摘要
认知无线网络是在软件无线电技术和认知无线电技术的基础上形成的网络形态,是当今通信技术的前沿研究领域之一。认知无线电技术允许非授权用户机会式的使用空闲频谱,能较大程度的提高无线频谱资源的利用效率。认知无线网络是网络视角的认知无线电,具有对复杂异构网络的智能认知的能力,能监测周围环境的状态、感知其变化,并能从当前的外部环境中获取认知信息,通过对认知信息的全面的、客观的分析,来统一规划、制定决策,对环境的变化做出响应。在当前多种无线接入技术的网络重叠覆盖、彼此共享并且竞争资源的复杂环境下,认知无线网络致力于实现端到端性能优化的目标。而端到端的性能优化需要获取协议栈多层的信息来分析、学习、决策,这样网络协议栈的不相邻层之间需要共享并交互信息,相邻的层之间需要扩展接口,因此,认知无线网络需要借助跨层技术来实现端到端优化的目标。
跨层技术是一种创新性的协议栈设计方法,它违背了传统协议栈的层级设计理念,允许不相邻的协议层直接进行通信,并且允许协议栈的多层互相共享内部信息。同时,跨层技术通过积极地探索协议层之间的依赖性和关联性来获得系统的性能增益,实现全局网络高质量的业务传输。
本文重点关注认知无线网络中的跨层关键技术,针对跨层技术当前的研究盲点,从跨不同协议层的角度深入研究了跨层架构、生存周期和有效容量的问题,并通过联合配置、调整多层的信息,来优化网络性能。本文所作的贡献总结如下：
1)从跨物理层到应用层的角度,针对认知无线网络中多种跨层方案之间的兼容性问题,首次提出并设计了一种基于阻抗匹配思想的新型跨层架构。将动态时变的网络环境抽象为具有特定表征向量的信源阻抗,将各种跨层方案抽象为与信源阻抗匹配的特定的负载阻抗,而将网络的跨层优化过程抽象为基于一定准则的阻抗匹配过程。这样,通过高度的抽象模糊了多种跨层方案之间的差异性,使其能够有效的在统一的平台上实施；与此同时,设计了一种低复杂度的匹配算法,来实现外部动态环境与跨层优化技术的最优/次优匹配,从而更好地优化系统性能。
2)从跨物理层和网络层的角度,研究了认知无线网络的一种典型网络——认知无线传感器网络的生存周期优化问题。为了延长认知无线传感器网络的生存周期,以网络数据传输中的能量效率问题为切入点,创新性的提出了一种基于剩余能量比率的兼顾能量效率和传输公平的跨层策略。该跨层策略首先通过物理层的功率控制的方法,初步确定可能参与网络通信传输的节点候选集；然后在节点候选集中,综合考虑候选节点的接入概率、端到端通信链路的单跳成功传输概率和端到端通信链路的能量效率,以达到均衡性地进行网络层路由选择的目的,实现认知无线传感器网络的端到端通信传输过程。
3)从跨物理层和数据链路层的角度,研究了认知无线网络Underlay方式下次级用户通信传输中基于QoS (Quality of Service)统计时延的有效容量跨层策略问题。在一种新的次级用户协作通信场景下,创新性的提出了跨层的有效容量计算方法。新的协作通信场景是指同时利用次级用户的直接链路和中继链路来协同传输数据,次级用户的接收端通过对两条链路的信号进行合并处理,从而获得分集增益,提升系统的性能。该跨层策略通过联合考虑物理层的功率控制和数据链路层的有效容量,在次级用户的QoS统计时延的约束下,最大化次级用户协作通信链路的到达速率,并求出了次级用户协作通信场景下的有效容量的闭式解。
Based on software defined radio (SDR) and cognitive radio (CR), cognitive wireless network (CWN) evolves into one of the frontier research fields of communication technologies. CR allows secondary users to opportunistically use the spectrum holes and can greatly enhance the utilization efficiency of scarce spectrum. CWN extends the concept of CR from network perspective, and enables intelligent cognition of the heterogeneous environment. CWN can monitor the status of surroundings, distinguish the changes, and obtain cognitive information from the environment. Afterwards, it conducts a comprehensive and objective analysis of cognitive information for unified planning and decision-making, and then responds to the changes. Under the complex environment with a variety of wireless access technologies overlapped, sharing and competing for wireless resources, CWN aims to achieve end-to-end optimization goals. However, the end-to-end goals need to obtain information from multiple layers in the protocol stack for analysis, learning and decision-making. Thus the information exchange is required among nonadjacent layers and the interface between adjacent layers needs to be expanded. Therefore, cross-layer technology is indispensable and necessary for achieving end-to-end goals of CWN.
Cross-layer technology is a creative design of protocol stack. It violates the design concept of traditional layered architecture, permitting direct communication among nonadjacent layers and information sharing among multiple layers. Simultaneously, it actively explores the dependence and relationship among layers to achieve system performance gain and high quality transmission.
This dissertation pays attention to the cross-layer key technologies in CWN, and mainly focuses on current blind spots of cross-layer designs. From the perspective of involving different protocol layers, the dissertation carries out in-depth studies on cross-layer architecture, lifetime and effective capacity issues, and jointly configures and adjusts multiple layers to optimize network performance. The contribution of the dissertation is summarized as follows:
1) From the perspective of physical layer to application layer, the dissertation focuses on the compatibility issue of a variety of cross-layer designs. Based on the impedance matching idea, a novel cross-layer architecture is proposed. The architecture abstracts the scenarios of time-varying and error-prone surroundings as source impedances with specific characterization vectors, and regards the diverse cross-layer strategies as specific load impedances that match in accordance with the source impedances. Thus a cross-layer optimization refers to an impedance matching process based on certain criteria. Through high-degree abstraction, the architecture blurs the differences of various cross-layer schemes to some extent. Then a large number of cross-layer designs can be effectively implemented on a unified platform. Moreover, a matching algorithm with low complexity is proposed, in order to optimally or suboptimally match the dynamic changing environment with cross-layer schemes, and achieve performance gain.
2) From the perspective of physical layer and network layer, the dissertation concentrates on the lifetime optimization issue of typical CWN, cognitive radio sensor network. To prolong the lifetime of cognitive radio sensor network, the dissertation proposes a creative cross-layer scheme in terms of energy efficiency and fairness based on a new factor, residual energy ratio (RER), from the view of energy efficiency of data transmissions. Firstly, based on power control in the physical layer, the preliminary candidate nodes for potential transmission are decided. Subsequently, jointly considering the access probability of each node, the per-hop transmission success probability, and energy efficiency of end-to-end transmission links, equilibrium routing of network layer is accomplished. Thus the end-to-end communication can be achieved in cognitive radio sensor network.
3) From the perspective of physical layer and data link layer, the dissertation investigates the effective capacity based on statistical delay QoS constraint in underlay CWN. Under a novel cooperative communication scenario of secondary network, a creative cross-layer strategy for calculating effective capacity is illustrated in detail. The novel cooperative communication scenario takes both the direct link and relay link of secondary user into consideration for data transmission. Then the receiver of secondary user merges the signals from the two links to obtain diversity gain and improve system performance. The cross-layer strategy jointly optimizes power control at physical layer and effective capacity at data link layer. Under the statistical delay QoS constraint of secondary user, the dissertation obtains the maximum arrival-rate supported by the secondary user's cooperative links, and derives the closed-form expression of effective capacity at last.
引文
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