]文化一,康珉.红壤农林间作的土壤水分动态变化研究[J].西南农业大学学报,1990,12(1):42-45.
[32]孟平,宋兆民,张劲松.农林复合系统水分效应研究[J].1995,9(5):443-448.
[33]黄欠如,贺湘逸,周慕卿等红壤丘陵果农复合系统的小气候效应初步观察[J].江西农业学报1998,10(2):76-83.
[34] Kowalchuk TE.Shelterbelts the their effect on crop yield[J].Canada Joumal of soil Seience,1995,75(4):543-550.
[35]Rao MR. Boiphysical interactions in tropical agroforestry systems[J].Agroforestry Systems,1996,38(1/3):3-50.
[36]Mcintyre RD, Riha SJ, Ong CK. Light interception and evapotranspiration in hedgerow agroforestry systems[J].Agric. For.Meteorol.,1996,81:31-40;
[37]Smith DM. Physiological and environmental control of transpiration by trees in windbreaks[J].Forestry Ecology andManagement,1998,105(1/3):159-173.
[38]裴保华,贾渝彬,王文全等.杨农间作田的光强和土壤水分状况及其对农作物的影响[J].河北农业大学学报,1998,21(2):28-33.
[39]兰彦平,曹慧,解自典等.无芒雀麦对石灰岩旱地果园的保水效应研究IJ].落叶果树,2000,(6):15-16.
[40]兰彦平,牛俊玲.石灰岩山区果园生草对果树根系生态系统的研究[J].山西农业大学学报,2000,20(3):259-26.
[41]李华,惠竹梅,张振文等.行间生草对葡萄园土壤肥力和葡萄叶片养分的影响[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(增刊):116-119.
[42]Monteith.J.L.Microclimatic interaction in agro-forestry systems.For,Ecol. Manage.1991.45:31-44.
[43]黄义德,张玉屏,黄文江.茶稻间作系统的生态结构特征及生理特性研究[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(5):559-562.
[44]周允华,周智泉,张晓杰,等.农果复合系统光热资源有效利用Ⅱ.行栽果树条件下农田光照图象[J].1997.中国农业气象,18(l):1-4.
[45] Hartemink A E,Buresh R J,Jams B,etal.Soil nitrate and water dynamics in sesbania fallows,weed fallows and maize[J]. SoilScience Society of America lournal,1996,60:568-574.
[46]曹明华刘长全傅金辉红壤幼龄果园土壤肥力变化的综合评价[J].福建热作科技2000,25(2):1-6.
[47]曹明华刘长全.红壤幼龄果园不同管理模式对土壤养分状况影响的研究[J].福建热作科技,2000,25(4):1-4.
[48]陈清西,廖镜思,郑国华等.果园生草对幼龄龙眼园土壤肥力和树体生长的影响[J].福建农业大学学报,1996,(4):429-432.
[49]吴建军李全胜.柑桔园套种及其效益分析[J].生态农业研究,1998(2):48-50.
[50] Singh K et al.Report of a60month study on litter production,Changes in soil chemical properties and productivity underpoplar (P.deltoides)and eucalyptus (E.hybrid) interplanted with aromatic grasses.Agroforestry Systems,1989,9:37-45.
[51]文化一,马渭俊.混农林业的生态效益与经济效益研究[J].西南农业学报,1993,6(4):48-54.
[52]Cardoso I M,Janssen B H,Oenema O,eta1.Phosphorus fractionation in oxisols under agroforestry andconvertional coffeesystems in Brazil[J].Plant Nutrition,2002,92:1018-1019.
[53]薛立,吴敏,徐燕等.几个典型华南人工林土壤的养分状况和微生物特性研究[J].土壤学报,2005,11(42):1017-1019.
[54] Sierra J,Dulormne M,Desfontaines L.Soil nitrogen as affected by Gliricidia sepium in asilvopastoral system inGuadeloupe,French Antilles[J].Agroforestry Systems,2002,54:87-97.
[55]李发林,黄炎和,刘长全,等.土壤管理模式对幼龄果园根际土壤养分和酶活性的影响[J].福建农业学报,2002,17(2):112-115.
[56] Tian GM, Gao JL, Cai Z C et al. Ammonia volatilization fromwinterwheat field top-dressed with urea [J]. Pedosphere,1998,8(4):331-336.
[57]朱兆良,文启孝.中国土壤氮素[M].南京:江苏科技出版社,1992,60,171-185.
[58]Xing G.X., Zhu Z.L. An assessment of N loss from agricultural fields to the environment in China[J].Nutrient CyclinginAgroecosystem,2000,57:67-73.
[59]Zheng X., Fu C., Xu X. et al. The Asian Nitrogen cycle case study[J]. Ambio,2002,31:79-87.
[60]杨淑莉,朱安宁,张佳宝.不同施氮量和施氮方式下田间氨挥发损失及其影响因素[J].干旱区研究,2010,27(3):415-421.
[61]邓美华,尹斌,张绍林.不同施氮量和施氮方式对稻田氨挥发损失的影响[J].土壤,2006,38(3):263-269.
[62]王珏,巨晓棠,张丽娟等.华北平原小麦季氮肥氨挥发损失及影响因素研究[J].河北农业大学学报,2009,32(3):5-11.
[63]苏芳,丁新泉,高志岭.华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系氮肥的氨挥发[J].中国环境科学2007,27(3):409-413.
[64]田光明,蔡祖聪,曹金留.镇江丘陵区稻田化肥氮的氨挥发及其影响因素[J].土壤学报,2001,38(3):324-331.
[65]朱兆良.农田中氮肥的损失和对策[J].土壤与环境.2000.9(1):1-6.
[66] FILLERY I R P,SIMPSON J R,DE DATTA S K.Influence of field environment and fertilizer management on ammonia lossfrom flooded soil[J].Soil Sci Soc Am J,1984,48:914-920.
[67]周静,崔键,王国强等.春秋季红壤旱地氨挥发对氮施用量、气象因子的响应[J].土壤学报,2007,44(3):499-505.
[68]Nastri A, Toderi G, Bernati E,et al. Ammonia volatilization and yield response from urea applied to wheat withurease(NBPT)and nitrification(DCD) inhibitors [J].Agrochimica,2000,44:231-239.
[69]高鹏程,张一平.氨挥发与土壤水分散失关系的研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2001,29(6):22-29.
[70]张承先,武雪萍,吴会军等.不同土壤水分条件下华北冬小麦基施不同氮肥的氨挥发研究[J].中国土壤与肥料,2008(5):28-32.
[71]Garrido E,Henault C.Gaillard H.,etal.N2O and NO emissions by agricultural soils with low hydraulicPotentials.SoilBiology&Biochemistry[J],2002,34:559-575.
[72] Fan M. X.,Mackenzie A. F. Urea and phosphate interactions in fertilizer microsites:ammonia volatilization and pH changes.Soil Science Society of Americain Journal,1993,57:839-845.
[73]金雪霞.南京郊区菜地上氮素的主要转化过程及其气态损失[D].南京农业大学.硕士学位论文.2004.6:65-67.
[74]赵振达,张金盛,任顺荣.旱地土壤中氮的挥发损失[A].见:中国土壤学会土壤农业化学专业委员会和土壤生物与生物化学专业委员会编.我国土壤氮素研究工作的现状与展望[C].北京:中国农业出版社,1986,46-54.
[75]曲秀清.按氮肥在石灰性土壤中损失的研究[J].土壤肥料.1980.(3):31-35.
[76]乔峻,李勇,李文耀.氮肥损失成因及有效利用[J].内蒙古农业科技,2004(5):38-39.
[77]王东,于振文,于文明等.施氮水平对高产麦田土壤硝态氮时空变化及氨挥发的影响[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(9):1593-1598.
[78]李鑫,巨晓棠,张丽娟.不同施肥方式对土壤氨挥发和氧化亚氮排放的影响[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(1):99-104.
[79] Cao B, LiX-H, Zhang L,et al. Effect of different basal-dressing application methods on soil ammonia volatilization fromwinterwheat field[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2001,16(2):83-86.
[80]李宗新,王庆成,刘开昌.不同施肥模式下夏玉米田间土壤氨挥发规律[J].生态学报,2009,29(1):307-314.
[81]王朝辉,刘学军,巨晓棠等田间土壤氨挥发的原位测定—通气法[J].植物营养与肥料学报2002,8(2):205-209.
[82]董燕,王正根.尿素在土壤中的转化及植物利用效率[J].磷肥与复肥,2005,3(2):76-78.
[83]田玉华,贺发云,尹斌,等.太湖地区氮磷肥施用对稻田氨挥发的影响[J].土壤学报,2007,44(4):893-900.
[84]夏文建,周卫,梁国庆等.优化施氮下稻-麦轮作体系氮肥氨挥发损失研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010.16(1):6-13.
[85]曹金留,田光明,任立涛,等.江苏南部地区稻麦两熟土壤中尿素的氨挥发损失[J].南京农业大学学报,2000,23(4):51-54.
[86]孙克君,毛小云,卢其明等.几种控释氮肥减少氨挥发的效果及影响因素研究[J].应用生态学报,2004.15(12):2347-2350.
[87]上官宇先,师日鹏,韩坤等.垄作覆膜条件下冬小麦田的氨挥发研究[J].干旱地区农业研究2011,29(5):163-168.
[88]贺发云,尹斌,金需霞等.南京两种菜地土壤氨挥发的研究[J].土壤学报,2005,42(3):253-259.