摘要
城市是现代旅游的主要目的地和客源地,城市旅游已经成为现代旅游的支撑,但城市旅游竞争力研究还处于初级阶段,需要不断地深入和发展。为了更全面地认识城市旅游,推进城市旅游的健康发展,本文在参阅大量国内外相关领域文献资料的基础上,运用比较优势理论、竞争优势理论、城市竞争力理论、旅游系统论及可持续发展理论,界定了城市旅游、城市旅游竞争力等基本概念。在分析城市旅游竞争力影响因素的基础上,借鉴旅游目的地可持续竞争力概念性模型,构建了城市旅游竞争力模型,并运用因子分析法建立了城市旅游竞争力评价指标体系。选取我国比较有代表性的两个城市—上海和广州进行了案例分析,最后提出了城市旅游竞争力的提升策略。
全文共包括五个部分。
第一部分:绪论。阐述城市旅游竞争力研究的背景和意义,介绍相关理论及概念,回顾近年来国内外对城市旅游竞争力的研究现状,并简要介绍本文的研究内容和研究方法。
第二部分:城市旅游竞争力影响因素分析。从城市经济发展水平、政府对旅游业的态度、社会文化水平和科技教育水平等宏观环境因素和旅游资源、旅游企业和旅游需求等微观环境因素,对城市旅游竞争力的影响因素,进行了较全面的分析。
第三部分:城市旅游竞争力模型与评价指标体系。在回顾国内外学者对竞争力模型研究的基础上,建立城市旅游竞争力模型,并运用因子分析法构建城市旅游竞争力评价指标体系。
第四部分:上海和广州旅游竞争力比较研究。在分析上海和广州旅游业发展现状基础上,运用城市旅游竞争力评价指标体系,对这两个城市的旅游竞争力水平进行定量评价与分析。
第五部分:城市旅游竞争力提升策略。针对城市旅游竞争力影响因素,从宏观和微观两个层面,提出了城市旅游竞争力的提升策略。
With the rapid development of tourism, the competition of tourism has gained much attention at home and abroad. But the research on urban tourism competitiveness has just taken its first step. In order to enrich the study in this field, this paper quoted the methods of economy, to define the basic concepts such as urban tourism and urban tourism competitiveness. And make deep research on affecting factors of urban tourism competitiveness. Based on the conceptual model of tourism destination competitiveness, the paper sets up the urban tourism competitiveness model. Following to certain principles and using the factor analysis method this paper establishes an index system of urban tourism competitiveness to evaluate the tourism competitiveness of Shanghai and Guangzhou. Then, the paper puts forward some strategic countermeasures to improve the urban tourism competitiveness.
The paper consists of five parts.
The first part: Introduction, which aims at explaining the reasons for selecting the subject; the significance of the study; the theoretical basis of the study and providing a brief survey of the related study at home and abroad. The author concludes development of research on urban tourism competitiveness and carries out interpretation from two aspects, the theories of competition and tourism destinations. In this part, the basic concepts of urban tourism are defined.
The second part the author analyzes some affecting factors of urban tourism competitiveness from the macrocosm and microcosm aspects, such as economic conditions, social and culture conditions, science and technology, human resources, tourism resources, tourism enterprise, and tourism demand.
The third part is to analyze urban tourism competitiveness systematically. Based on affecting factors of urban tourism competitiveness and the conceptual model of tourism destination competitiveness, the author sets up a model of urban tourism competitiveness, and creates an index system of it. The factor analysis method is selected as a key method to build the index system of urban tourism competitiveness.
The fourth part is a case study. In this part, the author selects Shanghai and Guangzhou, which are typical cities in China to evaluate and compare their tourism competitiveness on the basis of the index system of urban tourism competitiveness.
In the fifth part the author puts forward some strategic countermeasures to improve the urban tourism competitiveness.
引文
1 www.world-tourism.org.
2 王慧敏.都市旅游集成竞争优势[M].上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2007:4.
3 Mullins.P.Tourism Urbanization[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research.,1991(12):5.
4 古诗韵,保继刚.城市旅游研究进展[J].旅游学刊,1999,14(2):15-20.
1[美]迈克尔·波特著,李明轩,邱如美译.国家竞争优势[M].北京:华夏出版社,2002:1.
1 Dr Dimitrios Buhalis.Marketing the competitive destination of the future[J].Tourism Management,2000,21(1):97-116.
2 邓冬华.福州市城市旅游旅游竞争力基础研究[D].福建师范大学,2007:19.
1 LeiPer N.The framework of tourism:towards a definition of tourism,tourist,and the tourist industry[J].Annals of tourism researeh,1979(1):4.
2 保继刚.旅游开发研究—原理·方法·实践[M].北京:科学出版社,1996:85.
1 斯蒂芬·史密斯.旅游决策与分析方法[M].北京:中国旅游Ⅲ版礼,1991:129.
2 马勇,董观志.区域旅游持续发展潜力模型研究[J].旅游学刊,1997(4):37-40.
3 莱斯特·R·布朗.生态经济[M].北京:东方出版社2002:23.
1 Bramwill.B,Liz Rawding.Tourism Marketing image of Industrial Cities[J].Annals of Tourism Research,1996,23(1):24-25.
1 P L.Pearce.Perceived Changes in Holiday Destination[J].Annals of Tourism Research,1982,9(2):145-163.
2 古诗韵,保继刚.城市旅游研究进展[J].旅游学刊,1999,14(2):15-20.
3 彭华,钟韵.关于旅游开发与城市建设一体化初探[J].经济地理.1999,19(1):111-115.
1 马勇,舒伯阳.区域旅游规划[M].天津:南开大学出版社,1999:35-49.
2 保继刚.城市旅游:原理·案例[M].天津:南开大学出版社,2005:45.
3 魏卫,李娟文.都市旅游与旅游产品的开发[J].经济地理,1997,17(4):98-102.
4 吴必虎.区域旅游规划原理[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2001:252-255
5 Anne Marie d' Hauteserre.Lessons in managed destination competitiveness:the case of Foxwoods Casino Resort[J].Tourism Management,2000,21(1):23-32.
6 Hassan Salah.S:Determinants of Market Competitiveness in an Environmentally Sustainable Development[J].Journal of Travel Research,2000(38):8..
7 Dr Dimitrios Buhalis.Marketing the competitive destination of the future[J].Tourism Management,2000,21(1):97-116.
1 李树民,陈实,邵金萍.西安城市旅游竞争力的比较研究[J].西北大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2002(10):103-106.
2 杨英宝.城市旅游竞争力的系统分析与评价研究—以郑州市为例[D].河南大学,2002:9.
3 张争胜,周永章.城市旅游竞争力的实证研究—以广东省为例[J].资源开发与市场,2005(1):13-16.
1 N.Leiper.The Framework of Tourism:Towards a Definition of Tourism,Tourism and the Tourist Industry[J].Annals of Tourism Research,1979,6(4):390-407.
2 Shaw G.,Williams A..critical-Issues in Tourism:A Geographical Perspective[M].Oxford:Blackwell,1984:35.
3 Enright M.J.,Newton.J.Tourism Destination Competitiveness:a Quantitative Approach[J].Tourism Management,2004.25(6):777-788.
4 杨英宝.旅游竞争研究的回顾与展望[J].世界地理研究.2002,6(2):88-96.
5 R.Mintosh,C.Rcoeldner.Tourism:Princles,Practice,Philosophies[M].New York:Wiley,1990:26.
6 E.Canestrill,P.Costa.Tourism Carry Capacity:Fuzzy Approach[J].Annals of Tourism Research,1991,18(2):377-398.
1 Kozak M,Rimmington M.Measuring tourist destination competitiveness:conceptual considerations and empirical findings[J].Hospitality Management,1999(18):273-283.
2 Geoffrey I.Crouch,J.R.Brent Ritchie.Tourism competitiveness and social prosperity[J].Journal of Business Research,1999(44):137-152.
3 Peter Murphy,Mark P.Pritchard,Brock Smith.The destination product and its impact on traveler perceptions[J].Tourism Management,2002,21(1):9-22.
4 Dwyer L.,Kim C.Destination Competitiveness:Determinants and Indicators[J].Current Issues in Tourism,2003,6(5):369-414.
5 Enright M.J.,Newton,J.Determinants of Tourism Destination Competitiveness in Asia Pacific:Comprehensiveness and Universality[J].Journal of Travel Research,2005,43(4):339-350.
6 保继刚.广东城市海外旅游发展动力因子量化分析[J].旅游学刊,2002(1):44-48.
7 甘萌雨,保继刚.城市旅游竞争力研究初步[J].现代城市研究,2003(4):22-25.
8 郭舒,曹宁.城市旅游发展的竞争力分析与政策建议[J].商业研究,2004(9):138-140.
1 梁明珠,陈小洁.主题旅游城镇竞争力提升策略探析[J].商业时代,2006(1):79-81.
2 Go F.M,Govers R.Integrated quality management for tourist destinations:a European respective on achieving competitiveness[J].Tourism management,2000,21(1):79-88.
3 Anne-Marie d' Hauteserre.Lessons in managed destination competitiveness:the case of Foxwoods Casino Resort[J].Tourism Management,2000,21(1):23-32.
4 Dr.Dimitrios Buhalis.Marketing the competitive destination of the future[J].Tourism Management 2000,21(1):97-116.
5 Bruce Prideaux.The role of transport system in the destination development[J].Tourism Management,2000,21(1):53-63.
6 Tanja Mihalic.Environmental management of a tourist destination-a factor of tourism competitiveness[J].Tourism Management,2000,21(1):65-78.
7 王滔,甘颖进,杨开忠.从竞争与合作看洛阳旅游业发展[J].人文地理,2001,12(6):34-37.
8 郭阳旭.提升重庆旅游的整体竞争力[J].探索,2000(4):84-87.
9 楼嘉军.试论资源配置对上海都市旅游发展的影响[J].旅游学刊,2001,16(4):56-59.
1 张争胜,周永章.城市旅游竞争力的实证研究—以广东省为例[J].资源开发与市场,2005,21(1):13-16.
2 郭舒,曹宁.旅游目的地竞争力问题的一种解释[J].南开管理评论,2004(2):95-99.
3 郑昌盛.关于提升连云港城市旅游竞争力的策略探讨[J].生态经济,2006(12):99-103.
4 Dwyer L.,Forsyth T.H.P.,Rao,P.The Price Competitiveness of Travel and Tourism:a Comparison of 19 Destinations[J].Tourism Management,2000,21(1):9-22.
5 Muzaffer Uysal,Joseph S.Chen,Daniel R.Williams.Increasing state market share through a regional positioning[J].Tourism Management,2000,21(1):89-96.
6 Wang,Kuo-Liang,Wu Chung-Shu(2000)A Study of Competitiveness of International Tourism in the South East Asian Region[C].Eleventh Annual East Asian Seminar on Economics:Trade in Services,June 2000:22-24..
7 Sahli M.,Hazari B.,Sgro P.Tourism Specialization:A comparison of 19 OECD Destination Countries[J].http://www.erc.ucy.ac.cy/english/conference.2003.
1 Huybers T.,Bennett J.Environmental Management and the Competitiveness of Nature-Based Tourism Destinations[J].Environmental and Resource Economics,2003,24(3):213-233.
2 Gooroochurn Nishaal,Sugiyar to Guntur.Competitiveness indicator in the travel and tourism industry[J].Tourism Economics,2005,11(1):25-43.
3 Kim S.S.,Guo,Y.Z.Agrusa,J.Preference and Positioning Analyses of Overseas Destinations by Mainland Chinese Outbound Pleasure Tourists[J].Journal of Travel Research,2005,44(11):212-220.
4 Enright M.J.,Newton J.Tourism Destination Competitiveness:a Quantitative Approach[J].Tourism Management,2004,25(6):777-788.
5 Enright M.J.,Newton,J.Determinants of Tourism Destination Competitiveness in Asia Pacific:Comprehensiveness and Universality[J].Journal of Travel Research,2005,43(4):339-350.
6 万绪才,李刚,张安.区域旅游业国际竞争力评价理论与实践研究——江苏省的各地市实例分析[J].经济地理.2001,21(3):355-358.
7 苏伟忠,杨英宝,顾朝林.城市旅游竞争力评价初探[J].旅游学刊,2003,18(3):39-42.
1 莫帮洪,杨剑川.城市旅游竞争力分析框架初探[J].社会科学家,2005,10(S2):193.
2 鄢慧丽.城市旅游竞争力研究—以武汉市为例[D].华中师范大学,2005:45
3 白晶.城市旅游竞争力分析与评价研究—以长春市为例[D].东北师范大学,2006:32.
4 丁蕾、吴小根、丁洁.城市旅游竞争力指标的构建及应用[J].经济地理,2006,26(3):511-515.
5 马艳,胡晓娟.东北四城市旅游竞争力综合评价[J].国土与自然资源研究,2006(1):67-68.
6 李丰生,杨莎莎.中国再省(市、区)城市旅游竞争力评估指标体系的构建及其实证评估[J].生产力研究,2006(6):137-141.
1 章仁俊,陶晓燕,朱九龙.给予改进的AHP法的城市旅游竞争力评价[J].生产力研究,2006(9):103-105.
2 周海燕.城市旅游竞争力的评价研究[J].湖北经济学院学报(人文社会科学版),2007(2):55-57.
1 邓学龙.湖北旅游产业发腱的SWOT分析[D].武汉理工大学,2004:30.
1 郭洪江.知识经济对我国旅游业发展的启示[J].发展研究,1999(5):26-27.
2 彭华,钟韵.创建优秀旅游城市的思考:旅游开发与城市建设一体化[J].旅游学刊,1999(2):21-25.
1[美]迈克尔·波特著,李明轩,邱如美译.国家竞争优势[M].北京:华夏出版社,2002:4.
1[加]J.R.Brent Ritchie,Geoffrey I.Crouch著,李天元等译.旅游日的地竞争力管理[M].天津:南开大学出版社.2006:116.
1 张玉敏.知识产权的概念和法律特征[J].现代法学,2001(5):103-110.
2 钟志平,旅游购物理论与开发实务[M].北京:中国市场出版,2005:18.
[1][美]迈克尔·波特著,陈小悦译.竞争优势[M].北京:华夏出版社,1997
[2]马勇,舒伯阳.区域旅游规划[M].天津:南开大学出版社,1999
[3]杨森林,郭鲁芳,王莹.中国旅游业国际竞争策略[M].上海:立信会计出版社,1999
[4]吴必虎.区域旅游规划原理[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2001
[5][美]迈克尔·波特著,李明轩,邱如美译.国家竞争优势[M].北京:华夏出版社,2002
[6]张金吕.国际竞争力评价的理论利方法[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2002
[7][美]莱斯特·R·布朗.生态经济[M].北京:东方出版社,2002
[8]金碚.竞争力经济学[M].广州:广东经济出版社,2003
[9]芮明杰,陶忠刚.中国产业竞争力报告[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2004
[10]张梦.区域旅游业竞争力理论与实证研究[M].成都:西南财经大学出版社,2005
[11]周玲强.旅游产业整合提高竞争力研究—以浙江省为例[M].北京:航空工业出版社,2005
[12]吴金林,李丹.福建旅游业竞争力研究—理论和实践[M].北京:旅游教育出版社,2005
[13]钟志平.旅游购物理论与开发实务[M].北京:中国市场出版,2005
[14][加]J.R.Blent Ritchie,Geoffrey I.Crouch.李天元等译.旅游目的地竞争力管理IM].天津:南开大学出版社,2006
[15]庄丽娟.广东国际竞争力研究[M].广州:广东人民出版社,2006
[16]黄成林.安徽省旅游业竞争力研究[M].合肥:安徽人民出版社,2006
[17]王慧敏.都市旅游集成竞争优势[M].上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2007
[18]中华人民共和国国家旅游局.中国旅游统计年鉴[Z].北京:中国旅游出版社,2007
[19]广州市统计局.广州统计年鉴[Z].北京:中国统计出版社,2007
[20]上海市统计局.上海统计年鉴[Z].北京:中国统计出版社,2007
[21]屈海林,邱汉琴.香港都市旅游的形象与竞争优势[J].旅游学刊,1996(1):24-28.
[22]郭阳旭.提升重庆旅游的整体竞争力[J].探索,2000(4):84-87.
[23]陈兆坤.我国城市旅游竞争力提升及发展的战略选择[J].经济师,2001(11):52-53.
[24]王滔,甘颖进,杨开忠.从竞争与合作看洛阳旅游业发展[J].人文地理,2001(6):34-37.
[25]楼嘉军.试论资源配置对上海都市旅游发展的影响[J].旅游学刊,2001(4):56-59.
[26]万绪才,李刚,张安.区域旅游业国际竞争力评价理论与实践研究——江苏省的各地市实例分析[J].经济地理,2001(3):355-358.
[27]保继刚.广东城市海外旅游发展动力因子量化分析[J].旅游学刊,2002(1):44-48.
[28]杨英宝.旅游竞争研究的回顾与展望[J].世界地理研究,2002(2):88-96.
[29]甘萌雨,保继刚.城市旅游竞争力研究初步[J].现代城市研究,2003(4):22-25.
[30]苏伟忠,杨英宝,顾朝林.城市旅游竞争力评价初探[J].旅游学刊,2003(3):39-42.
[31]冯学钢,赖坤.中国旅游业发展环境国际竞争力比较研究[J].世界经济研究,2003(7):40-45
[32]杨志祥.城市旅游核心竞争力与旅游创新[J].辽宁财专学报,2004(1):20-21
[33]郭舒,曹宁.旅游目的地竞争力问题的一种解释[J].南开管理评论,2004(2):95-99.
[34]郭舒,曹宁.城市旅游发展的竞争力分析与政策建议[J].商业研究,2004(9):138-140.
[35]莫帮洪,杨剑川.城市旅游竞争力分析框架初探[J].社会科学家,2005,10(S2):193.
[36]张争胜,周永章.城市旅游竞争力的实证研究—以广东省为例[J].资源开发与市场,2005,21(1):13-16.
[37]梁明珠,陈小洁.主题旅游城镇竞争力提升策略探析[J].商业时代,2006(1):79-81.
[38]聂献忠.城市旅游吸引力结构分析与竞争力研究[J].现代城市研究,2006(1):81-83.
[39]郭舒,曹宁.城市旅游竞争力提升的理论依据和现实途径——以辽宁省为例[J].产业与科技论坛,2006(1):41-43.
[40]马艳,胡晓娟.东北四城市旅游竞争力综合评价[J].国土与自然资源研究,2006(1):67-68.
[41]李丰生,杨莎莎.中国各省(市、区)城市旅游竞争力评估指标体系的构建及其实证评估[J].生产力研究,2006(6):137-141.
[42]章仁俊,陶晓燕,朱九龙.基于改进的AHP法的城市旅游竞争力评价[J].生产力研究,2006(9):103-105.
[43]郑昌盛.关于提升连云港城市旅游竞争力的策略探讨[J].生态经济,2006(12):99-103.
[44]丁蕾,吴小根,丁洁.城市旅游竞争力指标的构建及应用[J].经济地理,2006,26(3):511-515.
[45]周海燕.城市旅游竞争力的评价研究[J].湖北经济学院学报(人文社会科学版),2007(2):55-57.
[46]杨英宝.城市旅游竞争力的系统分析与评价研究——以郑州市为例[D].河南大学,2002
[47]鄢慧丽.城市旅游竞争力研究——以武汉市为例[D].华中师范大学,2005.
[48]白晶.城市旅游竞争力分析与评价研究——以长春市为例[D].东北师范大学,2006.
[49]Pooh,A.Tourism,technology and competitive strategies[M].Wallingford:CAB International,1993
[50]N.Leiper.The Framework of Tourism:Towards a Definition of Tourism,Tourism and the Tourist Industry[J].Annals of Tourism Research,1979,6(4):390-407.
[51]E.Canestrill,P.Costa.Tourism Carry Capacity:Fuzzy Approach[J],Annals of Tourism Research,1991,18(2):377-398.
[52]Kozak M,Rimmington M.Measuring tourist destination competitiveness:conceptual considerations and empirical findings[J].Hospitality Management,1999(18):273-283.
[53]Geoffrey I.Crouch,J.R.Brent Ritchie.Tourism competitiveness and social prosperity[J].Journal of Business Research,1999(44):137-152.
[54]Wang,Kuo-Liang,Wu Chung-Shu(2000)A Study of Competitiveness of International Tourism in the South East Asian Region[C].Eleventh Annual East Asian Seminar on Economics:Trade in Services.2000:22-24.
[55]Dwyer L.,Forsyth T.H.P.,Rao,P.The Price Competitiveness of Travel and Tourism:a Comparison of 19 Destinations[J].Tourism Management,2000,21(1):9-22.
[56]Anne-Marie d'Hauteserre.Lessons in managed destination competitiveness:the case of Foxwoods Casino Resort[J].Tourism Management,2000,21(1):23-32.
[57]Bruce Prideaux.The role of transport system in the destination development[J].Tourism Management,2000,21(1):53-63.
[58]Tanja Mihalic.Environmental management of a tourist destination-a factor of tourism competitiveness[J].Tourism Management,2000,21(1):65-78.
[59]Go EM,Govers R.Integrated quality management for tourist destinations:a European respective on achieving competitiveness[J].Tourism management,2000,21(1):79-88.
[60]Muzaffer Uysal,Joseph S.Chen,Daniel R.Williams.Increasing state market share through a regional positioning[J].Tourism Management,2000,21(1):89-96.
[61]Dr.Dimitrios Buhalis.Marketing,the competitive destination of the future[J].Tourism Management 2000,21(1):97-116.
[62]Peter Murphy,Mark P.Pritchard,Brock Smith.The destination product and its impact on traveler perceptions[J].Tourism Management,2002,21(1):9-22.
[63]Dwyer L,Kim C.Destination Competitiveness:Determinants and Indicators[J].Current Issues in Tourism,2003,6(5):369-414.
[64]Huybers T.,Bennett J.Environmental Management and the Competitiveness of Nature-Based Tourism Destinations[J].Environmental and Resource Economics,2003,24(3):213-233.
[65]Sahli M.,Hazari B.,Sgro P.Tourism Specialization:A comparison of 19 OECD Destination Countries[J].http://www.erc.ucy.ac.cy/english/conference2003.
[66]Enright M.J.,Newton J.Tourism Destination Competitiveness:a Quantitative Approach[J].Tourism Management,2004,25(6):777-788.
[67]Gooroochurn Nishaal,Sugiyar to Guntur.Competitiveness indicator in the travel and tourism industry[J].Tourism Economics,2005,11(1):25-43.
[68]Enright M.J.,Newton,J.Determinants of Tourism Destination Competitiveness in Asia Pacific:Comprehensiveness and Universality[J].Journal of Travel Research,2005,43(4):339-350.
[69]Kim S.S.,Guo,Y.Z.Agrusa,J.Preference and Positioning Analyses of Overseas Destinations by Mainland Chinese Outbound Pleasure Tourists[J].Journal of Travel Research,2005,44(11):212-220.