摘要
在当前经济发展背景下，企业跨区域迁移成为经济学者、地理学者和管理学者等关注的重要研究议题。国内外学者试图寻找企业迁移的一般规律和解释企业迁移决策的普遍法则。但是，由于我国的乡村企业具有鲜明的特殊性，如社区属性强烈、初始区位呈现出总体极度分散、局部相对集中的格局，其跨区域迁移行为无法直接采用传统的企业迁移研究成果来解释。因此，在已有研究的基础上分析乡村企业跨区域迁移的相关问题具有理论和实践上的重要意义。
本研究借鉴企业迁移理论、企业网络理论和企业资源基础观的分析思路和框架，结合浙江省乡村企业的微观调查数据，尝试对乡村企业跨区域迁移的动机、影响因素、区位选择和绩效影响等关键问题进行理论分析和实证检验。首先，在回顾企业跨区域迁移动机研究的基础上，分析了其跨区域迁移的重要动机及其分布差异。其次，在回顾新古典视角下的推-拉模型和行为视角下的企业-区位-环境因素模型基础上，借鉴拓展的资源基础观，从制度理论视角构建了乡村企业跨区域迁移意愿影响因素的ERBV模型，检验了企业内部资源、外部资源、组织嵌入和地理嵌入对企业跨区域迁移意愿的影响。再次，在回顾企业跨区域迁移区位选择研究的基础上，分析了乡村企业跨区域迁移的区位选择特征，并对浙江嵊州市2家乡村企业进行了典型案例分析。最后，在系统梳理企业跨区域迁移的绩效表现研究基础上，从网络理论视角构建了乡村企业跨区域迁移绩效影响机制模型，检验了乡村企业在迁入地的资源承诺、网络嵌入对其绩效的影响，并对浙江正泰集团高压业务向上海的跨区域迁移进行了典型案例分析。
本研究的主要结论如下：
（1）文献回顾总结的12类企业迁移动机在乡村企业跨区域迁移中的重要性程度不一，并受企业迁移主体不同的影响。总体上，扩大生产规模是乡村企业最主要的迁移动机，其次是业务发展需要、降低运营成本、获取优惠政策动机，其余各动机的比例相对较小。不同迁移主体的迁移动机略有差异，如在扩大生产规模动机下，企业进行工厂迁移的比例显著高于整体迁移；在招揽技术人才动机下，总部迁移的比例显著高于部门迁移。
（2）乡村企业跨区域迁移意愿受企业资源来源与获取资源通道的影响。研究发现，外部要素供给越紧张、客户数量越多、技术交流强度和业务支持强度越高，乡村企业跨区域迁移的意愿越高；产业资本密集程度越高、社会联系强度越高、供应商关系本地化水平越高，乡村企业跨区域迁移的意愿越低。
（3）乡村企业跨区域迁移区位选择表现出一定的偏好，并受迁移动机影响。在地理尺度层面，乡村企业更偏好于本地跨县域，其次是国内跨省份和省内跨地区；在区位类型层面，郊区是企业的最佳选择，其次是城区，选择乡村的比例较小。不同迁移动机企业所选择的迁移区位具有一定的差异，如在地理尺度层面，进入当地市场动机的企业首选国内其他省份，而扩大生产规模、业务发展需要、降低运营成本、获取优惠政策、获取当地配套等动机首选本地其他县域；在区位类型层面，除进入当地市场和招揽技术人才动机的企业首选城区外，其余动机的企业均首选郊区。
（4）乡村企业在迁入地的资源承诺与网络嵌入影响乡村企业跨区域迁移的绩效表现。乡村企业在迁入地网络嵌入中的社会网络中心度、上下游联系数量以及辅助机构关系强度，对跨区域迁移的乡村企业的绩效有显著影响；乡村企业在迁入地资源承诺中的资源承诺数量对跨区域迁移的乡村企业的绩效有显著影响，而且，资源承诺数量对企业绩效的正向影响部分是通过社会网络中心度、辅助机构关系强度来间接实现的。
本研究的创新主要体现在以下几个方面：（1）以乡村企业为分析对象，将以往研究中虽有提及但未加重视的“企业初始区位对迁移行为的影响”的研究进行了深化，拓展了企业迁移研究的对象和内容；（2）将拓展的资源基础理论引入企业迁移影响因素研究中，强调影响乡村企业跨区域迁移意愿的最根本的因素是资源，并在制度理论视角下从资源类型和获取通道的角度构建了乡村企业跨区域迁移意愿影响因素的ERBV模型，为挖掘促使企业迁移的深层次原因提供了可供借鉴的分析思路；（3）在网络理论视角下从资源承诺和网络嵌入的角度构建了乡村企业跨区域迁移的绩效影响模型，改变了传统研究只关注不同迁移行为所表现出的绩效差异的一般做法，深化了企业迁移绩效及其影响因素的研究。
Firm relocation has become an important topic in the areas of economics, geography andmanagement. Existing studies mainly investigate the decision rule of firm relocation. Therural enterprises in China, however, have their own speciality, e.g., obeying local norms,dispersed initial distribution and local agglomeration, and their relocation behavior cannot beexplained by existing studies, which focus on traditional firms. Hence a study of ruralenterprises’ relocation behavior in China is interesting and also important.
Drawing on existing firm relocation theory, firm network theory and analyticalframework of firm resource allocation, this study uses micro survey data of rural enterprisesin Zhejiang Province to analyze the relocation motivation, relocation-determining factors,location choice, and enterprise performance. At first, based on a review of firm relocationmotivation studies, I analyze rural enterprises’ relocation motivation and their distributiondifferences. Secondly, by reviewing new-classical model and firm-location-environmentmodel, I build a model to study the willingness to relocate of rural enterprises, i.e., ERBVmodel, and examine the effects of enterprise internal resource, external resource, organizationand geography on the willingness to relocate. Next, with a review of location choice of firmsthat plan to relocate, I study the feature of rural enterprises’ location choice and finish twocase studies of rural enterprises in Shengzhou, Zhejiang. Finally, from the perspective ofnetwork theory, this study builds a performance mechanism model to test the effects ofcommitment of rural enterprises and network on the rural enterprises’ relocation performance.
The main results of this study are as follows:
(1) The12categories of relocation motivation show different impacts on rural enterprises’relocation behavior. Generally, expanding the scale of production is the most importantmotivation for rural enterprises to relocate, followed by the motivation of developing newbusiness, reducing operation cost, and obtaining policy subsidies. All the other motivationsonly take a relatively small proportion. Different enterprises have different relocationmotivation. For instance, to expand the production scale, firms prefer to relocate the factoriesinstead of the whole enterprise, and to recruit high-end professional workers, enterprises prefer to relocate the headquarters.
(2) The willingness to relocate of rural enterprises is affected by enterprises’ own resourceand their ability to access new resource. The study finds that rural enterprises have strongmotivation to relocate when the factor supply becomes intense, the demand increases and theintensity of communication of technology and business support becomes higher. Moreover,rural enterprises have weak motivation to relocate if the industry is capital intensive, socialnetwork is large and factor suppliers are highly localized.
(3) Rural enterprises have their own preference in location choice, which is also affectedby relocation motivation. From the perspective of geography, their relocation priority isranked as follows, home county, home province and other provinces. As the location choices,rural enterprises prefer the suburb area to the urban area. Few would choose rural areas astheir relocation choice. Differently motivated enterprises have difference location choice. Forexamples, enterprises, motivated by entering the local market, prefer to relocate in otherprovinces; enterprises, which are motivated by expanding the scale of production, developingnew business, reducing operation cost and obtaining policy subsidies, prefer to relocate inhome county. The enterprises motivated by entering local market and recruiting high-endprofessional workers prefer to relocate in urban areas, while all others prefer suburb areas.
(4) The commitment to the resettled areas and network rebuilding have important roles indetermining the performance of rural enterprises relocation. The centrality of the socialnetwork, the number of upstream and downstream affiliations and the network ability ofauxiliary institutions have significant effects on rural enterprises’ performance. The resourceand benefits enterprises commit to resettled areas also have significant effects on enterprises’performance. In addition, the commitment is partially realized by the centrality of the socialnetwork and the network ability of auxiliary institutions.
The innovation of this study is mainly reflected in the following aspects:(1) By focusingon rural enterprises’ behavior and deepening the analysis of the effects of initial distributionon relocation behavior, this study expands the literature of firm relocation.(2) Byincorporating resource base theory into the analysis of the factors that influence relocation,stressing resource as the most fundamental factor in enterprises relocation behavior andbuilding ERBV model to study the willingness to relocate, this study provides importantimplication for how to facilitate the relocation.(3) From the perspective of resourcecommitment and network rebuilding, this paper builds a relocation performance model. Thismodel differs from traditional studies that only focus on performance differences of relocation, and thus deepens the research of relocation performance and its impact factors.
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