摘要
我国山区面积大,约占国土面积的2/3。随着我国陆地交通的快速发展,在进行铁路、公路的建设时,需要修建较多的山岭隧道,其中长大隧道占相当大的比例,而许多长大隧道也不可避免的要通过断层区。长大隧道穿越断层区施工时常出现大变形、坍塌等灾害,严重影响施工安全和施工进度,这主要是由于对隧道穿越断层区的施工力学特性认识不足造成的。断层区围岩作为一种特殊的软岩,隧道施工过程中受时间效应和空间效应影响,其初期支护、二次衬砌有其特有的工程力学特性。对断层区隧道施工的力学特性,施工参数优化方法进行研究是很有必要的。本文依托铁道部科技研究开发项目(编号2008G030-D号)和中国中铁总公司重点项目(编号2009重点17号)“高海拔低气压地区特长铁路隧道施工关键技术研究”,以关角特长铁路隧道穿越断层区的9#工区施工为研究对象,对隧道穿越断层区的施工力学特征和施工优化方法进行了研究,主要内容包括：
(1)在断层区隧道施工力学特征研究中,首先对关角隧道9#工区的勘察、设计资料进行收集整理,对9#工区右线施工现场的围岩实际情况、地下水情况和施工过程进行调查,并以此为基础提出了断层区围岩划分的定性分级标准；
(2)在已有研究成果的基础上,提出了断层区开挖过程中围岩位移随时间,空间变化的方程,选取关角隧道断层区开挖过程的量测数据进行计算,结果表明所提出的方法可以反映隧道开挖过程的时空效应：利用计算结果对断层区隧道开挖的时空效应特征进行了分析,认为断层区围岩等效模量调整时间较长,导致隧道拱顶下沉和水平收敛达不到规范规定的二次衬砌施作要求；水平和垂直位移释放系数发展并不一致；隧道开挖对掌子面前后2倍洞径范围内的围岩影响较大,这与其他工程数值分析法研究的结论较为一致；
(3)以提出的围岩位移时空效应方程,提出了隧道开挖循环进尺的优化原理和优化方法,分析了其适用范围。利用提出的隧道开挖循环进尺的优化原理和优化方法对关角隧道断层区的开挖进尺进行了优化,实践证明该方法可以用于指导工程实践；对开挖进尺和围岩位移的关系进行了研究,研究表明①量测断面距掌子面距离相同的条件下,循环进尺越大,总水平收敛和拱顶下沉值越小,但水平收敛拱顶下沉速率随着开挖进尺的增大而增大,即大的循环进尺可以减少总的位移和收敛,但增加了单次循环的风险。这也解释了软弱围岩隧道开挖“短进尺,快通过”的合理性；②最大拱顶沉降和水平收敛速率不一定紧跟着出现在掌子面后方,一般出现在掌子面后方1倍洞径范围内。
(4)通过断层区隧道围岩-初期支护应力、钢拱架应力、锚杆轴力的现场监测,断层区内隧道拱部围岩-初期支护接触应力、钢架受力远大于边墙、仰拱；断层影响带及破碎带内围岩应力释放较快,开挖施工对围岩的扰动较大,其中上断面开挖影响>下断面开挖影响>仰拱开挖影响；
(5)将隧道初期支护喷射混凝土和钢拱架等效为复合体作为一种单元和将设置钢拱架和喷射混凝土部位分别作为不同参数的结构单元建立数值模型,采用这两种建模方法分别对断层影响带隧道结构的受力进行分析,将隧道初期支护设置钢拱架部位和喷射混凝上部位分别采用不同的参数计算,有助于了解初期支护的受力情况并对初期支护结构进行安全评估和参数优化；基于提出的优化步骤对关角隧道F3断层影响带的支护参数进行了优化,实践证明优化后的支护参数在经济和实际操作上均是可行的,同时也证明了该方法具有可行性；
(6)对断层区二次衬砌结构受力进行了监测,得出二次衬砌结构是受力的,其初期支护-二次衬砌接触应力的发展大致可分为四个阶段,即快速增长阶段、稳定增长阶段、应力调整阶段和稳定阶段。采用Flac3D软件建立隧道轴线和不同倾角断层走向正交的数值分析模型,分析了隧道轴线和断层走向正交情况下穿越不同倾角断层的二次衬砌受力特征并总结了其受力规律：断层的存在对隧道横断面上的应力、内力分布形态影响不大；沿隧道纵向,在断层影响带,距断层上、下盘边界一定范围内,二次衬砌的弯矩、轴力随断层倾角增大而增大,弯矩、轴力都随着距断层边界的距离减小而增大。在破碎带内,距上盘距离一定范围内,弯矩随着断层倾角增大而减小,轴力随断层倾角增大而增大,且都随着距断层边界距离减小而减小
Mountain has a large proportion in China, which covers about2/3of the land area. With the fast development of land transportation in the country, mountain tunnels are more and more frequently used along railways and highways, some of which have to be designed to cross faults. And then large deformation, collapse and other problems were encountered frequently during the construction of the tunnels. These problems have important effect on the construction safety and progress, because the mechanical properties of medium around the faults are still unclear. As a special kind of soft rock, the wall rock around faults is influenced by temporal and spatial effect. Also, the tunnel's primary support and secondary lining have their own mechanical properties which are partly unknown. So, the study on mechanical characteristics and optimization tunneling method of long tunnel that through fault zone is very necessary. In this dissertation, the mechanical characteristics and the optimization tunneling method of long tunnel though fault zone are studied, as a part of the Technological Research and Development Programs of the Ministry of Railways (No.2008G030-D) and High Altitude Low Atmospheric Pressure Railway Extra-long Tunnel Construction Key Technology Research (No.2009-17) Sponsored by China Railway Corporation. And the construction of9#inclined shaft working area of Guanjiao through fault zone as is taken as an example. The main content is as follows:
(1) In the study of mechanical characteristics of tunneling in fault zone, the information of reconnaissance and design of9#inclined shaft working area were collected. The construction information is investigated including surrounding rocks, the groundwater and construction process. Base on the information, the criterion of surrounding rock classification for fault zone is proposed.
(2) Base on the existing research, a new equation of displacement vs time and space which caused by tunneling through fault zone is brought out and calculation method for its parameters is proposed. The new equation is applied to the data of Guanjiao tunnel, and the results indicate that the equation and calculation method for the parameters reflect the temporal-spatial effect of tunneling. By the results, the characteristics of temporal-spatial effect of tunneling though fault zone were analyzed. The analysis result showes that the vault crown settlement and horizontal convergence cannot meet the code requirements for secondary lining installation due to the adjustment of equivalent modulus of wall rock in fault zone for longer periods, and that the development of horizontal and vertical release coefficient of displacement is not the same, and that the excavation has effects on the rock wall in2times of the excavation radius, which are in accordance with numerical analysis results conducted by others.
(3) In virtue of the presented equation, the principle and optimization method for footage of the tunneling cycle is advanced and its applying condition is also analyzed. The footage of the tunneling cycle of Guanjiao tunnel through fault zone is optimized by using the proposed method. The practice proves that the method can be used to guide the engineering practice. The relationship between the footage of tunneling cycle and displacement of wall rock is also studied. The results indicate that:①When the distance is fixed, the longer length of the footage, the total vault crown settlement and horizontal convergence is smaller, while the level of rate of vault crown settlement and horizontal convergence was increased with the excavation footage, that is, the longer length of footage can reduce the total displacement and convergence, meanwhile, the risk of single cycle is increased. This also explains principle "short footage, quickly by" for tunneling in soft surrounding rock;②Maximum rate of vault crown settlement and horizontal convergence doesn't necessarily appear behind the face of1times footage range. It generally appears behind the face between1times footage and1times hole diameter range.
(4) In fault zone, the stress and forces in surrounding rocks, primary supports, steel arch, and bolt are investigated in situ. The results show that, in fault zone, the stresses in surrounding rock, primary support and steel arch at vault are much more than what in side wall and invert; excavation disturbance to surrounding rock is larger, where in the disturbance of upper section excavation is greater than the lower section excavation and the disturbance of lower section excavation is greater than the invert excavation.
(5) The primary support with shotcrete and steel arch are equivalent to a complex as a unit and the steel arch part. Shortcrete is assigned as different parameters of unit respectively to carry out numerical simulation. By using the model of setting steel arch part and shortcrete as different parameters of unit respectively contribute to the understanding of force, safety evaluation and parameter optimization of primary supports. Based on the proposed optimization steps, parameters of primary supports of tunnel through F3fault were optimized. The practice show that optimized parameters in economy and actual operation is feasible.
(6) Secondary lining stress was monitored in the field in fault zone. Secondary lining is affected by force and the development of contact stress of primary-secondary lining. The effect can be roughly divided into four phases, namely, fast growth phase, a stage of stable growth, stress adjustment phase and stable phase respectively. Flac3D software is used to build the numerical models in which the tunnel axis and the fault direction are orthogonal and the fault dip angle varies. Basing on the models, the characteristics of secondary lining force are analyzed and the law of force is summarized. In fault affected zone, the influenced range is within a certain range from the boundary of hanging wall and footwall. and the moment of secondary lining increases with the growth of dip angle of the fault. Also, while the axial force of secondary lining in the cross-sectional varies in different positions, the moment and axial force increase with the reduction of distance from the hanging wall and footwall. In fault rupture zone, influence range is about within a certain range away from the boundary of hanging wall. The moment of secondary lining decrease with the growth of fault dip angle, while the axial force increases, and they both decrease with the reduction of distance from the fault boundary.
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