摘要
随着CUBA联赛竞争的日益激烈和竞赛规则的改变,运动员的体能愈发成为各队竞技水平高低的基础和保障,致使作为体能关键要素之一的运动素质的价值日益突出。欲要迅速提高CUBA男子运动员的运动素质水平,就必须实施科学化的训练,其前提是对比赛负荷特征的全面把握和运动素质的测试和评价。
本文以在读CUBA男子运动员为受试对象,运用文献资料法、实时移动分析法、录像解析法、测试法、专家访谈法、数理统计法、问卷调查法、逻辑分析法等对CUBA男子运动员的比赛负荷特征及专项运动素质评价进行了系统研究,以期能对CUBA男子运动员的体能科学化训练提供有益的借鉴和指导。得出的主要研究的结论如下:
1.运用球员的移动模式特征、心率和血乳酸三项指标相结合可以有效评价CUBA男子运动员的比赛负荷特征。
2.通过对CUBA运动员比赛中移动规律发现,球员的跳跃能力(尤其是双脚起跳能力和反复双脚跳跃能力)、灵敏性(尤其是反应灵敏性)、启动能力、加速和制动能力、反复冲刺能力等都是与比赛关系紧密的关键运动素质。另外,移动模式呈现显著的位置特征,尤其是表现在跳跃和冲刺方面。
3.虽然随着篮球运动的快速发展,球员的位置趋于模糊,但从CUBA球员的心率负荷和血乳酸特征上看,仍存在较明显的位置特点,与中锋和前锋球员相比,后卫承受的比赛负荷最大。因此,在设定训练计划和对球员进行运动素质的测试与评价时要根据位置区别对待。
4.CUBA男子运动员的专项运动素质综合评价指标体系为:力量指标(卧推1RM和深蹲1RM)、速度指标(5.8米成绩和22.2米成绩)、耐力指标(20-MSRT和多组变距折返跑)、灵敏性指标(三秒区灵敏性)、专门化指标(单脚跳跃、双脚跳跃、30秒障碍跳和反复冲刺)。其中,除了20-MSRT和30秒障碍跳两项指标在不同位置之间不存有显著性差异外,其它9项指标均存在显著性差异,尤其是后卫球员与中锋球员之间的差异性最大。
5.从总体上看,CUBA男子运动员在上、下肢最大力量、灵敏性、反复冲刺和启动速度等运动素质方面存在较大的不足;代表有氧耐力水平的20米多级折返跑和代表无氧耐力素质的变向折返跑等运动素质普遍较好。
6.不同位置CUBA男子运动员各单项运动素质指标评价标准和权重系数具有明显的差异性。其中,对后卫球员来讲,最重要的三项素质为:启动速度和灵敏性及重复高强度运动的能力。对前锋球员来讲,最重要的三项素质为:无氧耐力、加速冲刺和上肢力量能力。对中锋而言,最重要的三项素质为:中锋球员的双脚起跳能力、反复起跳能力和上肢力量能力。
7.影响CUBA男子运动员专项运动素质发展的主要因素包括:缺乏高水平专业化的体能教练和训练的科学性;CUBA球员自身对运动素质重要性认识不足;缺乏先进完善的运动素质训练设施和科研设备。
8.应用Microsoft Visual Studio 2010开发平台研制的“CUBA男子运动员专项运动素质成绩系统”具有良好的功效,可以有效地对球员的体测成绩进行存储、分析评价和长期跟踪。
Basketball performance is dependent upon a diverse range of qualities including size, fitness, sport-specific skills, team tactics, and psychological attributes. Along with CUBA tournament competition growing more intense and rules change, the physical ability becomes the foundation and the safeguard, which leads to motor ability serving as fitness external performance more valuable. In order to improve motor ability of CUBA player rapidly, it must implement scientific training, which premise is to make sure of characteristics of competition workload and to test and evaluate player’s motor ability.
Using the methods such as documentation, time-motion analysis, video resolution, testing, Delphi technique, mathematical-statistics, questionnaire and logical analysis, this article research on the CUBA man player's competition load characteristics and the physical quality appraisal, which is to provide beneficial as the CUBA man player's physical ability scientific style training provides beneficial reference and instructions.
And main research results are as followed:
1. Combined with player movement pattern, heart rate, and blood lactate can evaluate the CUBA player’s workload of competition accurately.
2. Through the analysis about motion of CUBA male players, we conclude that two-feet and repeated jumping ability, reactive agility, first-step quickness, acceleration ability and repeater sprint ability are pivotal motor ability. In adition, motion stytle have noticeable positional charateristic, especially for manifestation of jumping and sprint.
3. Along with the development of basketball game, player's positon is gradually obscure, but CUBA players still have positional charatericstic by HR and BLC. Compared with forword and center, point guard’s workload is the largest. Therefore, specific conditioning programs and motor ability evaluation in basketball should be implemented according to individual specific positional role.
4.The synthetic evaluation indicator system about CUBA player's specific physical quality is as followed: strength indicator (bench press 1RM and squat 1RM), speed indicator (5.8 meters and 22.2 meters sprint), endurance indicator (20-MSRT and many groups suicide run), agility indicator (lane drill testing), specialized indicator (single leg jumping, double legs jumping, 30 second jump barrier, repeated sprint ability).
5. The lower and upper limb maximum strength, agility, repeated sprints ability, first-step quickness are insufficiencies. However, 20 meters multistage run representing aerobic endurance and suicide run results representing anaerobic endurance are good.
6. The evaluation criteria and weighting coefficient of all single motor ability are different between different positional CUBA players.
7. The main factors affecting specific motor ability of CUBA players are as followed: Firstly, high level conditioning coaches and scientific training are deficient; secondly, CUBA players are not to understand the importance of motor ability; thirdly, the advanced and well-appointed specific training facilities and the scientific research equipments are lack.
8.CUBA player’S motor quality scores system developed by Visual Studio 2010 is possessed a very high level of efficacy, which can be efficiently used to store, evaluate and long-term monitor for player’s fitness results.
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