摘要
固体矿产资源的可利用储量以及矿化元素空间分布是矿山进行采选设计的基础,直接影响矿山企业的宏观决策。传统的储量计算方法是在简单几何图形的基础上近似地计算矿体体积,计算过程不直观、精度差。随着信息技术的发展,以矿体三维模型为基础进行的矿体储量计算与传统的储量计算方法相比,计算过程更为直观,结果更为精确,是储量计算的发展趋势。但是,目前国内尚没有成熟的具有三维储量计算功能的软件。矿体三维建模缺乏统一完备的理论,以矿体三维模型为基础计算矿体储量仍有许多问题需要解决。本文针对利用相邻剖面轮廓线进行矿体三维建模以及在此基础上进行储量计算过程中的关键问题进行了深入的研究。
在矿体三维建模的研究中,本文针对相邻剖面轮廓线形体差异较大,轮廓线上点数相差较多的情况提出了一种二维轮廓线重构三维形体算法,即周长投影法。采用该法建立的矿体模型表面过渡平滑,更具有真实感。
在矿体储量计算方法的研究中,本文分别采用三维积分法和克立格法进行储量计算：
(1)本文在矿体三维模型基础上,采用三维积分法进行储量计算。该方法利用一组距离相等、相互平行的平面与矿体相切,将所有相邻切面间的体积累加,计算矿体的体积。探讨了切片间距与矿体体积计算精度的关系。该方法计算过程简便、直观,体积计算精确。
(2)克立格法是目前应用较为广泛的储量计算方法,本文在采用该法进行储量计算的过程中,深入地研究了实验变异函数计算和插值邻域点选取算法。①在研究实验变异函数计算的问题上,主要研究了实验变异函数的计算效率和计算稳健性：将分治算法引入到计算过程中,在大样本条件下,具有较高的计算效率,计算结果可靠；对于不服从正态分布的样品数据,通过特异值处理、数据变换、采用中位数等方法计算实验变异函数,提高了计算结果的稳健性。②在研究插值邻域点选取算法的问题上,提出了空间分布权系数邻域点选取算法。通过建立估值点周围邻域点间空间分布权系数的函数,确定参与克立格估值计算的邻域点。该算法不但考虑到了同一象限内邻域点与估值点距离的远近,同时也考虑到了邻域点之间的空间相关程度,使邻域点选取更具合理性。
在以上研究工作的基础上,本文以VB6.0为开发工具在AutoCAD2002平台下开发了三维储量计算系统。该系统具有存储和管理地质勘探资料的功能,支持Excel文件和手工两种输入方式；具有数据处理功能,能够进行数据错误检查、特高品位处理、钻孔轨迹计算、单工程自动圈定、样品统计分析；具有矿体三维建模功能,能够进行图像配准、地质解译、矿体线框建模、矿体块段建模；具有储量计算功能,能够采用三维积分法、距离反比法、普通克立格、对数正态克立格等方法进行储量计算。系统操作简便,符合地质人员工作习惯,可有效提高储量计算的工作效率。利用该系统对邓西沟铅锌矿进行了矿体三维建模,在此基础上采用三维积分法和克立格法计算了矿体储量,结果表明应用本系统建立矿体三维模型简单方便,储量计算结果可靠。
Available reserves of solid mineral resources and mineralization elements spatial distribution are the foundation of mill run and mining design, directly affect the macro decision of enterprises. Traditional reserves calculation methods approximately calculate orebody volume by simple geometry. Its process is not intuitionistic and its precision is poor. With the development of information technology, reserves calculation based on orebody 3D model is intuitionistic and its result is more precise contrast with traditional calculation. However, it has not mature software with 3D reserves calculation function in our country. Orebody 3D modeling is lack of a unified theory. There are still many problems with reserves calculation basing on orebody 3D model. In this paper the key problems are studied in the process of using adjacent orebody contours to construct 3D orebody model and calculating reserves basing on 3D orebody model.
Through research on orebody 3D modeling, this paper introduces a algorithm by two dimensional contours reconstructing three dimensional model. This algorithm is called perimeter projection. If adjacent contours morphological difference is larger and the difference in number of points on contours is more, this algorithm can get well result. The orebody model is more realistic, and its surface is smoothness.
Through research on orebody reserves calculation methods, this paper adopts 3D integral and Kriging methods:
(1) Basing on orebody 3D modle, this papers uses 3D integral method to calculate reserves. This method uses a number of distance equal and parallel planes to cut orebody. When the distance between adjacent sections is close to zero, the volume sum of between two adjacent planes is approximate to the volume of the orebody. This paper studies the relationship slice spacing and 3D integral method of volume calculation accuracy. The calculation process is simple, intuitive and volume is accurate.
(2) Kriging is widely used in reserves calculation, this paper studies experiments variogram calucaltion and neighborhood points of interpolation selection algorithm in the process by using Kriging to calculate reserves:①Through research on experiments variogram calucaltion, this paper studies its efficiency and robustness: Divide algorithm is adopted in the calculation process, under lager samples condition, its efficiency is high and its result is reliable; When samples deviate from normal distribution, this paper processes outliers and applies data transformation, then variogram is calculated by median method etc. and the robustness of calculation result is improved.②Through research on neighborhood points of interpolation selection, this paper introduces a algorithm of interpolation neighborhood points selection. Through establishing space distribution function of neighborhood points around estimating point, neighborhood points are selected in the process of Kriging calculation. This algorithm not noly considers the distance of estimating point and its neighborhood points in same quadrant but also considers correlation of neighborhood points, therefore neighborhood points selection is more reasonable.
On the basis of above research works, this paper adopting VB6.0 for development tools in AutoCAD 2002 platform has developed the 3D reserves calculation system. It has the function of geological exploration data storage and management, and supports Excel documents and manual input. It has data processing function, includes check data errors, outliers processing, borehole track calculation, single project automatic interception, samples statistic analysis. It has 3D modeling of orebody function, includes image registration, geological interpretation, orebody wireframe modeling, orebody block modeling. It has reserve calculation function, includes 3D integral method, inverse distance, ordinary Kriging, logarithmic normal Kriging methods for calculating reserves. System is simple, suit for the geological work habits. Reserve calculation efficiency can be improved by using it. System has been used to construct orebody 3D model in Deng Xigou Pb-Zn mine. This paper has used 3D integral and Kriging methods to calculate reserves. The result shows that this system is simple and convenient to establish orebody 3D model, and reserves calculation result is reliable.
引文
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